The Importance of Professional Training for Test Writers

The purpose of this essay was to explore the importance of professional training for test writers and teachers as well.Since both testing and teaching are so closely interrelated that it's impossible to work in either field without being constantly concerned with the other. Test writers need professional training to keep pace with emergence of new views of language teaching practice and the rapid change of social life, in order to make testing more authentic and more valid.

Readers/Writers问题的拓展研究及其P/V操作的实现

阐述了操作系统中读者—写者这个经典进程同步问题,首次提出了该问题的三种算法分析,重点探讨了用P/V操作实现该问题中公平竞争算法的方法,并给出了相应的算法分析及其与读者优先算法和写者优先算法的比较。

Virginia Woolf’s New Biographical Experiment in Roger Fry:A Biography

Adeline Virginia Woolf,an English novelist and essayist,is regarded as one of the pioneer of stream-of-consciousness novel.In fact,her innovative spirit is reflected not only in the stream of consciousness novels,but also in her writing of new biography.Roger Fry,as Woolf’s only serious biography,contains the documentary features of biography and also expresses her experiment in biography writing.She manages to give full play to the writer’s subjectivity and uses her unusual narrative strategies so as to complete her poetic expression and endow the biography more literariness.

Reflections on Language Testing——From the Perspective of Professional Training for Test Writers

This paper aims to talk about the superficial reflections on language testing from the perspective of professional training for test writers,to qualify test writers with basic testing theories,to make the test valid and reliable,to help improve educational reform and language teaching,to fully conform to the standards set by syllabus.

On the Challenges Imposed on the Language Test Writers

Assessment in the classroom,whether informal,formative,or summative,has been the major source of identifying students’ strengths and weaknesses in learning a foreign language. The article tries to rationalize the current test writers training programs by elaborating on the importance of testing and assessing from the perspectives of the criteria of qualified testing system and the qualifications of test writers which reversely turns to be the challenges imposed on the language test writers.

Cultural Identity on Afro- American Women Writers

Afro- American Women were once a social minority and the weaker gender in American society. Through the endeavor of a group of Afro- American women writers,they have achieved a great success for the cultural identity by concluding their own social experience into works in recent decades. This paper reviews the cultural identity built by Afro- American black women writers and introduces its historical reasons,works,and historical significance. By doing this,we stand to gain insights into the American women writers and find their great contributions to their cultural identity in American culture.

Comment on Two American Writers and Their Works

Wil1iam Bradford’s of Playmouth PlantationIt has been nearly five hundred years sinca America was discovered. But American litera-ture did not began to develop until the colonial period when the English began to settle on thenorth Amerincan continent in the early part of the seventeenth century. Colonial

Re- Thinking Classic Marxist Writers＇ Explications on Nationalism： on the ＂Difficult Dialogue between Marxism and Nationalism＂

Both Marxism and nationalism are among the most far-reaching thoughts in modern times.On dealing the ideological collision between Marxism and nationalism, "Difficult Dialogue" universally exists in the academic circle.Many scholars evaded,ridiculed or even negated classic Marxist writers' explications on nationalism.Though basically,classic Marxist writers criticize nationalism,it doesn' t mean that Marxism and nationalism inevitably oppose to each other.It is highly necessary to analyze the causes of the "difficult dialogue between Marxism and nationalism" and re-thinking classic Marxist writers' explications on nationalism.

A Revision Model in Writing for Novice Writers with a Focus on Audience and Feedback

Revision is a complex,yet important phase in writing to improve the quality of a text.Some revision models are created to explain its components and the ways these components work.However,analysis of available models shows that they are proposed mainly for expert writers,who can complete the complex revision process individually,without the need of support or feedback.Most of the available revision models also do not include audience as a component.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to introduce an alternative revision model for novice writers at or higher than highschool level with a focus on audience and feedback.First,the definition of revision is made,which is followed by summaries of the importance of audience and feedback in writing.Second,available revision models in literature that serves as the basis of the alternative model are reviewed.Finally,the alternative revision model is introduced with its components and the way these components work is explained.The revision model presented in this paper will contribute to literature on writing by filling the gap in revision models by proposing a model for novice writers and highlighting the importance of audience and feedback.

Supervised Feature Learning for Offline Writer Identification Using VLAD and Double Power Normalization

As an indispensable part of identity authentication,offline writer identification plays a notable role in biology,forensics,and historical document analysis.However,identifying handwriting efficiently,stably,and quickly is still challenging due to the method of extracting and processing handwriting features.In this paper,we propose an efficient system to identify writers through handwritten images,which integrates local and global features from similar handwritten images.The local features are modeled by effective aggregate processing,and global features are extracted through transfer learning.Specifically,the proposed system employs a pre-trained Residual Network to mine the relationship between large image sets and specific handwritten images,while the vector of locally aggregated descriptors with double power normalization is employed in aggregating local and global features.Moreover,handwritten image segmentation,preprocessing,enhancement,optimization of neural network architecture,and normalization for local and global features are exploited,significantly improving system performance.The proposed system is evaluated on Computer Vision Lab(CVL)datasets and the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition(ICDAR)2013 datasets.The results show that it represents good generalizability and achieves state-of-the-art performance.Furthermore,the system performs better when training complete handwriting patches with the normalization method.The experimental result indicates that it’s significant to segment handwriting reasonably while dealing with handwriting overlap,which reduces visual burstiness.

An Unsupervised Writer Identification Based on Generating Clusterable Embeddings

The writer identification system identifies individuals based on their handwriting is a frequent topic in biometric authentication and verification systems.Due to its importance,numerous studies have been conducted in various languages.Researchers have established several learning methods for writer identification including supervised and unsupervised learning.However,supervised methods require a large amount of annotation data,which is impossible in most scenarios.On the other hand,unsupervised writer identification methods may be limited and dependent on feature extraction that cannot provide the proper objectives to the architecture and be misinterpreted.This paper introduces an unsupervised writer identification system that analyzes the data and recognizes the writer based on the inter-feature relations of the data to resolve the uncertainty of the features.A pairwise architecturebased Autoembedder was applied to generate clusterable embeddings for handwritten text images.Furthermore,the trained baseline architecture generates the embedding of the data image,and the K-means algorithm is used to distinguish the embedding of individual writers.The proposed model utilized the IAM dataset for the experiment as it is inconsistent with contributions from the authors but is easily accessible for writer identification tasks.In addition,traditional evaluation metrics are used in the proposed model.Finally,the proposed model is compared with a few unsupervised models,and it outperformed the state-of-the-art deep convolutional architectures in recognizing writers based on unlabeled data.

集体记忆与历史重述——左翼作家的“左翼文学”回忆

左翼作家对“左翼文学”的回忆蔚为大观,构成现代中国不容忽略而又意味深远的文化景观。其重构历史的强烈意图,与当下政治生态、社会现实之间的深层互动,使其足以作为实践中国现代文学研究“记忆的转向”的典型样本。左翼作家通过个人史、“左联”史和左翼文学史的叙述,完成形象重塑、身份认同、重构历史、接续传统等多种意图,充分体现话语生产与意识形态之间的紧密关系。“左翼文学”回忆对社会框架十分依赖,呈现出明显的“集体记忆”特征,打上了社会主导思想和主流意识形态的深深印记,但“个体记忆”又常常逸出“社会框架”,对集体记忆构成冲击与反抗,使得左翼作家的回忆呈现出微妙的张力。然而无论如何,左翼作家的“左翼文学”回忆都在很大程度上重构了中国现代文学史,深度影响了我们对左翼文学的认知。

女性·社会性·互文性——安妮·埃尔诺的自我书写

2022年诺贝尔文学奖得主安妮·埃尔诺近半个世纪的写作始终围绕“自我”展开,但她根植于个体经验的集体记忆书写有别于传统的自传和自我虚构,带有鲜明的女性、社会性和互文性特征。她的“自我民族志”“社会自传”用敏锐精准的观察和简洁平白的文风,揭露并反思了性别等级、社会差异和阶级“区隔”导致的“象征性暴力”。通过这种历时与共时、自生与外生、反复与差异的叙事手法和互文本游戏,安妮·埃尔诺将自身的创作汇入文学和历史的记忆之场中。

《仙传拾遗·马周》的文本建构及寓意——兼论神仙传记对历史人物的神性叙述

神仙传记的一般模式为“仙真养成记”或“仙真灵验记”,而《仙传拾遗·马周》一文打破了既往的写作模式。杜光庭在文中着意表达的是一位迷失本性的仙官如何寻回本真的过程。杜光庭将马周设定为华山素灵宫仙官,奉仙王之命赴长安辅佐李世民安邦定国的情节设定,说明他把道教与李唐王朝的天命紧密结合在一起。不论是长安与华山的地理位置,还是马周与李世民“君臣道合”的关系,杜光庭都对此进行了周密构思,以强化道教的“国教”地位。此文虽是为马周立传,但主旨却是在传递“君权神授”的天命观。这种天命观深植于中国的古史文化传统中。

《清人诗文集总目提要》订补——以吴本泰等八位嘉兴作家为中心

就《清人诗文集总目提要》及《清人别集总目》两书,对其中吴本泰、袁国梓、葛定辰、葛定远、屠焯、屠逵、蒋楷和富遇恩八位浙江嘉兴地区作家的生卒年等有关问题予以订补,供编撰者及其他相关读者参考。

《人间世》与1930年代中国现代传记的发展

1934年于上海创刊的《人间世》小品文半月刊在推动1930年代中国现代传记发展过程中曾发挥重要的作用。通过“今人志”“人物”等系列栏目设计,刊发名家自述性文字,采用图文并茂的形式,《人间世》呼应了当时渐成声势的“传记热”,在“他传”、自传书写和保存传记性资料方面做出了重要贡献。呈现《人间世》与1930年代中国传记发展之间的关系,可以丰富、深化我们对现代传记历史的认知。

卡夫卡传记的“合理”解释反思

卡夫卡传记是卡夫卡研究的重要证据和资料来源,传记作者以各自“合理”的解释,塑造了不同的卡夫卡传记形象,也引发了质疑和争议。因此,有必要对卡夫卡传记的“合理”解释进行反思。卡夫卡传记的解释方法和语言,传递出对卡夫卡的一种外在框定,使其传记形象在真实与虚构之间滑动,甚至与卡夫卡对语言和真实的思考相悖。值此卡夫卡逝世100周年之际,探讨卡夫卡传记对于理解真实的卡夫卡具有特殊的意义和价值。

中外女性传记中的“阅读疗愈”内涵解析

阅读对人类心灵的疗愈和成长具有重要作用。传记作品因兼具真实性、绵延性、情感性和启示性等方面特性,具有激发情感共鸣、深化自我反思的疗愈价值。女性传记强化女性被书写权、关注女性群体共性,给女性读者带来的启示也更具针对性。本文旨在探讨中外女性传记中的阅读疗愈内涵,并以4部具有代表性的中外女性传记作品为例,解析其在情感抚慰、精神引领、认知启发等方面的疗愈价值,以期引起相关读者和阅读推广人对女性传记类的阅读疗愈书目资源的关注与利用。

“西安鲁迅”的多重面向与历史生成

文章综合运用日记、书信、手稿、回忆录、原始报刊史料及相关研究著述,对百年来有关“鲁迅在西安”的文献进行梳理和总结。从人的鲁迅、作家鲁迅、学者鲁迅、战士鲁迅等角度考察“西安鲁迅”的多重面向及其历史生成过程,揭示其背后所隐含的人际交往、时代语境、政治影响、学术变迁等复杂因素。通过对既往研究的清理与反思,指出研究者应从关注鲁迅与现实、地理空间的“西安”,延伸到历史、文化空间的“长安”,在学科的交叉融合中拓展相关研究的广度和深度。