Numerous theories as to why we yawn have been advanced, but yawning appears to be a complex phenomenon that is difficult to study. The physiology of yawning with its sharp chest inhalation, along with its contagious n...Numerous theories as to why we yawn have been advanced, but yawning appears to be a complex phenomenon that is difficult to study. The physiology of yawning with its sharp chest inhalation, along with its contagious nature, can be explained by an arousal theory, that is, yawning promotes vigilance and alertness within a group that overrides a drive to sleep. Other theories of yawning, such as brain thermoregulation, are not necessarily excluded by the arousal theory but may be the results of yawning rather than its cause.展开更多
Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it ...Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it is the result of non-conscious mimicry emerging through close links between perception and action or that it is the result of empathy, involving the ability to engage in mental state attribution. This set of experiments sought to distinguish between these hypotheses by examining contagious yawning in a species that is unlikely to show nonconscious mimicry and empathy but does respond to social stimuli： the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria. A demonstrator tortoise was conditioned to yawn when presented with a red square-shaped stimulus. Observer tortoises were exposed to three conditions： observation of conditioned yawn, non demonstration control, and stimulus only control. We measured the number of yawns for each observer animal in each condition. There was no difference between conditions. Experiment 2 therefore increased the number of conditioned yawns presented. Again, there was no significant difference between conditions. It seemed plausible that the tortoises did not view the conditioned yawn as a real yawn and therefore a final experiment was run using video recorded stimuli. The observer tortoises were presented with three conditions： real yawn, conditioned yawns and empty background. Again there was no significant difference between conditions. We therefore conclude that the red-footed tortoise does not yawn in response to observing a conspecific yawn. This suggests that contagious yawning is not the result of a fixed action pattern but may involve more complex social processes [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 477-484, 2011].展开更多
Nowadays days,the chief grounds of automobile accidents are driver fatigue and distractions.With the development of computer vision technology,a cutting-edge system has the potential to spot driver distractions or sle...Nowadays days,the chief grounds of automobile accidents are driver fatigue and distractions.With the development of computer vision technology,a cutting-edge system has the potential to spot driver distractions or sleepiness and alert them,reducing accidents.This paper presents a novel approach to detecting driver tiredness based on eye and mouth movements and object identification that causes a distraction while operating a motor vehicle.Employing the facial landmarks that the camera picks up and sends to classify using a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)any changes by focusing on the eyes and mouth zone,precision is achieved.One of the tasks that must be performed in the transit system is seat belt detection to lessen accidents caused by sudden stops or high-speed collisions with other cars.A method is put forth to use convolution neural networks to determine whether the motorist is wearing a seat belt when a driver is sleepy,preoccupied,or not wearing their seat belt,this system alerts them with an alarm,and if they don’t wake up by a predetermined time of 3 s threshold,an automatic message is sent to law enforcement agencies.The suggested CNN-based model exhibits greater accuracy with 97%.It can be utilized to develop a system that detects driver attention or sleeps in real-time.展开更多
The biomedical hypothesis proposed here is that the immediate trigger for a yawn is a restricted collapse of a few alveoli in the lungs. The extent of this alveolar collapse may be too small for it to be detected by c...The biomedical hypothesis proposed here is that the immediate trigger for a yawn is a restricted collapse of a few alveoli in the lungs. The extent of this alveolar collapse may be too small for it to be detected by current X-ray technology, but this technology is continually improving and may soon be good enough to test the hypothesis. In support of the hypothesis, it is shown that yawning can be inhibited by deep breaths of air, nitrogen or carbogen, thus showing that yawning is not triggered by lack of oxygen or by excess carbon dioxide, leaving alveolar collapse as the most likely possibility. A more extensive form of alveolar collapse is termed atelectasis and this involves a serious state of hypoxia which, if deepened or prolonged, can be fatal. Therefore, if the hypothesis is correct, yawning may prevent the development of atelectasis and save lives. This paper is not concerned with other indirect ways in which yawning may be induced, nor with the mechanism and neural circuitry of the yawn, nor with social aspects of yawning, only with the immediate trigger. My aim is to get better evidence for the hypothesis put forward here and also to study the behaviour of the pulmonary alveoli in normal respiration.展开更多
词数:506阅读难度:建议阅读时间:6分钟You know the feeling. It’s impossible to resist. You just need to yawn. A yawn consists of an extended gaping of the mouth followed by closing rapidly. In mammals and birds, a long ...词数:506阅读难度:建议阅读时间:6分钟You know the feeling. It’s impossible to resist. You just need to yawn. A yawn consists of an extended gaping of the mouth followed by closing rapidly. In mammals and birds, a long intake of breath and shorter outlet follows the gaping of the mouth, but in other species such as fish,amphibians(两栖动物)and snakesthere is no intake of breath.展开更多
Every person yawns.So do many other vertebrate animals.While yawning is contagious,not everyone catches a yawn.Around 60%-70% of people yawn if they see another person yawn in real life or in a photo or even read ahou...Every person yawns.So do many other vertebrate animals.While yawning is contagious,not everyone catches a yawn.Around 60%-70% of people yawn if they see another person yawn in real life or in a photo or even read ahout yawning.展开更多
文摘Numerous theories as to why we yawn have been advanced, but yawning appears to be a complex phenomenon that is difficult to study. The physiology of yawning with its sharp chest inhalation, along with its contagious nature, can be explained by an arousal theory, that is, yawning promotes vigilance and alertness within a group that overrides a drive to sleep. Other theories of yawning, such as brain thermoregulation, are not necessarily excluded by the arousal theory but may be the results of yawning rather than its cause.
文摘Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it is the result of non-conscious mimicry emerging through close links between perception and action or that it is the result of empathy, involving the ability to engage in mental state attribution. This set of experiments sought to distinguish between these hypotheses by examining contagious yawning in a species that is unlikely to show nonconscious mimicry and empathy but does respond to social stimuli： the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria. A demonstrator tortoise was conditioned to yawn when presented with a red square-shaped stimulus. Observer tortoises were exposed to three conditions： observation of conditioned yawn, non demonstration control, and stimulus only control. We measured the number of yawns for each observer animal in each condition. There was no difference between conditions. Experiment 2 therefore increased the number of conditioned yawns presented. Again, there was no significant difference between conditions. It seemed plausible that the tortoises did not view the conditioned yawn as a real yawn and therefore a final experiment was run using video recorded stimuli. The observer tortoises were presented with three conditions： real yawn, conditioned yawns and empty background. Again there was no significant difference between conditions. We therefore conclude that the red-footed tortoise does not yawn in response to observing a conspecific yawn. This suggests that contagious yawning is not the result of a fixed action pattern but may involve more complex social processes [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 477-484, 2011].
基金Deputyship for Research&Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through Project Number MoE-IF-UJ-22-4100409-1.
文摘Nowadays days,the chief grounds of automobile accidents are driver fatigue and distractions.With the development of computer vision technology,a cutting-edge system has the potential to spot driver distractions or sleepiness and alert them,reducing accidents.This paper presents a novel approach to detecting driver tiredness based on eye and mouth movements and object identification that causes a distraction while operating a motor vehicle.Employing the facial landmarks that the camera picks up and sends to classify using a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)any changes by focusing on the eyes and mouth zone,precision is achieved.One of the tasks that must be performed in the transit system is seat belt detection to lessen accidents caused by sudden stops or high-speed collisions with other cars.A method is put forth to use convolution neural networks to determine whether the motorist is wearing a seat belt when a driver is sleepy,preoccupied,or not wearing their seat belt,this system alerts them with an alarm,and if they don’t wake up by a predetermined time of 3 s threshold,an automatic message is sent to law enforcement agencies.The suggested CNN-based model exhibits greater accuracy with 97%.It can be utilized to develop a system that detects driver attention or sleeps in real-time.
文摘The biomedical hypothesis proposed here is that the immediate trigger for a yawn is a restricted collapse of a few alveoli in the lungs. The extent of this alveolar collapse may be too small for it to be detected by current X-ray technology, but this technology is continually improving and may soon be good enough to test the hypothesis. In support of the hypothesis, it is shown that yawning can be inhibited by deep breaths of air, nitrogen or carbogen, thus showing that yawning is not triggered by lack of oxygen or by excess carbon dioxide, leaving alveolar collapse as the most likely possibility. A more extensive form of alveolar collapse is termed atelectasis and this involves a serious state of hypoxia which, if deepened or prolonged, can be fatal. Therefore, if the hypothesis is correct, yawning may prevent the development of atelectasis and save lives. This paper is not concerned with other indirect ways in which yawning may be induced, nor with the mechanism and neural circuitry of the yawn, nor with social aspects of yawning, only with the immediate trigger. My aim is to get better evidence for the hypothesis put forward here and also to study the behaviour of the pulmonary alveoli in normal respiration.
文摘词数:506阅读难度:建议阅读时间:6分钟You know the feeling. It’s impossible to resist. You just need to yawn. A yawn consists of an extended gaping of the mouth followed by closing rapidly. In mammals and birds, a long intake of breath and shorter outlet follows the gaping of the mouth, but in other species such as fish,amphibians(两栖动物)and snakesthere is no intake of breath.
文摘Every person yawns.So do many other vertebrate animals.While yawning is contagious,not everyone catches a yawn.Around 60%-70% of people yawn if they see another person yawn in real life or in a photo or even read ahout yawning.
