Differences between Spoken Language and Written Language and Their Influence in English Teaching

Spoken language and written language serve different functions in communication.It’s necessary for English teachers to know the differences between them in order to teach effectively.This thesis analyzes the differences between spoken language and written language in four respects and their influence in English teaching.

A Study of Thomas Gray's Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard

The beauty of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard lies in many aspects.Its success comes from the application of defamiliarization shown in the lexical and syntactic level and beautiful melody embodied in rhythm and rhyme.This paper focuses on the production of beauty in this poem from the two aspects-uses of defamiliarization and musical quality of this poem.

A Review of Researches on Teacher Written Feedback in ESL Writing Teaching

Some researchers view the teacher written feedback as an effective method in the recursive process of students revising their writing drafts and teachers responding to them in terms of language use,content and linguistic knowledge,while others argue its impact on the learners may be less than what teachers would expect.The point to the different opinion is that neither of them takes students’English proficiency and their characteristics of learning English into consideration which may influence students’response to the teacher written feedback differently.

Differentiate Written Language from Spoken Language by Analyzing Rich Features in Writings

The most important reason why an average writing is different from a good writing lies in whether the writing uses written language or spoken language. To tell the differences between them, the essay analyzes rich features such as lexical density, grammatical intricacy, and use of noun phrase of some examples. Therefore, students may learn how to write in a new point of view.

Macao Secondary School EFL Teachers' Perspectives on Written Corrective Feedback: Rationales and Constraints

Corrective feedback on writing(WCF)has been one of the most controversial topics in ESL/EFL teaching.In the past decades,much has been disputed regarding the effectiveness and preferences of the quantity,focus,directness and source of WCF.With so much uncertainty,the researcher set out to investigate how research-informed secondary school teachers in Macao reported their beliefs,rationales,practices and constraints of administering corrective feedback for EFL writing in Macao secondary schools.Twelve secondary school teachers were recruited at a TESOL conference to conduct focus-group discussions.Similar to previous findings,results suggest teachers had clear rationales as to their ways of practising WCF.However,many expressed difficulties in acting according to rationales and beliefs.Despite their experience and knowledge,practical constraints such as school policies and teacher workload made it unlikely for them to follow their thoughts with feedback on writing.This study identified six sources of constraints that could prohibit practices and potentially reshape ones’beliefs,which sheds light on future directions of WCF research.

Details of Particulars of Benefit Finding through the Experiences of Breast Cancer Patients Analysis on Breast Cancer Journals Written by Patients

This study aims to analyze the descriptions in breast cancer journals written by patients and to understand the experience of benefit finding among patients with breast cancer. We selected 22 such breast cancer journals written by patients published after 2000 in Japan. The extracted statements related to benefit finding of patients experiencing breast cancer from the 22 journals were subjected to a qualitative analysis, and the following seven benefit finding elements were extracted: “Gratitude toward others”, “Benefits due to cancer”, “Happiness at living a normal life”, “Realization of and satisfaction with my growth”, “Awareness of the meaning of my existence”, “Hopes for life”, and “Willingness to contribute to others”. These benefit findings suggest that these particulars fulfill cultural, practical, spiritual, and social meanings, and lead to self-revaluation in daily life.

Dissociating Improvement of Attention and Intelligence during Written Language Acquisition in Adults

About one tenth of the world’s population cannot read and write sufficiently. Cognitive abilities, such as selective attention and crystallized as well as fluid intelligence, have been defined as crucial factors for the acquisition of written language skills. However, it is unclear whether these abilities are necessary also for the alphabetization of adults. Before and after a one-year alphabetization course, we compared the attention and intelligence of 47 illiterate individuals to 41 matched literate controls who did not take part in the alphabetization course. Illiterate individuals improved in selective attention and crystallized intelligence from before to after the alphabetization course;however, they did not reach the same level of functioning as literate controls. In addition, the fluid intelligence of illiterates did not improve. More importantly, when controlling for attention improvement, we found that improvement in crystallized intelligence was associated with alphabetization above and beyond the influence of attention. Our results suggest that alphabetization is closely related to improvements in attention and crystallized intelligence. Specifically, socio-cultural, knowledge- specific learning processes improve during the acquisition of written language skills and may not depend on only the enhancement of the ability to attend to relevant stimuli. Alphabetization programs may, therefore, benefit from distinct considerations of attentional, intellectual, and literacy related skill acquisitions.

The Rehabilitated Image in the Written Press in Cameroon and Its Mediation Challenges: The Example of <i>Cameroon Tribune</i>

The Cameroonian daily press is now taking a new look at the use of photography in its columns. Photography is therefore at the heart of the new information system: the application of a new formula, a photographic formula, therefore visual, which is a novelty. The aim of our article is to highlight how the Cameroonian daily press constructs the discursive staging of this visual content. It proposes to examine the ways in which the news image in Cameroon Tribune is constituted in journalistic writing. In this article, we will analyse the photographic content of the daily newspaper Cameroon Tribune. The corpus consists of 1245 photographs from 25 issues published between 21 October and 22 November 2019. The technique used is media content analysis, which allows us to produce exhaustive descriptive statements that meet the criteria of scientific validity and reproducibility. Emancipated from its strict illustrative function, photography in the daily newspaper Cameroon Tribune then becomes fully a means of information and communication, in the same way as text. This translates into the construction of informative sets such as the importance of the surface area of the visual content which gives pride of place to the visual, giving an impression of abundance that is perceptible from the Front Page. One of the important features of the newspaper’s iconography is the great positivity of its images, which reinforces the closeness between the reader and the news. In total, the newspaper highlights photographs of limited informative interest: these are portraits that show the faces of the protagonists of the articles, to the detriment of current events.

A Study of Written Corrective Feedback and Its Effect on Chinese Junior Learners＇ English Writing

This study was designed to investigate the effect of written corrective feedback （WCF） on junior English learners＇writing. Eighty-two Chinese junior students from two classes were observed in a draft-to-draft writing program.Results included error distribution and WCF＇s effect on the subjects＇ writing. Specifically, the number of localerrors dropped more significantly than that of global errors. Both direct feedback （DF） and indirect feedback （IF）worked for local errors, but they did not have noticeable effects on global errors. For some errors as wrong word,DF was almost helpless in eliminating them, but IF worked better since it could engage students in reflecting ontheir own errors. For Chinglish and word order errors, however, IF＇s role was very limited in revision andcorrection, due to students＇ inefficient syntactic knowledge. This study indicated that WCF had varying effects fordifferent types of errors and a combination of DF and IF might be more helpful. In addition, positive input andcertain amount of explicit grammar teaching are necessary for long-term improvement of accuracy in writing.

A WISE STRATEGIC DECISION——Written in Celebration of Establishment of China-South Africa Diplomatic Ties

South Africa is to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic ofChina by the end of this year while cutting off its official ties with Taiwan.This will be a major event worthy of warm celebrations. It will usher in a newstage in the annals of bilateral relations of friendship and cooperation. The decisionfor the changeover in diplomatic recognition by the new South Africa Governmentis a wise, crucial strategic action taken after all-round deliberations on its long-termstate interests and carried out in accordance with diplomatic norms accepted in theinternational community. No doubt, it will exert positive impact worldwide.

A Review ofTeachers’ written feedback in EFL Writing in China and Its Implications

The types of teachers’ written feedback and their effects have been the focuses of researches on feedback in EFL writing. This paper aims at providing some references and suggestions on the effective feedback types in EFL writing in China through reviewing the recent ten-year researches on teachers’ written feedback in EFL writing in China from the perspectives of feedback source, content, types and comments, and exploring the future development of the researches from research design, feedback types, and research perspectives and so on.Literature research shows that the answers remain controversial on which kind of feedback source, feedback content, feedback type, and feedback comments are the best to students in EFL writing. However, the supplementary roles of peer feedback and electronic feedback are well recognized; form-focused feedback combined with content-focused feedback is popular with the students; the demand for the degree of feedback directness and feedback comments varies with the level of students. Compared to the past, recent domestic researches on teachers’ feedback are more various in research methods, more diversified in research perspectives and extended more in research content. Future domestic research on teachers’ feedback needs to make efforts on designing the experiment, expanding the feedback content, combining different feedback types and broadening research perspectives in order to further verify the effectiveness of teachers’ written feedback.

Design of an Electrically Written and Optically Read Non-volatile Memory Device Employing BiFeO3/Au Heterostructures with Strong Absorption Resonance

Exploiting new concepts for dense, fast, and nonvolatile random access memory with reduced energy consump- tion is a significant issue for information technology. Here we design an ＇electrically written and optically read＇ information storage device employing BiFeO3/A u heterostruetures with strong absorption resonance. The electro- optic effect is the basis for the device design, which arises from the strong absorption resonance in BiFeO3/Au heterostructures and the electrically tunable significant birefringence of the BiFeO3 film. We first construct a sim- ulation calculation of the BiFeO3/Au structure spectrum and identify absorption resonance and electro-optical modulation characteristics. Following a micro scale partition, the surface reflected light intensity of different polarization units is calculated. The results depend on electric polarization states of the BiFeO3 film, thus BiFeO3/Au heterostructures can essentially be designed as a type of electrically written and optically read infor- mation storage device by utilizing the scanning near-field optical microscopy technology based on the conductive silicon cantilever tip with nanofabricated aperture. This work will shed light on information storage technology.

China in the Eyes of Cambodian People:China’s Reform and Opening up will Extend to the Whole World——Written on the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

Leaders of all developing countries are willing to know—how could China,in just 70 years’time,leap from a poverty-stricken,underdeveloped“Sick Man of East Asia”to an“East Asia Giant”with its over one billion people having good supplies of food and clothing.When Chinese officials visited Cambodia,their first impression was that the development of Cambodia now is very like that of China in the 1980s and 1990s and the national conditions of Cambodia is very like that of China before Reform and Opening Up.

Effects of Written Emotional Disclosure on Burden, Trauma Symptoms and Health Status in Primary Caregivers of The Patient: A meta-analysis

Objective: The meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of written emotional disclosure on burden, trauma symptoms and health status in primary caregivers of the patient. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of written emotional disclosure in primary caregivers of the patient were retrieved from multiple electronic databases such as the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), Chinese Biomedicine Database (CBM) and Wan Fang database (Wan Fang) until August 2019. The eligible studies were screened and evaluated independently by two researchers. Then, we analyzed the extracted data by RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 7 randomized controlled trials (RCT) with 352 primary caregivers were included. The quality evaluation grade of the 3 articles included in the literature was “A”, and the rests was “B”. Meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, written emotional disclosure could alleviate the burden of patients' primary caregivers [SMD = 0.26, 95% CI (0.02, 0.49), P = 0.03]. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in alleviating trauma-like symptoms [MD = 3.30, 95% CI (-4.52, 11.11), P = 0.41]. There was no significant difference in the mean score of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) between the two groups [MD =-1.94, 95% CI (-11.11, 7.23), P = 0.68]. Besides, there was no significant difference between the two groups in improving their physical and mental health [SMD = 0.28, 95% CI (-0.17, 0.73), P = 0.22;SMD =-0.43, 95% CI (-0.88, 0.02), P = 0.06]. Conclusion: Written emotional disclosure can effectively alleviate the burden in patients' primary caregivers. However, the effects on trauma-like symptoms, the GHQ score and health status need to be verified by further studies.

China in the Eyes of Japanese People——Written on the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

On October 1,2020,the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China,I am honored to watch the grand military parade of China on the reviewing stand located at Tian’anmen Square of Beijing.Ten years ago,I participated in the parade review marking the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the People’s Republic of China.At that time,I determined to visit Beijing again and watch the military parade commemorating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.Indulged in the pleasure of realizing my dream,I sincerely appreciate my Chinese friends offering me such a valuable chance.

General Differences between Spoken and Written Language

The history of language study shows widely different attitudes concerning the relationship between spoken and written language. After a person's born,he or she learns spoken language before learning written language; therefore,many linguists consider written language a written form of spoken language,the function of which is to record the human sounds. Meanwhile,for centuries,the written language held a preeminent place. It was the medium of literature,which was felt to provide language with permanence and authority (David Crystal,2002). Therefore,what are the general differences between spoken and written language to make them present totally different functions? Accordingly,this essay will compare spoken language and written language to identify their general differences in three aspects.

WRITTEN INTERVIEW WITH H.E.MADAME DOLANA MSIMANG, AMBASSADOR OF SOUTH AFRICA TO CHINA

Contemporary World:The Ninth BRICS Summit which was concluded not long ago in Xiamen has ushered in the second'Golden Decade'of BRICS cooperation,marking the marching for-ward of the BRICS cooperation mecha-nism.Some opinions maintain that the'BRICS Plus'mechanism has become an important power in global govern-ance.How do you evaluate the current role of BRICS cooperation mechanism in the international affairs?

The Significance of Self-built Learners’ Written English Corpus

Researchers have reached an agreement that corpus exerts an important role in the English teaching and learning,and several learners’ corpus have been established.This paper aims to discuss the necessity and significance of establishing self-built learners’ written English corpus in the hope that teachers and learners will get to know it and use it effectively in their practice.

WRITTEN INTERVIEW FOR AMBASSADOR JOSE SANTIAGO STA. ROMANA OF REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Interviewer:Since President Duterte was sworn in on June 30th,2016,he has been very decisive and firm in pro-moting reform measures,and has won acknowledgement and rising support fromthe Philippine people.Could you please brief us on the specific policy measures of President Duterte and their effects?H.E.Romana:President Duterte’s administration has several socio-economic priorities.These priorities are

A Corpus-based Investigation of NEED in Written American English

As one of the most frequent words in the English language,the study of NEED has attracted the attention of linguists in the late decades.Nonetheless,none of the previous research had ever examined the diachronic variation of NEED in American English from 1810s to 2000s as this study did,thus not in a position to make a comprehensive observation of NEED variation.The present study is based on a well-balanced corpora-Corpus of Historical American English(COHAE)1 to investigate the diachronic change of NEED in written American English.Moreover,intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors were analyzed to provide reasonable explanations for the differences in frequency.The aim was to improve the understanding of the development and variation of NEED usage in American English.The study suggests that before the 1900s,NEED as a model and verb in American English shows a distinct and complex picture different from that in the British English,but it shows similar development since then.It also finds that need to is undergoing grammaticalization.Another finding worth noting is that NEED undertakes degrammaticalization on the one hand and experiences regrammaticalization on the other hand.