Macroscopic Traversable Wormholes: Minimum Requirements

While wormholes are just as good a prediction of Einstein’s theory as black holes, they are subject to severe restrictions from quantum field theory. To allow for the possibility of interstellar travel, a macroscopic wormhole would need to maintain sufficiently low radial tidal forces. It is proposed in this paper that the assumption of zero tidal forces, i.e., the limiting case, is sufficient for overcoming the restrictions from quantum field theory. The feasibility of this approach is subsequently discussed by 1) introducing the additional conditions needed to ensure that the radial tidal forces can indeed be sufficiently low and 2) by viewing traversable wormholes as emergent phenomena, thereby increasing the likelihood of their existence.

Thin-Shell Wormholes Admitting Conformal Motions in Spacetimes of Embedding Class One

This paper discusses the feasibility of thin-shell wormholes in spacetimes of embedding class one admitting a one-parameter group of conformal motions. It is shown that the surface energy density σis positive, while the surface pressure is negative, resulting in , thereby signaling a violation of the null energy condition, a necessary condition for holding a wormhole open. For a Morris-Thorne wormhole, matter that violates the null energy condition is referred to as “exotic”. For the thin-shell wormholes in this paper, however, the violation has a physical explanation since it is a direct consequence of the embedding theory in conjunction with the assumption of conformal symmetry. These properties avoid the need to hypothesize the existence of the highly problematical exotic matter.

Noncommutative-Geometry Wormholes Based on the Casimir Effect

While wormholes are as good a prediction of Einstein’s theory as black holes, they are subject to severe restrictions from quantum field theory. In particular, holding a wormhole open requires a violation of the null energy condition, calling for the existence of exotic matter. The Casimir effect has shown that this physical requirement can be met on a small scale, thereby solving a key conceptual problem. The Casimir effect does not, however, guarantee that the small-scale violation is sufficient for supporting a macroscopic wormhole. The purpose of this paper is to connect the Casimir effect to noncommutative geometry, which also aims to accommodate small-scale effects, the difference being that these can now be viewed as intrinsic properties of spacetime. As a result, the noncommutative effects can be implemented by modifying only the energy momentum tensor in the Einstein field equations, while leaving the Einstein tensor unchanged. The wormhole can therefore be macroscopic in spite of the small Casimir effect.

Exploration of Traversable Wormholes Sustained by an Extra Spatial Dimension

The main goal of this paper is to determine the effect of an extra dimension on a traversable wormhole. Here an earlier study by the author [Phys. Rev. D 98, 064041 (2018)] is extended in several significant ways. To begin with, the extra spatial dimension is assumed to be time dependent, while the redshift and shape functions, as well as the extra dimension, are functions of both r and l, the respective radial and extra coordinates;the last of these is therefore a function of r, l, and t. The main objective is to determine the conditions that allow the throat of the wormhole to be threaded with ordinary matter (by respecting the null energy condition) and that the same conditions lead to a violation of the null energy condition in the fifth dimension, which is therefore responsible for sustaining the wormhole. The dependence of the extra dimension on l and t is subject to additional conditions that are subsequently analyzed in this paper. Finally, the extra dimension may be extremely small or even curled up.

The Effect of Conformal Symmetry on Charged Wormholes

This paper discusses the effect that conformal symmetry can have on a charged wormhole. The analysis yields a physical interpretation of the conformal factor in terms of the electric charge. The rate of change of the conformal factor determines much of the outcome, which ranges from having no solution to wormholes having either one or two throats.

Noncommutative-Geometry Inspired Charged Wormholes with Low Tidal Forces

When Morris and Thorne first proposed that wormholes might be actual physical structures suitable for interstellar travel, they needed to pay close attention to certain traversability conditions such as low tidal forces, which placed severe constraints on the wormhole geometry. Even more problematical was the need for “exotic matter” resulting from the unavoidable violation of the null energy condition required to hold a wormhole open. The purpose of this paper is to overcome these problems by starting with the charged wormhole model of Kim and Lee and assuming a noncommutative-geometry background: the violation of the null energy condition can be attributed to the latter, while the electric charge allows the reduction of the tidal forces to acceptable levels without invoking the trivial zero-tidal-force assumption.

Modified <i>f(R)</i>Gravity and Thermodynamics of Time-Dependent Wormholes at Event Horizon

In the context of modified gravity theory, we study time-dependent wormhole spacetimes in the radiation background. In this framework, we attempt to generalize the thermodynamic properties of time-dependent wormholes in gravity. Finally, at event horizon, the rate of change of total entropy has been discussed.

Wormholes Supported by a Combination of Normal and Quintessential Matter in Einstein and Einstein-Maxwell Gravity

It is shown in the first part of this paper that a combined model comprising ordinary and quintessential matter can support a traversable wormhole in Einstein-Maxwell gravity. Since the solution allows zero tidal forces, the wormhole is suitable for a humanoid traveler. The second part of the paper shows that the electric field can be eliminated (Einstein gravity), but only by tolerating enormous tidal forces. Such a wormhole would still be capable of transmitting signals.

Traversable Wormholes and the Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem

The Brouwer fixed-point theorem in topology states that for any continuous mapping f on a compact convex set into itself admits a fixed point, i.e., a point x0 such that f(x0) = x0. Under suitable conditions, this fixed point corresponds to the throat of a traversable wormhole, i.e., b(r0) = r0 for the shape function b = b(r). The possible existence of wormholes can therefore be deduced from purely mathematical considerations without going beyond the existing physical requirements.

Wormholes Do Not Exist: They Are Mathematical Artifacts from an Incomplete Gravitational Theory

The Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein field equation leads to a solution that has been interpreted as wormholes. While many researchers have been sceptical about this interpretation, others have been positive about it. We show that wormholes are not mathematically allowed in the spherical metric of a newly-released unified quantum gravity theory known as collision space-time [1] [2] [3]. We, therefore, have reasons to believe that wormholes in general relativity theory are nothing more than a mathematical artefact due to an incomplete theory, but we are naturally open to discussions about this point. The premise that wormholes likely do not exist falls nicely into line with a series of other intuitive predictions from collision space-time where general relativity theory falls short, such as matching the full spectrum of the Planck scale for micro “black holes”.

Thin-shell wormholes and modified Chaplygin gas with relativistic corrections

In this paper,we analyze thin-shell wormholes from two identical copies of charged static cylindrically symmetric spacetimes using Visser’s‘cut and paste’approach under the influence of f(R,T)gravity Harko,Lobo,Nojiri,and Odintsov(2011,Phys.Rev.D 84,024020).In this scenario,the modified Chaplygin gas supports the exotic matter in the shell which allows,one to examine the dynamics of constructed wormholes.We utilize the junction condition to connect the interior and exterior geometries across the hypersurface and calculate different components of the Lanczos equation recently computed by Roza in Rosa(2021,Phy.Rev.D 103,104069).We analyze the stability of the thin-shell wormhole models under linear perturbations while keeping the cylindrical symmetry and also examine the influence of charge on their stability.The positive quantity of the second derivative of potential at the throat radius might be interpreted as the stability criterion.We find both unstable and stable wormhole solutions for different parameters included in the equation of state and specific forms of considered gravity and illustrate them theoretically as well as graphically.We examine the impact of electric charge on the stability region of a constructed wormhole,which suggests that a wormhole model with a charge may exhibit more stable behavior compared to an uncharged system.

Acid-rock reaction kinetics in a two-scale model based on reaction order correction

The reaction order plays a crucial role in evaluating the response rate of acid-rock.However,the conventional two-scale model typically assumes that the reaction order is constant as one,which can lead to significant deviations from reality.To address this issue,this study proposes a novel multi-order dynamic model for acid-rock reaction by combining rotating disk experimental data with theoretical derivation.Through numerical simulations,this model allows for the investigation of the impact of acidification conditions on different orders of reaction,thereby providing valuable insights for on-site construction.The analysis reveals that higher response orders require higher optimal acid liquid flow rates,and lower optimal H+diffusion coefficients,and demonstrate no significant correlation with acid concentration.Consequently,it is recommended to increase the displacement and use high-viscosity acid for reservoirs with high calcite content,while reducing the displacement and using low-viscosity acid for reservoirs with high dolomite content.

WORMHOLES OF COMPLEX SCALAR FIELDS AT FINITE TEMPERATURE

Wormholes of complex scalar fields with spontaneous breaking symmetry at finite temperature are discussed. It has been found out that the temperature effect of Coleman-Lee wormholes is important. This type of wormholes can exist within the temperature regions 0≤T≤M_p only.

Traversable braneworld wormholes supported by astrophysical observations

In this study, we investigate the characteristics and properties of a traversable wormhole constrained by the current astrophysical observations in the framework of modified theories of gravity （MOG）. As a concrete case, we study traversable wormhole space-time configurations in the Dvali-Gabadadze- Porrati （DGP） braneworld scenario, which are supported by the effects of the gravity leakage of extra dimensions. We find that the wormhole space-time structure will open in terms of the 2o confidence level when we utilize the joint constraints supernovae （SNe） Ia ＋ observational Hubble parameter data （OHD） ＋ Planck ＋ gravitational wave （GW） and z 〈 0.2874. Furthermore, we obtain several model-independent conclusions, such as （i） the exotic matter threading the wormholes can be divided into four classes during the evolutionary processes of the universe based on various energy conditions; （ii） we can offer a strict restriction to the local wormhole space-time structure by using the current astrophysical observations; and （iii） we can clearly identify a physical gravitational resource for the wormholes supported by astrophysical observations, namely the dark energy components of the universe or equivalent space-time curvature effects from MOG. Moreover, we find that the strong energy condition is always violated at low redshifts.

Static spherically symmetric wormholes in f(Q,T)gravity

In this study,we obtain wormhole solutions in the recently proposed extension of symmetric teleparallel gravity,known as f(Q,T)gravity.Here,the gravitational Lagrangian L is defined by an arbitrary function f of Q and T,where Q is a non-metricity scalar,and T is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor.In this study,we obtain field equations for a static spherically symmetric wormhole metric in the context of general f(Q,T)gravity.We study the wormhole solutions using(ⅰ)a linear equation of state and(ⅱ)an anisotropy relation.We adopt two different forms of f(Q,T),(a)linear f(Q,T)=αQ+βT and(b)non-linear f(Q,T)=Q+λQ^(2)+ηT,to investigate these solutions.We investigate various energy conditions to search for preservation and violation among the obtained solutions and find that the null energy condition is violated in both cases of our assumed forms of f(Q,T).Finally,we perform a stability analysis using the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov equation.

Wormholes propagation for fractured-vuggy formation:Laboratory tests,numerical simulation and field application

The propagation of wormhole is vital important for matrix acidizing and acid fracturing in carbonate reservoirs.While the formation of acid dissolved wormhole is derived from heterogeneous physical and chemical transportations and reactions.Alveolate dissolved pores,krast caves,and natural fissures are the major reservoir spaces for the Sinian dolomite formation in the Anyue gas field of the Sichuan Basin.There were four categories of formation,which are matrix dominated,inter-breccia dissolved pore dominated,dissolved pore and cave dominated,and fissure and cave dominated,based on the development intensity and connectedness of caves and fissures.The caves and fissures make the wormhole formation and propagation particularly complicated.Firstly,the 3-D topological structure of dissolved pores,vugs,fissures and throats inside cores is quantitatively scanned by CT imaging technology for its feature of vivid and damage-free.Secondly,3-D patterns of wormhole are obtained with CT scanning after core flooding by acid.Additionally,the porethroat network model is reconstructed with digital cores technology.Then,the size and ratio of pore and throat before and after core flooding by acid is analyzed and the absolute permeability of pore scale flow is numerically simulated to understand the fundamental influence of pores and vugs distribution and connectedness on wormhole propagation.Lastly,the wormhole pattern gained by CT scanning and simulating with two-scale model is compared.Meanwhile,the corrected two-scale model is utilized to simulate the wormhole propagation for matrix acidizing and acid fracturing of Sinian fractured-vuggy dolomite in Anyue gas field,Sichuan Basin.The optimized injection rate and volume were in agreement with the characteristic matrix acidizing operating curve,which indicates that the two-scale model was suitable for matrix acidizing optimization design of such formations.In addition,the simulated acid etched fracture length with considering the dynamic wormhole leakoff was consistent with the well testing interpreted result.

Genetic-based Fuzzy IDS for Feature Set Reduction and Worm Hole Attack Detection

The wireless ad-hoc networks are decentralized networks with a dynamic topology that allows for end-to-end communications via multi-hop routing operations with several nodes collaborating themselves,when the destination and source nodes are not in range of coverage.Because of its wireless type,it has lot of security concerns than an infrastructure networks.Wormhole attacks are one of the most serious security vulnerabilities in the network layers.It is simple to launch,even if there is no prior network experience.Signatures are the sole thing that preventive measures rely on.Intrusion detection systems(IDS)and other reactive measures detect all types of threats.The majority of IDS employ features from various network layers.One issue is calculating a huge layered features set from an ad-hoc network.This research implements genetic algorithm(GA)-based feature reduction intrusion detection approaches to minimize the quantity of wireless feature sets required to identify worm hole attacks.For attack detection,the reduced feature set was put to a fuzzy logic system(FLS).The performance of proposed model was compared with principal component analysis(PCA)and statistical parametric mapping(SPM).Network performance analysis like delay,packet dropping ratio,normalized overhead,packet delivery ratio,average energy consumption,throughput,and control overhead are evaluated and the IDS performance parameters like detection ratio,accuracy,and false alarm rate are evaluated for validation of the proposed model.The proposed model achieves 95.5%in detection ratio with 96.8%accuracy and produces very less false alarm rate(FAR)of 14%when compared with existing techniques.

基于Wormhole路由的二维Mesh上的并行k-选择

由于二维网孔机器的结构简单、规整，易于ＶＬＳＩ实现，使得它不仅成为许多理论研究的基础模型，而且还是许多并行机所采用的互连结构．Ｗｏｒｍ ｈｏｌｅ 路由技术的采用改进了二维网孔机器的通信能力．该文在带有Ｗｏｒｍ ｈｏｌｅ 路由技术的ｎ×ｎ 二维网孔机器上提出了一个时间复杂度为Ｏ（ｌｏｇ２ｎｌｏｇｌｏｇｎ）的并行ｋ－选择算法，改进了该问题在Ｓｔｏｒｅ－ａｎｄ－Ｆｏｒｗ ａｒｄ 路由技术下的时间复杂度下界Ｏ（ｎ）．据已掌握的资料，该算法为最早的、非总线连接的二维网孔机器上的、时间复杂度为对数的多项式级的ｋ－选择算法．

Intel ASCI Red的路由算法实现研究

互连网络是大规模并行计算机的重要组成部分 ,路由算法是其中决定网络性能的重要因素 ,根据世界上首台达到每秒万亿次浮点运算的 Intel ASCI Red的结构特点提出了具有容错功能的确定性路由算法和自适应路由算法各一种 。

A Supplement to the Invariance Principle of the Speed of Light and the Quantum Theory

Richard Feynman once said, “I think it is safe to say that no one understands Quantum Mechanics”. The well-known article on the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox brought forth further doubts on the interpretation of quantum theory. Einstein’s doubt on quantum theory is a doubleedged sword: experimental verification of quantum theory would contradict the hypothesis that speed of light is finite. It has been almost a century since the creation of quantum theory and special relativity, and the relevant doubts brought forward remain unresolved. We posit that the existence of discontinuity points and quantum wormholes would imply superluminal phenomenon or infinite speed of light, which provides for an important supplement to the invariance principle of the speed of light and superluminal phenomena. This can potentially resolve the inconsistency between special relativity and quantum theory.