The Importance of Professional Training for Test Writers

The purpose of this essay was to explore the importance of professional training for test writers and teachers as well.Since both testing and teaching are so closely interrelated that it's impossible to work in either field without being constantly concerned with the other. Test writers need professional training to keep pace with emergence of new views of language teaching practice and the rapid change of social life, in order to make testing more authentic and more valid.

Readers/Writers问题的拓展研究及其P/V操作的实现

阐述了操作系统中读者—写者这个经典进程同步问题,首次提出了该问题的三种算法分析,重点探讨了用P/V操作实现该问题中公平竞争算法的方法,并给出了相应的算法分析及其与读者优先算法和写者优先算法的比较。

Reflections on Language Testing——From the Perspective of Professional Training for Test Writers

This paper aims to talk about the superficial reflections on language testing from the perspective of professional training for test writers,to qualify test writers with basic testing theories,to make the test valid and reliable,to help improve educational reform and language teaching,to fully conform to the standards set by syllabus.

On the Challenges Imposed on the Language Test Writers

Assessment in the classroom,whether informal,formative,or summative,has been the major source of identifying students’ strengths and weaknesses in learning a foreign language. The article tries to rationalize the current test writers training programs by elaborating on the importance of testing and assessing from the perspectives of the criteria of qualified testing system and the qualifications of test writers which reversely turns to be the challenges imposed on the language test writers.

Cultural Identity on Afro- American Women Writers

Afro- American Women were once a social minority and the weaker gender in American society. Through the endeavor of a group of Afro- American women writers,they have achieved a great success for the cultural identity by concluding their own social experience into works in recent decades. This paper reviews the cultural identity built by Afro- American black women writers and introduces its historical reasons,works,and historical significance. By doing this,we stand to gain insights into the American women writers and find their great contributions to their cultural identity in American culture.

Comment on Two American Writers and Their Works

Wil1iam Bradford’s of Playmouth PlantationIt has been nearly five hundred years sinca America was discovered. But American litera-ture did not began to develop until the colonial period when the English began to settle on thenorth Amerincan continent in the early part of the seventeenth century. Colonial

Re- Thinking Classic Marxist Writers＇ Explications on Nationalism： on the ＂Difficult Dialogue between Marxism and Nationalism＂

Both Marxism and nationalism are among the most far-reaching thoughts in modern times.On dealing the ideological collision between Marxism and nationalism, "Difficult Dialogue" universally exists in the academic circle.Many scholars evaded,ridiculed or even negated classic Marxist writers' explications on nationalism.Though basically,classic Marxist writers criticize nationalism,it doesn' t mean that Marxism and nationalism inevitably oppose to each other.It is highly necessary to analyze the causes of the "difficult dialogue between Marxism and nationalism" and re-thinking classic Marxist writers' explications on nationalism.

A Revision Model in Writing for Novice Writers with a Focus on Audience and Feedback

Revision is a complex,yet important phase in writing to improve the quality of a text.Some revision models are created to explain its components and the ways these components work.However,analysis of available models shows that they are proposed mainly for expert writers,who can complete the complex revision process individually,without the need of support or feedback.Most of the available revision models also do not include audience as a component.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to introduce an alternative revision model for novice writers at or higher than highschool level with a focus on audience and feedback.First,the definition of revision is made,which is followed by summaries of the importance of audience and feedback in writing.Second,available revision models in literature that serves as the basis of the alternative model are reviewed.Finally,the alternative revision model is introduced with its components and the way these components work is explained.The revision model presented in this paper will contribute to literature on writing by filling the gap in revision models by proposing a model for novice writers and highlighting the importance of audience and feedback.

Supervised Feature Learning for Offline Writer Identification Using VLAD and Double Power Normalization

As an indispensable part of identity authentication,offline writer identification plays a notable role in biology,forensics,and historical document analysis.However,identifying handwriting efficiently,stably,and quickly is still challenging due to the method of extracting and processing handwriting features.In this paper,we propose an efficient system to identify writers through handwritten images,which integrates local and global features from similar handwritten images.The local features are modeled by effective aggregate processing,and global features are extracted through transfer learning.Specifically,the proposed system employs a pre-trained Residual Network to mine the relationship between large image sets and specific handwritten images,while the vector of locally aggregated descriptors with double power normalization is employed in aggregating local and global features.Moreover,handwritten image segmentation,preprocessing,enhancement,optimization of neural network architecture,and normalization for local and global features are exploited,significantly improving system performance.The proposed system is evaluated on Computer Vision Lab(CVL)datasets and the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition(ICDAR)2013 datasets.The results show that it represents good generalizability and achieves state-of-the-art performance.Furthermore,the system performs better when training complete handwriting patches with the normalization method.The experimental result indicates that it’s significant to segment handwriting reasonably while dealing with handwriting overlap,which reduces visual burstiness.

An Unsupervised Writer Identification Based on Generating Clusterable Embeddings

The writer identification system identifies individuals based on their handwriting is a frequent topic in biometric authentication and verification systems.Due to its importance,numerous studies have been conducted in various languages.Researchers have established several learning methods for writer identification including supervised and unsupervised learning.However,supervised methods require a large amount of annotation data,which is impossible in most scenarios.On the other hand,unsupervised writer identification methods may be limited and dependent on feature extraction that cannot provide the proper objectives to the architecture and be misinterpreted.This paper introduces an unsupervised writer identification system that analyzes the data and recognizes the writer based on the inter-feature relations of the data to resolve the uncertainty of the features.A pairwise architecturebased Autoembedder was applied to generate clusterable embeddings for handwritten text images.Furthermore,the trained baseline architecture generates the embedding of the data image,and the K-means algorithm is used to distinguish the embedding of individual writers.The proposed model utilized the IAM dataset for the experiment as it is inconsistent with contributions from the authors but is easily accessible for writer identification tasks.In addition,traditional evaluation metrics are used in the proposed model.Finally,the proposed model is compared with a few unsupervised models,and it outperformed the state-of-the-art deep convolutional architectures in recognizing writers based on unlabeled data.

集体记忆与历史重述——左翼作家的“左翼文学”回忆

左翼作家对“左翼文学”的回忆蔚为大观,构成现代中国不容忽略而又意味深远的文化景观。其重构历史的强烈意图,与当下政治生态、社会现实之间的深层互动,使其足以作为实践中国现代文学研究“记忆的转向”的典型样本。左翼作家通过个人史、“左联”史和左翼文学史的叙述,完成形象重塑、身份认同、重构历史、接续传统等多种意图,充分体现话语生产与意识形态之间的紧密关系。“左翼文学”回忆对社会框架十分依赖,呈现出明显的“集体记忆”特征,打上了社会主导思想和主流意识形态的深深印记,但“个体记忆”又常常逸出“社会框架”,对集体记忆构成冲击与反抗,使得左翼作家的回忆呈现出微妙的张力。然而无论如何,左翼作家的“左翼文学”回忆都在很大程度上重构了中国现代文学史,深度影响了我们对左翼文学的认知。

《清人诗文集总目提要》订补——以吴本泰等八位嘉兴作家为中心

就《清人诗文集总目提要》及《清人别集总目》两书,对其中吴本泰、袁国梓、葛定辰、葛定远、屠焯、屠逵、蒋楷和富遇恩八位浙江嘉兴地区作家的生卒年等有关问题予以订补,供编撰者及其他相关读者参考。

语篇主观性表征研究

基于语言主观性理论,本研究重点考察语篇的主观性表征。研究发现,语篇主观性表征有词汇、句法和语用等方面,它们共同承载着说写者的情感、态度、认识等主观自我成分。本研究与语言主观性现象的微观研究互补,为语篇层面语言主观性现象的整体研究提供研究思路,有利于深入挖掘说写者隐藏在语篇中的主观自我表征方式。

“90后”女性的东北记忆与文学观照——以黑龙江籍青年女作家杨知寒为例

杨知寒被称为继“铁西三剑客”之后的“东北文艺复兴”的接力书写者和“新东北作家群”中的领军人物。作为生长于齐齐哈尔市的“90后”女作家,杨知寒用精到的笔触、冷峻的叙事,以“子一代”的视角和女性的细腻观察,再现了世纪之交以来东北经济的衰退和由此带来的社会阵痛及道德困境,揭示了社会转型期人与人之间光怪陆离的情感变化。杨知寒在作品中塑造了大量的女性形象,这些从少女到青年乃至中老年的女性形象,着眼于时代变迁中的女性命运,深刻揭示了在时代大潮冲击下的女性命运的悲与喜,以及隐藏于人性深处的善与恶。

论康巴藏族作家群汉藏文化互融书写

康巴藏族作家群汉藏文化互融书写,主要包括以茶马互市为轴心的汉藏文化互融书写,以汉藏通婚为轴心的汉藏文化互融书写,以民俗、建筑、宗教等为重心的汉藏文化互融书写。它不仅凸显了汉藏民族对彼此文化的认同感,彰显了汉藏两个民族的友谊与感情,歌颂了汉藏民族“一家亲”的和谐民族关系,而且对汉藏族等各民族铸牢中华民族共同体意识,反对民族分裂,维护国家统一、稳定与安定团结,推动各民族共同发展繁荣等,具有重要现实意义。

中国当代女性作家作品翻译传播研究——以严歌苓《密语者》英译本为例

相较于男性作家,中国当代女性作家的身影在海外一直相当模糊,相关研究也十分有限。以亚马逊官网(Amazon.com)和好读网平台(Goodreads.com)严歌苓作品《密语者》英译本The Secret Talker的读者评论为研究对象,借助Python工具可视化呈现海外读者对译本的整体评价、情感态度、关注主题等,并对高影响力的读者评论作质性分析,以探究译本接受的影响因素,希望为中国当代女性作家作品的翻译传播研究提供一些新的发现与启示。

中西文化会通与近现代传记文学新变——以江苏传记文学的创作为例

王韬创作于1880年的《弢园老民自传》表现出与中国古代传记不同的质地,被看作中国现代传记文学的发轫之作。中国有强大的史传传统,司马迁的《史记》是非常优秀的传记,到清代中国传记表现出渐渐脱离史传向文学变化的趋向,直至后来在西方传记文学的影响下,发展出新的特征。以近现代江苏传记文学作家的创作为例探讨近现代中国传记文学在创作方面的新变,具体如下:第一,西学影响下的主体意识之变;第二,中西碰撞中的国际视野之变;第三,自传的兴起;第四,实业家新形象的书写;第五,中国母亲形象的海外传播。中国近现代传记的写作和传播表现出中西文化会通的特点。

中国现代作家奔赴延安前的文人心态——以何其芳奔赴延安的动因为考察对象

中国现代作家因人生阅历以及创作经验的不同,在奔赴延安前心态各异。洞悉中国现代作家奔赴延安之前的文人心态有利于进一步厘清中国现代作家文学道路嬗变的脉络和原因。在艾青、丁玲、萧军等奔赴延安的中国现代作家中,何其芳具有一定的代表性。何其芳奔赴延安之前有两种心态:一种是追求报告文学写作,想通过奔赴抗战前线收集资料撰写报告文学,以实际行动参加抗战;另一种是追求进步的心态与精神。这种体现是他抗战前作品中蕴含着“激进力量”和追求进步的热情。再加上吴伯箫、杨吉甫等革命友人的影响,加速了何其芳奔赴延安的过程。何其芳奔赴延安之前的文人心态或多或少地存在于其他中国现代作家中。这也说明,中国现代作家奔赴延安前的文人心态既有共性也有个性。

“十七年”时期中央文学研究所对文学新人的培养

“十七年”时期,中央文学研究所开启社会主义文学新人培养工程,培养新中国文学的新生力量。办学模式方面,侧重“小而精”的培训,招生计划、教学安排、师资队伍配备等体现了培养工农文学新人的诸多努力与创新。办学理念方面,既自由活泼,鼓励讨论争鸣;又严肃紧张,突出政治规训。办学质量评价方面,尽管人们常常诟病中央文学研究所培养的大作家和创作的名作品少,但综合考量其办学目标定位、生源质量与培养成效,大体实现了办学初衷,且对20世纪50—70年代乃至新时期初始作家队伍建设和文学生态建构都发挥了重要作用。