Living Cephalotaxus (plum yews) occurs mainly in East Asia and North of Indo-China peninsula. The study of original taxonomic literatures found that, in early days, the plum yews had ever been described as palnts of T...Living Cephalotaxus (plum yews) occurs mainly in East Asia and North of Indo-China peninsula. The study of original taxonomic literatures found that, in early days, the plum yews had ever been described as palnts of Taxus (Taxaceae). Since after the genus name Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was firstly cited (from inedited and unpublished Flora Japonica) by Endlicher in 1842, most taxonomist thought which is the earliest time of the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was set. However, the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was formally effective and valid published by Sieb. & Zucc. in Flora Japonica in 1870 so that there exists some confusions in chronological order. Originally as a genus, Cephalotaxus was included in family Taxaceae and Neger (1907) separated Cephalotaxus from Taxaceae and set family Cephalotaxaceae. Later, Fu (1984) divided Cephalotaxus up into two sections of Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Pectinatae L. K. Fu and Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Cephalotaxus L. K. Fu on the bases of C. oliveri Masters differ significantly from other taxa of Cephalotaxus in morphological characteristics. Although the plum yews was a little genus of conifers, up to now, about 77 taxa have still been published by taxonomist in different countries or regions. Among them, C. tardiva Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. umbraculifera Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. sumatrana Miq. (1856) and C. celebica Warb. (1900) have been combined to Taxus, and C. argotaenia (Hance) Pilger (1903) has been combined to Amentotaxus. And at the same time, those taxa existing in Cephalotaxus courently which were accepted by most taxonomist in different countries was also cited in acticle. Lastly, the paper thought presently there still exists many debates about binary classification of Cephalotaxus and the nomenclature of this genus still particularly confusing. Based on some controversial problems, we also point out some taxonomically researching directions at creating some order out of the chaos.展开更多
The literary study of ancient mythology is a rational and necessary prerequisite for the study of the general history of Sichuan literature in the Pre-Qin period, though it can go beyond the study of literature. Compa...The literary study of ancient mythology is a rational and necessary prerequisite for the study of the general history of Sichuan literature in the Pre-Qin period, though it can go beyond the study of literature. Compared with other Chinese regional literatures such as Jing-Chu literature, the insufficiency of the literalization of the early Ba-Shu myth, to some extent, devalues the Ba-Shu literature in the Pre-Qin period and affects its consistence. When dealing with the influence of ancient mythology on the development of Chinese regional literature, including Sichuan literature, we need to analyze the inherent impact of regional mythology on the developing literature using a three-step process: restoring and summarizing the mythological pedigree, uncovering the “conceptual structure” of the mythology, and explaining the impact of the mythology on the developing literature. This paper uses this three-step process to construct the general history of Sichuan literature.展开更多
Yeats’ realistic poetry is often imprinted with the mark of its era. By means of the poetic language, Yeats expressed his profound reflection on the historic events of the time. In so doing, a dialogue has comes into...Yeats’ realistic poetry is often imprinted with the mark of its era. By means of the poetic language, Yeats expressed his profound reflection on the historic events of the time. In so doing, a dialogue has comes into existence between literature and history. This paper attempts to consider in detail how the dialogue between literature and history operates in Yeats’ realistic poem “Easter, 1916,” as a case study, under the scrutiny of the new historicist approach. Through the textual analysis of this poetic work, this paper discusses the dialogic relationship of the poem and history by elaborating on how this poetic work becomes historicized and how this historic event becomes textualized. Within this dialogue, the reciprocal relation of this poem and the contemporary society is brought under further examination. This paper argues that this poem harbors subversive force which can be articulated by the poetic text in this dialogue between literature and history. However, this subversive force will be eventually contained by the British power structure that has pervaded and dominated the Irish society. By the uprising and revolution of the Irish people, Ireland would attain to the goal of political de-Anglicization by becoming a sovereign state and with the advent of this political independence Irish literature could also achieve an independent status. However, this paper concludes that Yeats has realized the suppressed beauty of this independence because Irish literature would still have to be composed in the English language which, however, remains to be the product of the British power structure.展开更多
In the 19th century,the English term"literature"and its Chinese equivalent"文学"(wenxue)had their respective connotations and prehistories and did not belong to the same discursive genealogy,althou...In the 19th century,the English term"literature"and its Chinese equivalent"文学"(wenxue)had their respective connotations and prehistories and did not belong to the same discursive genealogy,although the two concepts later mixed together and have since been inter-translated by scholars.This paper attempts to examine literature as an independent system of representation by analyzing historical materials of English sinology to identify their special meanings in the 19th-century English context.To ensure the wholeness of the examination,this paper divides the collected materials into three categories;annotations in English-Chinese dictionaries,denotations in works with the word"literature"in their titles,and explanations in articles and chapters(of works)with the word"literature"in their titles.Such an examination inevitably involves some key issues related to semantics,history of translation and cross-cultural studies.It is hoped that this study can help further a general understanding of the dissemination history of literature as a concept.展开更多
During a century-long time span,a remarkable array of Czech literary works had been introduced to China,marked by selections of different writers,genres,and themes.This study attempts to discuss what Czech literary wo...During a century-long time span,a remarkable array of Czech literary works had been introduced to China,marked by selections of different writers,genres,and themes.This study attempts to discuss what Czech literary works have been translated in China since its beginning in 1921.Besides the selection of texts for introduction,attention has also been given to the formats of their publication,the adoption of introduction approach,choice of intermediate languages,the numbers of different versions,and the frequency of their publication,as well as the textual and paratextual features of the end Chinese products.展开更多
Oral history,which collects historical materials by means of oral interviews,is an important auxiliary means for ethnomusicological research.Marked by the First Symposium on Oral History of Music in 2014,the academic ...Oral history,which collects historical materials by means of oral interviews,is an important auxiliary means for ethnomusicological research.Marked by the First Symposium on Oral History of Music in 2014,the academic community has launched a series of discussions and elaborations on its concepts,methods,norms,meanings,and other dimensions,and a series of academic achievements have been born.In this paper,we will combine relevant theses to explain how music oral history as contemporary history can achieve“intertextuality”in ethnomusicological research,emphasize its humanistic attributes,and summarize our reflections on the basis of existing academic experiences.展开更多
This article takes Fu Chang's Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Xun Chuo's Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts as a means to observe the interactions between ...This article takes Fu Chang's Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Xun Chuo's Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts as a means to observe the interactions between books and political processes during the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties. Both Fu Chang and Xun Chuo were employed as high-ranking officials, with a background of being from the Central Plain, by the regime of the Later Zhao founded by Shi Le. Their purpose for writing the two books was to provide guidance for the regime's institutional establishment. The collapse of Shi Le's regime led to the flow of people and their possessions to the south. During these movements, the two books along with other materials and records were brought to Jiankang and then contributed to the institutional and cultural development in the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty. As historical facts and references for political reformation, these books revealed the duality of institutional writings. The collection and dispersion of books after the Disaster of Yongjia, as well as the social and cultural changes, should be placed in a wider political process for further examination.展开更多
The paper explores an ambiguous intersection between history and fiction in Scarlet Venice (Hi no Venezia, in original) (1988) by Japanese novelist and historiographer, Shiono Nanami (1937-). As a prominent tran...The paper explores an ambiguous intersection between history and fiction in Scarlet Venice (Hi no Venezia, in original) (1988) by Japanese novelist and historiographer, Shiono Nanami (1937-). As a prominent transnational writer who has worked on the Italian Renaissance and the Roman antiquity for about 40 years, Shiono fictionalizes the political culture of 16th century Venice in the context of the Eastern Mediterranean history. Based on her The Tales of the Sea Capital (1981), historiography par excellence, the novel portrays the political maneuver of the Republic of Venice from viewpoints of diplomacy. With this thematic approach to history, the novel centers on the life and death of Alvise Gritti (1480-1534), an illegitimate son of famed Venetian Doge, Andrea Gritti. In the metaphorical/metafictional structure of historical crime fiction, the novel unveils the austerity of Venetian polity, while contrasting it with the liberalism fostered in Sultan Suleiman's Ottoman court. In conclusion, the author interprets that Alvise Gritti is a victim of the political intricacy with which Venice was wrestling, implying that the republic is the metaphorical murderer. Whereas Alvise's death commemorates a drastic step taken by Venice for political negotiation, Shiono's recent writings suggest that Japan should model the rigid pragmatism in Venetian politics, along with its effective use of intelligence in diplomacy展开更多
The Ottoman-Turkish medicine and dentistry was born and developed in the lands of Anatolia. The most mature period of the Islamic medicine was in the Ottoman Empire on the lands of Anatolia. While inheriting the Turki...The Ottoman-Turkish medicine and dentistry was born and developed in the lands of Anatolia. The most mature period of the Islamic medicine was in the Ottoman Empire on the lands of Anatolia. While inheriting the Turkish-Islamic science and culture structure and the ancient age and Old Greek science, it was integrated with the medicine philosophy here. In the 13th and 15th centuries, in Ottomans, the development of the dentistry was on the issues of the dental diseases and periodontology. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was observed in the medicine books of the Turkish physician writers that they were also dealing with the child dentistry as issues. That the dental medicine took place in the works of art written between the 15th and 19th century shows the existence of the surgeons realizing the tooth extraction. With the opening of the first dentist school in the year of 1909, the training of dentistry started. In this study, the issue of the development and training of the dentistry in the Ottomans among the 13th-19th centuries were dealt with the outlines. Also, the first examples and fundamental works of art of the dentistry literature from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican period will be told shortly.展开更多
Literature can be used in education as basis for creative writing activities not only in traditional classroom learning but also in distance learning.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a four-mon...Literature can be used in education as basis for creative writing activities not only in traditional classroom learning but also in distance learning.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a four-month online creative writing program on the utilization of literary texts in elementary school through collaborative activities.The research sample consisted of 15 students of the 5th grade of elementary school.Evaluation of program activities was performed by completing a structured improvised questionnaire on the asynchronous education platform“e-class”of the Panhellenic School Network,where students were asked to fill in fields regarding(a)literary excerpts,(b)creative writing activities,and(c)online groups.Based on the results,students responded in a positive manner to the use of literature in the context of online collaborative writing groups.The majority of students expressed their satisfaction both with regard to the creative writing activities,having literary excerpts as a stimulus,but also with regard to the effectiveness of online groups.In conclusion,it seems that literature can be used creatively through playful group creative writing activities and distance learning.展开更多
The Book of Songs is an important part of Chinese traditional culture and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.This article is based on Turi’s theory of translation norms,and takes the English translation of T...The Book of Songs is an important part of Chinese traditional culture and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.This article is based on Turi’s theory of translation norms,and takes the English translation of The Book of Songs·Jing Jing by Richard Jacob and Xu Yuanchong as the research object.Comparative studies are made on the historical nature of understanding,the normativeness of translation,and the application of the fusion of horizons in the two versions of the Book of Songs.Incorporating history into translation brings the translation closer to the roots of history.The comparative research method proposed in this article can be widely used in various ancient literature studies,and has important theoretical and application values.展开更多
Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945) and World War il (1939-1945) have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of "historical war stories"...Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945) and World War il (1939-1945) have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of "historical war stories" in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, "historical facts" of this era are, in reality, very vague in people's minds and their "facts" are often simply a construction of frequently retold "historical war stories" mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China's desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.展开更多
If we take Chinese modern literary history( female) as the"center",in which the female creation is very limited,a large amount of female compositions in late Qing Dynasty and R epublican period were "ma...If we take Chinese modern literary history( female) as the"center",in which the female creation is very limited,a large amount of female compositions in late Qing Dynasty and R epublican period were "marginalized",even in the "hidden "state. These "marginalized"female writings,not only are in a large number,but also constitute the foundation of Chinese modern female literature creation,the significance and value cannot be ignored. To seek the strategy and approach for the research on the "marginalized"female creation in late Qing Dynasty and R epublican period,helps to deeply discuss the possibility to expand the object scope of female literature research,to find a newgrowing point of female literature research,and form conversation between female literary history writing and current theory and practice of the"R ewriting Literary History".展开更多
Due to the influence and control of many factors such as geographical location and historical conditions,many of the 20thCentury American literature works portray distorted Chinese image different from reality. In Ame...Due to the influence and control of many factors such as geographical location and historical conditions,many of the 20thCentury American literature works portray distorted Chinese image different from reality. In American literature,China doesn't exist as a real country with a geographical location,but it exists in a virtual space in the world composed of cultural imagination. Literature is the reflected thought that can accommodate numerous social fields,and American literature can mostly reflect the overall cognition of different fields for Chinese image. This paper analyzes the characterization and cognition of Chinese image in the20thCentury American literature works,understanding the history and features of Chinese image in the 20thCentury American literature works,in order to obtain the enlightenment of how to better establish Chinese image.展开更多
With the deepening of globalization,immigration and pluralism have become increasingly common social phenomena.The research of the resulting immigrant literature is an important way to understand the mental journey of...With the deepening of globalization,immigration and pluralism have become increasingly common social phenomena.The research of the resulting immigrant literature is an important way to understand the mental journey of immigrant groups and their construction of cultural identity.In the German-speaking area,immigrant literature has gradually taken center stage over the years,becoming an important part of the German language literature,and immigrant writers have also frequently won various literary prizes,which can be described as particularly dazzling.Meanwhile,generations of writers have been thinking about and exploring the intergenerational relationships and differences among immigrant groups in the context of their own experiences.This paper will focus on some outstanding immigrant writers and discuss the intergenerational writing in immigrant literature by means of their works.展开更多
The essay analyzes the play written by the late Efua Sutherland (from Ghana) and shows the effects of colonization among the Ghanaians. First, it explores the historical inroads made by the colonizer in West African...The essay analyzes the play written by the late Efua Sutherland (from Ghana) and shows the effects of colonization among the Ghanaians. First, it explores the historical inroads made by the colonizer in West African countries, such as Ghana, causing the debilitation of the culture of such countries by erasing its history. One way in which such erasure occurred was in the destruction of sacred sites of the people. Further connections will also be made to West African cultural contexts with the history of colonization in Africa and its effects on popular culture, specifically drama in countries like Ghana. Next, the essay draws upon the role of the trickster figure of Ananse, the spider who features in many West African and Caribbean folkloric traditions. Sutherland's play revolves around the main character of the play, Ananse, and he is likened to the trickster figure, but the essay shows how this figure is also debilitated by the colonizer. Finally, in the play, one notes that despite the main character's "victory" in getting his daughter married to the "Chief-Who-ls-Chief', he does it for his survival and the survival of his daughter in a world in which the latent effects of colonization has hampered the memory and culture of its people.展开更多
This paper compares 18th and 19th century travelogues written by women and men travelling the cultural contact zones of the empire, as well as fictional recreations of such first encounters. A juxtaposition of the wri...This paper compares 18th and 19th century travelogues written by women and men travelling the cultural contact zones of the empire, as well as fictional recreations of such first encounters. A juxtaposition of the writers' reaction to the dynamics of gazing and the ethics of touch yields surprising results. Many women travellers have no problem to acknowledge the reciprocity of the gaze, accepting, as a matter of course, that the objects of their ethnological interest will gaze at them in return. In comparison, male travellers often exhibit unease at becoming an object of appraisal and observation. Even more interestingly, male travellers often shy away from haptic contact with members of the indigenous population, whereas many (though not all) women are more tolerant of touch and proximity. Regarded as "unwomanly" by their contemporaries, they carved out for themselves roles which allowed for a more intimate interaction with foreign ethnicities; also, they wrote in different genres--private memoirs instead of official reports. But even in their (semi) fictional writings male authors seem to imagine inter-cultural encounters in different terms from women and tend not let their protagonists enter into close bodily contact with the indigenous population.展开更多
Drawing upon the writings of British cultural critic Raymond Williams, this article examines a pervading concern with representations of the city and the countryside as political sites and wider symbols of contextual ...Drawing upon the writings of British cultural critic Raymond Williams, this article examines a pervading concern with representations of the city and the countryside as political sites and wider symbols of contextual social and economic shifts in the Granta 2013 list of Best of Young British Novelists. The article argues that the 2013 Granta list examines Williams' legacy from a twenty-first century perspective, offering a range of fictions that represent the rapidly changing socio-political, cultural and economic landscapes of contemporary Britain. Through textual analysis and contextualized readings, it suggests that the novels featured on the 2013 list do not offer a purely pastoral view of Britain, but use the natural world as a platform to stage wider discussions regarding a range of present-day issues.展开更多
The last of the Mohicans was written by American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in 1826,who is considered as the first long novelist of America.The work has no concentrate plots but the white people and the Indians...The last of the Mohicans was written by American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in 1826,who is considered as the first long novelist of America.The work has no concentrate plots but the white people and the Indians'friendship,communication,and wars.The Last of the Mohicans was set in the mid-18th century when the French colonists and English colonists were fighting for Indian lands.English colonized America and were at loggerheads with France.It belongs to the frontier literature and creates a precedent for the American Frontier Fiction.The American western fiction has the most native feature.With the rise of multiculturalism trend at present,it is the best way for understanding the American local culture and history to study the American western fiction which is bred during the course of the frontier-running and Westward Movement.Cooper is a novelist who depicted the real and pure American life.Based on the frontier theme,he created Leatherstocking Tales,which is a series of five novels,are his masterpieces representing his style.Among them,The Last of the Mohicans prominently reflects the Indian culture.This thesis mainly explores the historical and cultural elements embodied in The Last of the Mohicans from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.展开更多
文摘Living Cephalotaxus (plum yews) occurs mainly in East Asia and North of Indo-China peninsula. The study of original taxonomic literatures found that, in early days, the plum yews had ever been described as palnts of Taxus (Taxaceae). Since after the genus name Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was firstly cited (from inedited and unpublished Flora Japonica) by Endlicher in 1842, most taxonomist thought which is the earliest time of the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was set. However, the genus Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. was formally effective and valid published by Sieb. & Zucc. in Flora Japonica in 1870 so that there exists some confusions in chronological order. Originally as a genus, Cephalotaxus was included in family Taxaceae and Neger (1907) separated Cephalotaxus from Taxaceae and set family Cephalotaxaceae. Later, Fu (1984) divided Cephalotaxus up into two sections of Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Pectinatae L. K. Fu and Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. sect. Cephalotaxus L. K. Fu on the bases of C. oliveri Masters differ significantly from other taxa of Cephalotaxus in morphological characteristics. Although the plum yews was a little genus of conifers, up to now, about 77 taxa have still been published by taxonomist in different countries or regions. Among them, C. tardiva Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. umbraculifera Sieb. ex Endl. (1847), C. sumatrana Miq. (1856) and C. celebica Warb. (1900) have been combined to Taxus, and C. argotaenia (Hance) Pilger (1903) has been combined to Amentotaxus. And at the same time, those taxa existing in Cephalotaxus courently which were accepted by most taxonomist in different countries was also cited in acticle. Lastly, the paper thought presently there still exists many debates about binary classification of Cephalotaxus and the nomenclature of this genus still particularly confusing. Based on some controversial problems, we also point out some taxonomically researching directions at creating some order out of the chaos.
基金a staged research result of “Cultural Traditions and the Regional Literary History”(16ZD02)——a key program funded by Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences“Studies on the Writing Systems in the Pre-Qin Period”(14CZW017)a youth program founded by National Social Sciences Fund
文摘The literary study of ancient mythology is a rational and necessary prerequisite for the study of the general history of Sichuan literature in the Pre-Qin period, though it can go beyond the study of literature. Compared with other Chinese regional literatures such as Jing-Chu literature, the insufficiency of the literalization of the early Ba-Shu myth, to some extent, devalues the Ba-Shu literature in the Pre-Qin period and affects its consistence. When dealing with the influence of ancient mythology on the development of Chinese regional literature, including Sichuan literature, we need to analyze the inherent impact of regional mythology on the developing literature using a three-step process: restoring and summarizing the mythological pedigree, uncovering the “conceptual structure” of the mythology, and explaining the impact of the mythology on the developing literature. This paper uses this three-step process to construct the general history of Sichuan literature.
文摘Yeats’ realistic poetry is often imprinted with the mark of its era. By means of the poetic language, Yeats expressed his profound reflection on the historic events of the time. In so doing, a dialogue has comes into existence between literature and history. This paper attempts to consider in detail how the dialogue between literature and history operates in Yeats’ realistic poem “Easter, 1916,” as a case study, under the scrutiny of the new historicist approach. Through the textual analysis of this poetic work, this paper discusses the dialogic relationship of the poem and history by elaborating on how this poetic work becomes historicized and how this historic event becomes textualized. Within this dialogue, the reciprocal relation of this poem and the contemporary society is brought under further examination. This paper argues that this poem harbors subversive force which can be articulated by the poetic text in this dialogue between literature and history. However, this subversive force will be eventually contained by the British power structure that has pervaded and dominated the Irish society. By the uprising and revolution of the Irish people, Ireland would attain to the goal of political de-Anglicization by becoming a sovereign state and with the advent of this political independence Irish literature could also achieve an independent status. However, this paper concludes that Yeats has realized the suppressed beauty of this independence because Irish literature would still have to be composed in the English language which, however, remains to be the product of the British power structure.
文摘In the 19th century,the English term"literature"and its Chinese equivalent"文学"(wenxue)had their respective connotations and prehistories and did not belong to the same discursive genealogy,although the two concepts later mixed together and have since been inter-translated by scholars.This paper attempts to examine literature as an independent system of representation by analyzing historical materials of English sinology to identify their special meanings in the 19th-century English context.To ensure the wholeness of the examination,this paper divides the collected materials into three categories;annotations in English-Chinese dictionaries,denotations in works with the word"literature"in their titles,and explanations in articles and chapters(of works)with the word"literature"in their titles.Such an examination inevitably involves some key issues related to semantics,history of translation and cross-cultural studies.It is hoped that this study can help further a general understanding of the dissemination history of literature as a concept.
文摘During a century-long time span,a remarkable array of Czech literary works had been introduced to China,marked by selections of different writers,genres,and themes.This study attempts to discuss what Czech literary works have been translated in China since its beginning in 1921.Besides the selection of texts for introduction,attention has also been given to the formats of their publication,the adoption of introduction approach,choice of intermediate languages,the numbers of different versions,and the frequency of their publication,as well as the textual and paratextual features of the end Chinese products.
文摘Oral history,which collects historical materials by means of oral interviews,is an important auxiliary means for ethnomusicological research.Marked by the First Symposium on Oral History of Music in 2014,the academic community has launched a series of discussions and elaborations on its concepts,methods,norms,meanings,and other dimensions,and a series of academic achievements have been born.In this paper,we will combine relevant theses to explain how music oral history as contemporary history can achieve“intertextuality”in ethnomusicological research,emphasize its humanistic attributes,and summarize our reflections on the basis of existing academic experiences.
文摘This article takes Fu Chang's Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Xun Chuo's Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts as a means to observe the interactions between books and political processes during the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties. Both Fu Chang and Xun Chuo were employed as high-ranking officials, with a background of being from the Central Plain, by the regime of the Later Zhao founded by Shi Le. Their purpose for writing the two books was to provide guidance for the regime's institutional establishment. The collapse of Shi Le's regime led to the flow of people and their possessions to the south. During these movements, the two books along with other materials and records were brought to Jiankang and then contributed to the institutional and cultural development in the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty. As historical facts and references for political reformation, these books revealed the duality of institutional writings. The collection and dispersion of books after the Disaster of Yongjia, as well as the social and cultural changes, should be placed in a wider political process for further examination.
文摘The paper explores an ambiguous intersection between history and fiction in Scarlet Venice (Hi no Venezia, in original) (1988) by Japanese novelist and historiographer, Shiono Nanami (1937-). As a prominent transnational writer who has worked on the Italian Renaissance and the Roman antiquity for about 40 years, Shiono fictionalizes the political culture of 16th century Venice in the context of the Eastern Mediterranean history. Based on her The Tales of the Sea Capital (1981), historiography par excellence, the novel portrays the political maneuver of the Republic of Venice from viewpoints of diplomacy. With this thematic approach to history, the novel centers on the life and death of Alvise Gritti (1480-1534), an illegitimate son of famed Venetian Doge, Andrea Gritti. In the metaphorical/metafictional structure of historical crime fiction, the novel unveils the austerity of Venetian polity, while contrasting it with the liberalism fostered in Sultan Suleiman's Ottoman court. In conclusion, the author interprets that Alvise Gritti is a victim of the political intricacy with which Venice was wrestling, implying that the republic is the metaphorical murderer. Whereas Alvise's death commemorates a drastic step taken by Venice for political negotiation, Shiono's recent writings suggest that Japan should model the rigid pragmatism in Venetian politics, along with its effective use of intelligence in diplomacy
文摘The Ottoman-Turkish medicine and dentistry was born and developed in the lands of Anatolia. The most mature period of the Islamic medicine was in the Ottoman Empire on the lands of Anatolia. While inheriting the Turkish-Islamic science and culture structure and the ancient age and Old Greek science, it was integrated with the medicine philosophy here. In the 13th and 15th centuries, in Ottomans, the development of the dentistry was on the issues of the dental diseases and periodontology. In the 14th and 15th centuries, it was observed in the medicine books of the Turkish physician writers that they were also dealing with the child dentistry as issues. That the dental medicine took place in the works of art written between the 15th and 19th century shows the existence of the surgeons realizing the tooth extraction. With the opening of the first dentist school in the year of 1909, the training of dentistry started. In this study, the issue of the development and training of the dentistry in the Ottomans among the 13th-19th centuries were dealt with the outlines. Also, the first examples and fundamental works of art of the dentistry literature from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican period will be told shortly.
文摘Literature can be used in education as basis for creative writing activities not only in traditional classroom learning but also in distance learning.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a four-month online creative writing program on the utilization of literary texts in elementary school through collaborative activities.The research sample consisted of 15 students of the 5th grade of elementary school.Evaluation of program activities was performed by completing a structured improvised questionnaire on the asynchronous education platform“e-class”of the Panhellenic School Network,where students were asked to fill in fields regarding(a)literary excerpts,(b)creative writing activities,and(c)online groups.Based on the results,students responded in a positive manner to the use of literature in the context of online collaborative writing groups.The majority of students expressed their satisfaction both with regard to the creative writing activities,having literary excerpts as a stimulus,but also with regard to the effectiveness of online groups.In conclusion,it seems that literature can be used creatively through playful group creative writing activities and distance learning.
基金Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province of China(Grant QKHJC[2019]1403)and(Grant QKHJC[2019]1041)Guizhou Province Colleges and Universities Top Technology Talent Support Program(Grant QJHKY[2016]068).
文摘The Book of Songs is an important part of Chinese traditional culture and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.This article is based on Turi’s theory of translation norms,and takes the English translation of The Book of Songs·Jing Jing by Richard Jacob and Xu Yuanchong as the research object.Comparative studies are made on the historical nature of understanding,the normativeness of translation,and the application of the fusion of horizons in the two versions of the Book of Songs.Incorporating history into translation brings the translation closer to the roots of history.The comparative research method proposed in this article can be widely used in various ancient literature studies,and has important theoretical and application values.
文摘Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945) and World War il (1939-1945) have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of "historical war stories" in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, "historical facts" of this era are, in reality, very vague in people's minds and their "facts" are often simply a construction of frequently retold "historical war stories" mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China's desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.
文摘If we take Chinese modern literary history( female) as the"center",in which the female creation is very limited,a large amount of female compositions in late Qing Dynasty and R epublican period were "marginalized",even in the "hidden "state. These "marginalized"female writings,not only are in a large number,but also constitute the foundation of Chinese modern female literature creation,the significance and value cannot be ignored. To seek the strategy and approach for the research on the "marginalized"female creation in late Qing Dynasty and R epublican period,helps to deeply discuss the possibility to expand the object scope of female literature research,to find a newgrowing point of female literature research,and form conversation between female literary history writing and current theory and practice of the"R ewriting Literary History".
文摘Due to the influence and control of many factors such as geographical location and historical conditions,many of the 20thCentury American literature works portray distorted Chinese image different from reality. In American literature,China doesn't exist as a real country with a geographical location,but it exists in a virtual space in the world composed of cultural imagination. Literature is the reflected thought that can accommodate numerous social fields,and American literature can mostly reflect the overall cognition of different fields for Chinese image. This paper analyzes the characterization and cognition of Chinese image in the20thCentury American literature works,understanding the history and features of Chinese image in the 20thCentury American literature works,in order to obtain the enlightenment of how to better establish Chinese image.
文摘With the deepening of globalization,immigration and pluralism have become increasingly common social phenomena.The research of the resulting immigrant literature is an important way to understand the mental journey of immigrant groups and their construction of cultural identity.In the German-speaking area,immigrant literature has gradually taken center stage over the years,becoming an important part of the German language literature,and immigrant writers have also frequently won various literary prizes,which can be described as particularly dazzling.Meanwhile,generations of writers have been thinking about and exploring the intergenerational relationships and differences among immigrant groups in the context of their own experiences.This paper will focus on some outstanding immigrant writers and discuss the intergenerational writing in immigrant literature by means of their works.
文摘The essay analyzes the play written by the late Efua Sutherland (from Ghana) and shows the effects of colonization among the Ghanaians. First, it explores the historical inroads made by the colonizer in West African countries, such as Ghana, causing the debilitation of the culture of such countries by erasing its history. One way in which such erasure occurred was in the destruction of sacred sites of the people. Further connections will also be made to West African cultural contexts with the history of colonization in Africa and its effects on popular culture, specifically drama in countries like Ghana. Next, the essay draws upon the role of the trickster figure of Ananse, the spider who features in many West African and Caribbean folkloric traditions. Sutherland's play revolves around the main character of the play, Ananse, and he is likened to the trickster figure, but the essay shows how this figure is also debilitated by the colonizer. Finally, in the play, one notes that despite the main character's "victory" in getting his daughter married to the "Chief-Who-ls-Chief', he does it for his survival and the survival of his daughter in a world in which the latent effects of colonization has hampered the memory and culture of its people.
文摘This paper compares 18th and 19th century travelogues written by women and men travelling the cultural contact zones of the empire, as well as fictional recreations of such first encounters. A juxtaposition of the writers' reaction to the dynamics of gazing and the ethics of touch yields surprising results. Many women travellers have no problem to acknowledge the reciprocity of the gaze, accepting, as a matter of course, that the objects of their ethnological interest will gaze at them in return. In comparison, male travellers often exhibit unease at becoming an object of appraisal and observation. Even more interestingly, male travellers often shy away from haptic contact with members of the indigenous population, whereas many (though not all) women are more tolerant of touch and proximity. Regarded as "unwomanly" by their contemporaries, they carved out for themselves roles which allowed for a more intimate interaction with foreign ethnicities; also, they wrote in different genres--private memoirs instead of official reports. But even in their (semi) fictional writings male authors seem to imagine inter-cultural encounters in different terms from women and tend not let their protagonists enter into close bodily contact with the indigenous population.
文摘Drawing upon the writings of British cultural critic Raymond Williams, this article examines a pervading concern with representations of the city and the countryside as political sites and wider symbols of contextual social and economic shifts in the Granta 2013 list of Best of Young British Novelists. The article argues that the 2013 Granta list examines Williams' legacy from a twenty-first century perspective, offering a range of fictions that represent the rapidly changing socio-political, cultural and economic landscapes of contemporary Britain. Through textual analysis and contextualized readings, it suggests that the novels featured on the 2013 list do not offer a purely pastoral view of Britain, but use the natural world as a platform to stage wider discussions regarding a range of present-day issues.
文摘The last of the Mohicans was written by American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in 1826,who is considered as the first long novelist of America.The work has no concentrate plots but the white people and the Indians'friendship,communication,and wars.The Last of the Mohicans was set in the mid-18th century when the French colonists and English colonists were fighting for Indian lands.English colonized America and were at loggerheads with France.It belongs to the frontier literature and creates a precedent for the American Frontier Fiction.The American western fiction has the most native feature.With the rise of multiculturalism trend at present,it is the best way for understanding the American local culture and history to study the American western fiction which is bred during the course of the frontier-running and Westward Movement.Cooper is a novelist who depicted the real and pure American life.Based on the frontier theme,he created Leatherstocking Tales,which is a series of five novels,are his masterpieces representing his style.Among them,The Last of the Mohicans prominently reflects the Indian culture.This thesis mainly explores the historical and cultural elements embodied in The Last of the Mohicans from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.