SmartMicro Grid Energy System Management Based on Optimum Running Cost for Rural Communities in Rwanda

The governmental electric utility and the private sector are joining hands to meet the target of electrifying all households by 2024.However,the aforementioned goal is challenged by households that are scattered in remote areas.So far,Solar Home Systems(SHS)have mostly been applied to increase electricity access in rural areas.SHSs have continuous constraints to meet electricity demands and cannot run income-generating activities.The current research presents the feasibility study of electrifying Remera village with the smart microgrid as a case study.The renewable energy resources available in Remera are the key sources of electricity in that village.The generation capacity is estimated based on the load profile.The microgrid configurations are simulated with HOMER,and the genetic algorithm is used to analyze the optimum cost.By analyzing the impact of operation and maintenance costs,the results show that the absence of subsidies increases the levelized cost of electricity(COE)five times greater than the electricity price from the public utility.The microgrid made up of PV,diesel generator,and batteries proved to be the most viable solution and ensured continuous power supply to customers.By considering the subsidies,COE reaches 0.186$/kWh,a competitive price with electricity from public utilities in Rwanda.

Cost-utility of molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment in acute liver failure

AIM:To determine the short-term cost-utility of mo-lecular adsorbent recirculating system(MARS) treatment in acute liver failure(ALF).METHODS:A controlled retrospective study was conducted with 90 ALF patients treated with MARS from 2001 to 2005.Comparisons were made with a historical control group of 17 ALF patients treated from 2000 to 2001 in the same intensive care unit(ICU) specializing in liver diseases.The 3-year outcomes and number of liver transplantations were recorded.All direct liver disease-related medical expenses from 6 mo before to 3 years after ICU treatment were determined for 31 MARS patients and 16 control patients.The health-related quality of life(HRQoL) before MARS treatment was estimated by a panel of ICU doctors and after MARS using a mailed 15D(15-dimensional generic healthrelated quality of life instrument) questionnaire.The HRQoL,cost,and survival data were combined and the incremental cost/quality-adjusted life years(QALYs) was calculated.RESULTS:In surviving ALF patients,the health-related quality of life after treatmeant was generally high and comparable to the age-and gender-matched general Finnish population.Compared to the controls,the average cost per QALY was considerably lower in the MARS group(64 732€ vs 133 858€) within a timeframe of 3.5 years.The incremental cost of standard medical treatment alone compared to MARS was 10 928€,and the incremental number of QALYs gained by MARS was 0.66.CONCLUSION:MARS treatment combined with standard medical treatment for ALF in an ICU setting is more cost-effective than standard medical treatment alone.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with Zoledronic Acid for HER2-Negative Breast Cancer in Japan: The JONIE1 Study

Objective: Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that induces osteoclast apoptosis and inhibits bone resorption. Adding ZOL to neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to have potential anticancer benefits in women with HER2-negative breast cancer. The objective of the present study was to investigate ZOL’s cost-effectiveness from the perspective of health care payers in Japan. Methods: A Markov model was developed to evaluate the costs and effectiveness associated with ZOL + chemotherapy (CTZ) and chemotherapy (CT) alone over a 10-year time horizon. Monthly transition probabilities were estimated according to JONIE1 (Japan Organization of Neoadjuvant Innovative Expert) Study data and an extrapolated Weibull model. Health outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs were calculated using year-2018 Japanese yen (JPY) (1.00 US dollars (USD) = 110.4 JPY). Model robustness was addressed through one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The costs and QALYs were discounted at a rate of 2% per year. Results: In the base case, the use of CTZ was associated with a gain of 3.94 QALYs. The incremental cost per QALY of the CTZ gain was 681,056.1 JPY (6168.99 USD) per QALY. Conclusion: It is convincing that neoadjuvant CTZ for patients with breast cancer would be expected to have statistically significant clinical efficacy. Addition of ZOL to CT might be a cost-effective option compared with CT alone.

Estimation of direct and indirect cost of diabetes in Morocco

Due to its chronic nature with severe complications, diabetes needs costly prolonged treatment and care. The high economic burden of diabetes is particularly threatening low and middle income countries. World-wide, studies have shown that the cost of diabetes per person is much higher than the per capita health expenditure. This study is the first to estimate the direct and indirect cost of diabetes in Morocco. The direct cost of diabetes was computed by assuming three scenarios of prices (low, medium and high) due to different prices of insulin, oral drugs and other items used in diabetes treatment and care. Indirect costs of diabetes were estimated by the lifetime forgone earnings caused by premature death and disability due to diabetes. The direct cost of diabetes in Morocco was estimated to be between US $0.47 and US $1.5 billion whereas the indirect cost was estimated to be around US $2 billion accounting for 57% of the total cost of diabetes under the high cost scenario, 69% under the medium scenario and 81% under the low cost scenario. The average per capita indirect cost was estimated to be US $1113, relatively higher than the direct cost of diabetes which was seen to vary from US$ 259 to US $830. The results yielded by this study were compared to those obtained by similar studies in different regions and countries of the world. As a conclusion, the findings of this study indicate a high economic burden of diabetes and stress the importance that Moroccan health decision makers should give to sensitisation, early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes especially with the crucial growing trend of diabetes prevalence.

Neuromuscular,biomechanical,and energetic adjustments following repeated bouts of downhill running

Purpose This study used downhill running as a model to investigate the repeated bout effect(RBE)on neuromuscular performance,running biomechanics,and metabolic cost of running.Methods Ten healthy recreational male runners performed two 30-min bouts of downhill running(DR1 and DR2)at a-20%slope and 2.8 m/s 3 weeks apart.Neuromuscular fatigue,level running biomechanics during slow and fast running,and running economy parameters were recorded immediately before and after the downhill bouts,and at 24 h,48 h,72 h,96 h,and 168 h thereafter(i.e.,follow-up days).Results An RBE was confirmed by attenuated muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase rise after DR2 compared to DR1.An RBE was also observed in maximum voluntary contraction(MVC)force loss and voluntary activation where DR2 resulted in attenuated MVC force loss and voluntary activation immediately after the run and during follow-up days.The downhill running protocol significantly influenced level running biomechanics;an RBE was observed in which center of mass excursion and,therefore,lower-extremity compliance were greater during follow-up days after DR1 compared to DR2.The observed changes in level running biomechanics did not influence the energy cost of running.Conclusion This study demonstrated evidence of adaptation in neural drive as well as biomechanical changes with the RBE after DR.The higher neural drive resulted in attenuated MVC force loss after the second bout.It can be concluded that the RBE after downhill running manifests as changes to global and central fatigue parameters and running biomechanics without substantially altering the energy cost of running.

Memory-Type Control Charts Through the Lens of Cost Parameters

A memory-type control chart utilizes previous information for chart construction.An example of a memory-type chart is an exponentially-weighted moving average(EWMA)control chart.The EWMA control chart is well-known and widely employed by practitioners for monitoring small and moderate process mean shifts.Meanwhile,the EWMA median chart is robust against outliers.In light of this,the economic model of the EWMA and EWMA median control charts are commonly considered.This study aims to investigate the effect of cost parameters on the out-of-control average run lengthðARL_(1)Þin implementing EWMA and EWMA median control charts.The economic model was used to compute the ARL_(1) parameter.The 14 input parameters were identified and the analysis was carried out based on the one-parameter-at-a-time basis.When the input parameters change based on a predetermined percentage,the ARL_(1) is affected.According to the results of the EWMA chart,nine input parameters had an effect andfive input parameters had no effect on the ARL_(1) parameter.Further,only seven of the 14 input parameters had an effect on the ARL_(1) of the EWMA median chart.However,the effect of each input parameter on the ARL_(1) was different.Moreover,the ARL_(1) for the EWMA median chart was smaller than the EWMA chart.This analysis is crucial to observe and determine the input parameters that have a significant impact on the ARL_(1) of the EMWA and EWMA median control charts.Hence,practitioners can obtain an overview of the influence of the input parameters on the ARL_(1) when implementing the EWMA and EWMA median control charts.

Off and Running

Ye Wei's New Year was quite lit erally off to a running start.The 35-year old,who works at a state owned enterprise in Xiamen,southeast China's Fujian Province,came 12th among Chinese runners at the 2019 Xia men Marathon on January 6,clocking his personal best time of 2 hours 29 minutes. It Showed how much his physical fitness has improved.The first time he took p a:rt in 2003.he couldn't even finish the marathon.

Tuberculosis Control Priorities Defined by Using Cost-Effectiveness and Burden of Disease

Objective To define TB control priorities using cost-effectiveness and burden of disease.Methods An assumed cohort of 2 000 cases was set up based on age-specific incidence of 794 newly registered smear-positive cases in Beijing in1994.Prognostic trees and model diagrams of infectivity with natural history and DOTS intervention were constructed based on the epidemiological parameters.Results DOTS reduced 89.19% of YLL,78.90% of YLD,and 99.98% of infectivity BOD.One DALY could be saved with 45.70% Yuan by DOTS with 3% discount.Sensitivity analysis showed that discount had effect on CER.Weight of age was insensitive to CER.The higher the DOTS coured rate,the more the cost-effectiveness.Conclusions DOTS is a good cost-effectiveness TB control strategy.Cost-effectiveness and burden of disease can be used to define TB control priorities.

数据中心间接蒸发冷却空调全年运行效果分析与调节策略

为全面分析与准确评价数据中心间接蒸发冷却空调全年运行效果,通过焓湿图及空气处理过程进行剖析,提出分别用湿工况效率与干工况效率评价指标刻画间接蒸发冷却空调在数据中心的运行性能。发现间接蒸发冷却空调运行参数与能效参数主要随二次空气和环境空气变化而变化,一次空气机房回风相对湿度每增加10%,回风焓值增加9.4kJ/kg。并且,数据中心间接蒸发蒸发冷却空调全年运行调节过程中,干模式与湿模式切换推荐值分别是干球温度14℃,湿球温度19℃,可控制湿通道淋水量、二次风量、干湿模式切换点来调节系统全年运行能效。

近50年鉴江流域日照时数的气候特征

利用线性趋势、M-K突变分析等方法详细分析了1973—2022年鉴江流域年、季日照时数气候特征,结果表明:近50年来,鉴江流域春季日照时数呈不显著的上升趋势,年及其他3季则呈不显著下降趋势。从9年滑动平均日照时数看,夏、秋季主要集中在550~640 h之间,春、冬季主要集中在300~400 h之间。春季日照时数在2007年前后发生突变,秋季在1995年前后发生突变。年日照时数主要存在2~6年显著周期。空间分布上,年日照时数呈现由南向中北部递减分布。相对湿度、降水量、降水日数、总云量以及低云量与日照时数显著负相关,夏季平均气温和平均最高气温与日照时数呈显著正相关。

基于均值出力的风电调峰成本量化方法

随着大规模风电的快速发展,电力系统的调峰服务需求越来越多,调峰服务的成本也随之增加。合理的计算由风电引发的调峰服务费用是激发常规机组提供调峰服务的前提。为此,提出了风电引发的调峰成本计算方法——风电均值出力参考法,该方法将某时段内风电电量平均分配到各个调度时段得到风电均值出力线,并进一步得到计算调峰成本的参考场景。以此为基准,可直观地计算和体现具体场景中风电出力曲线是否给系统造成了额外的调峰成本。采用所提方法对一个含风电场的5火电机组系统进行了测试,结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。

船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备节能降耗技术

随着地方环保排放标准的提高,船舶骨干企业相继进行了船舶分段涂装挥发性有机物(VOCs)治理装备升级改造,满足了上海、江苏等地的环保排放标准要求,大幅减少船舶分段涂装VOCs排放量,但同时船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备运行能耗大幅提高,增加了船舶企业涂装成本与企业负担,给船舶企业的运营带来了压力。如何降低船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备运行能耗成为了重中之重。对船舶分段涂装VOCs治理装备节能降耗技术进行探讨,相关节能降耗技术的推广应用将会降低船舶涂装能耗,降低船舶企业运行成本。

淡盐水脱硝工艺的比较

介绍了盐析法和冷冻法的脱硝原理及工艺流程,并比较了这两种工艺的投资和运行成本。盐析法总能耗和运行成本低,是淡盐水脱硝的首选工艺方案。

临港J08-02地块配套初中地下车库通风系统方案比较

自《建筑防烟排烟系统技术标准》实施以来,汽车库的排烟风管有一定的耐火极限的要求,对地下车库传统风管式通风系统和诱导式通风系统方案产生了一定的影响。为了更好地比较两种方案,以上海市临港J08-02地块配套初中地下车库为例,分别采用换气次数法、稀释浓度法对通风系统进行计算选型,对比两种方案的系统形式、初投资、年运行费用等。结果显示:与传统风管式通风系统相比,采用诱导式通风系统可以降低初投资,系统较为节能,运行过程中的气流组织良好,减少了排风管道,有利于管线排布。研究表明,与传统风管式通风系统相比,诱导式通风系统具有一定的经济性且更为节能。

基于30%的蓄冰率某商业建筑冰蓄冷空调经济性分析

按照《民用建筑暖通空调设计统一技术措施2022》等规范提供的计算方法得出的双工况冷水机组标定制冷量及蓄冰装置容量不能满足冰蓄冷空调系统的实际工程使用要求。针对该问题,本文结合实际工程案例,由于大部分项目实际方案设计是按预设蓄冰率的方法进行系统配置,设计流程与常规冰蓄冷系统设计方法有所不同,本文以预设30%蓄冰率的方式,比较蓄冰系统与常规制冷系统全年不同负荷日运行能耗及费用,得到冰蓄冷空调系统机组选型方法及经济性分析。为了更好的达到节省电费,尽量提高冷负荷使用率。

柯布-道格拉斯生产函数条件下成本函数的进一步分析

本文进一步深入研究任意多种生产要素的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数条件下的长期成本函数问题。并对长期成本函数的重要参数给出了新的经济解释,分析了在投入要素的产量弹性和价格保持不变的前提下长期成本函数的极值条件,得出了企业最大长期成本出现的充要条件是各种生产要素等量投入。论文最后指出企业在进行生产时,应严格避免各种生产要素的等量投入。生产技术应选择价格越高的要素的要素指数越小,最优的生产技术应是无限趋近于要素投入的边界点。

医院大型医疗设备成本核算及其效益分析

目的:应用简单有效的方法分析大型医疗设备的成本效益。方法:运用成本回收期法和投资收益率法,计算大型医疗设备的成本效益。结果:经过实际计算,成本回收期越短的医疗设备,其年投资收益率越高。结论:医疗设备的成本和收入与诸多因素有关,医院通过科学的管理可用较少的投入获得最大的效益。

不完全维修下的单部件系统视情维修及更换策略

实际装备维修工程中,系统并不总能够通过维修恢复如新,并且修后工作时间和维修时间会随着系统年龄增加而分别呈现缩短和延长趋势。针对这个问题,利用连续时间马尔科夫链理论建立单部件系统在不完全维修条件下的视情维修及更换策略模型。根据马氏过程平稳状态下统计平衡原理得到状态概率方程组,并给出相应的递归求解算法。分别以系统稳态可用度最大、长期运行费用率最低以及规定可用度约束下平均故障前时间最长为目标,确定系统最优检测频率、视情维修阈值和更换策略。最后通过算例说明系统在最优维修及更换策略下达到的性能指标与系统劣化属性和维修能力水平的关系,验证了该模型的可行性。

煤工尘肺住院患者疾病负担及其影响因素分析

目的:调查煤工尘肺(coal worker’s pneumoconiosis,CWP)的疾病负担情况,探讨其影响因素,为制定减轻CWP疾病负担的卫生政策,最优化配置稀缺的医疗资源提供基线数据和量化分析结论。方法:选取2011年在某煤业集团职业病防治院住院的CWP患者为研究对象,调查其疾病负担。CWP住院患者的直接经济负担以住院期间总医疗费用和伙食营养补助表示,间接经济负担采用伤残调整生命年(disability adjusted life years,DALYs)结合人力资本法进行测算,并用DALYs全面衡量CWP的疾病负担,同时还分析了住院期间总医疗费用的影响因素。结果:194例CWP住院患者2011年直接经济负担467.70万元,人均24 108.05元,间接经济负担697.96万元,人均35 977.36元,因CWP损失的健康生命年为1 681.53年,人均健康生命年损失为(8.67±3.65)年。结论:CWP的医疗成本、间接成本及健康生命年损失是巨大的;产生较高医疗成本的主要影响因素是年龄和总住院天数,年龄越大,总住院天数越长,住院医疗费用越高;采取有效控制措施预防CWP发病是减少其疾病负担的关键。