Atomistic evaluation of tension–compression asymmetry in nanoscale body-centered-cubic AlCrFeCoNi high-entropy alloy

The tension and compression of face-centered-cubic high-entropy alloy(HEA) nanowires are significantly asymmetric, but the tension–compression asymmetry in nanoscale body-centered-cubic(BCC) HEAs is still unclear. In this study,the tension–compression asymmetry of the BCC Al Cr Fe Co Ni HEA nanowire is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The results show a significant asymmetry in both the yield and flow stresses, with BCC HEA nanowire stronger under compression than under tension. The strength asymmetry originates from the completely different deformation mechanisms in tension and compression. In compression, atomic amorphization dominates plastic deformation and contributes to the strengthening, while in tension, deformation twinning prevails and weakens the HEA nanowire.The tension–compression asymmetry exhibits a clear trend of increasing with the increasing nanowire cross-sectional edge length and decreasing temperature. In particular, the compressive strengths along the [001] and [111] crystallographic orientations are stronger than the tensile counterparts, while the [110] crystallographic orientation shows the exactly opposite trend. The dependences of tension–compression asymmetry on the cross-sectional edge length, crystallographic orientation,and temperature are explained in terms of the deformation behavior of HEA nanowire as well as its variations caused by the change in these influential factors. These findings may deepen our understanding of the tension–compression asymmetry of the BCC HEA nanowires.

A crystal plasticity based approach to establish role of grain size and crystallographic texture in the Tension–Compression yield asymmetry and strain hardening behavior of a Magnesium–Silver–Rare Earth alloy

Existence of tension–compression yield asymmetry is a serious limitation to the load bearing capablities of Magnesium alloys in a number of light weight structural applications.The present work is aimed at nullifying the tension to compression asymmetry problem and strain hardening anomalies in a Magnesium–Silver–Rare Earth alloy by engineering different levels of microstructural conditions via friction stir processing and post process annealing.The existence and extent of yield asymmetry ratio in the range of microstructural conditions was experimentally obtained through quasistatic tensile and compression tests.The yield asymmetry problem was profoundly present in specimens of coarse grained microstructures when compared to their fine grained and ultra fine grained counterparts.The impact of the microstructure and associated mechanisms of plasticity on the macroscopic strain hardening behavior was established by Kock–Mecking’s analysis.Crystal plasticity simulations using Viscoplastic Self Consistency approach revealed the consequential role of extension twinning mechanism for the existence of yield asymmetry and anomalies in strain hardening behavior.This was especially dominant with coarsening of grain size.Electron Microscopy and characterization were conducted thoroughly in partially deformed specimens to confirm the predictions of the above simulations.The role of crystallographic texture for inducing the polarity to Tension–Compression yield asymmetry was corroborated.A critical grain size in Magnesium–Silver–Rare earth alloy was hereby established which could nullify influences of extension twinning in yield asymmetry ratio.

Reducing the yield asymmetry in Mg-5Li-3Al-2Zn alloy by hot-extrusion and multi-pass rolling

Reducing the yield asymmetry is very important concern for wrought Mg-Li alloys.In this study,Mg-5Li-3Al-2 Zn(LAZ532)alloy was successfully produced by hot-extrusion followed by multi-pass rolling at 573 K.Microstructure evolution,mechanical properties and yield asymmetry reducing of LAZ532 alloys at different rolling passes were studied.By observing microstructure using transmission electron microscopy showed that a small amount of ultra-fine Al Mg_(4)Zn_(11)and nano Li_(3)Al_(2) phases existed in the alloy.With the increasing of rolling passes,the grains of the alloys were obviously refined,and comprehensive mechanical properties were dramatically improved.Meanwhile,it also showed an excellent tension and compression yield symmetry(TYS/CYS was about 1).The results showed that the combined action of the weak{0001}basal lamellar texture,grain refinement and addition of Li element could effectively improve the yield symmetry.Furthermore,based on theoretical analysis,the yield strength in the alloys mainly depended on the strengthening contributions of LAGBs and HAGBs,and strengthening effect of HAGBs most(~50%)to the yield strength improvement.

车用7075铝合金板的各向异性和拉压不对称屈服行为

对退火态7075铝合金板进行了不同加载方向(与轧制方向呈0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°,90°)下的单轴拉伸与单轴压缩试验以及液压胀形试验,研究了屈服行为;通过耦合静水压力项修正了Yld2004-18p各向异性屈服函数,对铝合金板的屈服强度进行预测,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:不同加载方向或加载方式下,试验合金板的屈服强度不同,合金板具有显著的屈服各向异性和拉压不对称性;修正后的非对称各向异性屈服函数预测的屈服强度和试验值之间的总相对误差仅有0.0005,可以准确描述7075铝合金板各向异性和拉压不对称屈服行为。

挤压AM80-(0.2Sr)镁合金准静态载荷拉-压变形力学响应行为及其不对称性研究

通过室温条件下的准静态拉伸和压缩试验,研究了挤压AM80-(0.2Sr)镁合金拉伸和压缩变形的力学响应行为及不对称性,并探讨了Sr元素对力学响应行为的影响。结果表明:挤压AM80和AM80-0.2Sr镁合金均具有显著的拉-压变形不对称性。挤压AM80和AM80-0.2Sr的拉伸与压缩的屈服强度比b分别为2.06和2.28,拉伸与压缩的极限强度比c分别为0.78和0.81,且拉伸应变硬化率大幅低于压缩变形。此外,在拉伸变形过程中,两镁合金试样均出现了明显的动态应变时效,其锯齿波动由C型逐渐演变为B型。相较于压缩变形,两种镁合金试样在拉伸变形过程中的动态应变时效更明显。适量添加Sr元素有利于提升拉伸的屈服强度和极限强度,但会降低断裂应变以及压缩的屈服强度和极限强度,并抑制拉伸变形过程中的动态应变时效。两种镁合金的断裂失效机制均为微裂纹的形核和穿晶扩展,微裂纹优先在变形较为严重且出现孪晶交叉的晶界处形核,然后沿与拉伸载荷夹角约为45°的方向扩展,直至贯穿多个晶粒。

Intrinsic Strength Asymmetry Between Tension and Compression of Perfect Face-Centered-Cubic Crystals

The strength asymmetry between tension and compression is a typical case of mechanical response of materials.Here we achieve the intrinsic strength asymmetry of six face-centered-cubic perfect crystals（Cu,Au,Ni,Pt,Al and Ir）through calculating the ideal tensile and compressive strength with considering the normal stress effect and the competition between different crystallographic planes.The results show that both the intrinsic factors（the ideal shear strength and cleavage strength of low-index planes）and the orientation could affect the strength asymmetry,which may provide insights into understanding the strength of ultra-strong materials.

考虑NEPE推进剂力学性能拉压不对称性的装药结构完整性分析

为研究NEPE推进剂拉压不对称性对其装药结构完整性的影响,构建了考虑拉压不对称性的推进剂含损伤非线性本构模型,提出一种考虑拉压不对称性的装药结构完整性评估方法,并对轴向和横向联合过载作用下NEPE推进剂药柱进行了结构完整性分析。结果表明:在轴向和横向联合过载作用下,NEPE推进剂药柱处于拉压共存状态,且药柱的拉伸和压缩区域与推进剂本构模型无关;推进剂的拉压不对称性对其力学响应有一定的影响,考虑拉压不对称性的最大等效应变为1.54,介于分别由拉伸本构计算得到的应变0.193和压缩本构计算得到的应变0.100之间。考虑拉压不对称性的安全系数为5.68,大于未考虑时的安全系数1.73和4.98,传统的结构完整性评估方法较为保守。

模拟爆炸冲击加载下岩石破裂行为的改进JH2模型

JH2模型广泛应用于模拟脆性材料的动态力学行为,但是其强度准则和损伤定义存在一定不足,因此本文针对爆炸冲击荷载作用下的岩石材料提出了一个改进JH2模型.首先为强度模型增加了初始屈服面和非线性损伤尺度因子,对拉伸和压缩损伤分别进行拉压不对称处理,并将体积塑性应变引入到压缩损伤中.将该模型嵌入LS-DYNA材料子程序后,开展一系列单元测试、分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, SHPB)动态劈裂试验和岩石爆破试验的数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明:改进后的JH2模型克服了原始JH2模型在损伤演化的拉压不对称特性、非线性应变硬化行为、洛德角效应和体积行为等方面的不足,证明了本文所提改进JH2模型的预测精度和应用潜力.

Annealing hardening and deformation behavior of layered gradient Zr–Ti composite

To investigate potential strengthening approaches,multi-layered zirconium–titanium(Zr-Ti)composites were fabricated by hot-rolling bonding and annealing.The microstructures of these composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS)and electron backscatter diffractometry(EBSD).Their mechanical properties were evaluated by uniaxial tension and compression measurements.It was found that the fabricated Zr–Ti composites are composed of alternating Zr/diffusion/Ti layers,and chemical compositions of Zr and Ti showed a gradient distribution in the diffusion layer.Compared with as-rolled samples,annealing can strengthen the layered gradient Zr–Ti composite,and this is mainly caused by solid-solution strengthening and microstructure refinement-induced strengthening.Compared with the raw materials,a synergistic improvement of strength and ductility is achieved in the Zr–Ti composite as a result of the layered gradient microstructure.Tension–compression asymmetry is observed in the Zr–Ti composites,which may be attributed to twinning and microvoids induced by unbalanced diffusion.

THE NEW CRITERIA OF ELASTIC AND FATIGUE FAILURE IN THE COMPONENT OF COMPLEX STRESS STATES

In this paper, a total criterion on elastic and fatigue failure in complex stress, that is. octahedral stress strength theory on dynamic and static states on the basis of studying modern and classic strength theories. At the same time, an analysis of an independent and fairly comprehensive theoretical system is set up. It gives generalized failure factor by 36 materials and computative theory of the 11 states of complex stresses on a point, and derives the operator equation on generalized allowable strength and a computative method for a total equation can be applied to dynamic and static states. It is illustrated that the method has a good exactness through computation of eight examples of engineering. Therefore, the author suggests applying it to engineering widely.

梯度纳晶镍拉压不对称性分子动力学研究

基于分子动力学模拟研究了在拉伸和压缩载荷下梯度纳晶镍的力学性能和微观变形机制。结果表明,梯度纳晶镍在压缩载荷下的平均流动应力大于拉伸载荷下的平均流动应力,反映出较为明显的拉压不对称性,同时拉压不对称性随着晶粒尺寸梯度的增大越发明显,在晶粒梯度为0.230时,应力拉压不对称性达到最大,此后随晶粒梯度的增大而逐渐减小。通过统计发现,梯度纳晶镍在变形过程中位错运动和位错密度也存在拉压不对称性。进一步定量分析得知,位错密度拉压不对称性随晶粒梯度的变化趋势与平均流动应力的应力拉压不对称性一致,证实了位错运动是导致应力拉压不对称性的直接原因。

考虑表面效应的形状记忆合金纳米梁弯曲特性研究

形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloys,SMAs)因其具有形状记忆效应和超弹性,在航空航天、生物医疗、微机电系统领域中得到了广泛的应用.当微结构尺度达到微纳米,表面效应对微结构力学性能的影响是十分显著的.本文基于梁弯曲变形理论以及Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论,考虑拉压不对称、温度对于SMA纳米梁的影响,建立了考虑表面效应的SMA纳米梁相变力学模型.分析了弯曲载荷、温度、表面残余应力以及表面弹性模量对SMA纳米梁力学性能的影响规律.研究表明在SMA纳米梁相变阶段,忽略和考虑表面效应所得的截面应力及应变相对误差较为明显;在相同弯矩下,随温度的增加SMA纳米梁的截面应力随之增加,并且表面效应对其影响有减小趋势;表面残余应力对SMA纳米梁的影响显著.该文研究结果为SMA纳米梁在微机电领域的设计以及应用提供了一定基础与依据.

NiTi形状记忆合金箱型梁非对称弯曲相变分析

结合已有形状记忆合金材料的本构关系,推导出了形状记忆合金箱型截面梁的非线性控制方程,对箱型截面梁的相变过程进行了力学分析,得出了箱型截面梁的外载荷、拉压不对称系数和箱体厚度对中性轴位移、曲率以及相边界的影响。结果表明:在拉压不对称系数的影响下,需根据箱体厚度与相边界的位置关系,将相变阶段更详细地分步计算;在相同载荷下,箱体厚度增大,中性轴位移明显减小,箱体厚度改变对曲率的最大值影响较大,相边界的位置受箱体厚度的影响明显。

A united tension/compression asymmetry micro-mechanical model for nickel-base single-crystal alloys

In recent years, the micro-deformation mechanisms of the tension/compression behavior for nickel-base single-crystal superalloys have been studied extensively and general agreements have been derived. Based on these researches, a new model called united tension/compression asymmetry micro-mechanical model (UTCAM) has been proposed, which can effectively estimate the initial yield strength of nickel-base single-crystal (SC) superalloys under different loading directions. Considering the combined effects of octahedral slip system and cubic slip system, slip control factor is introduced in the UTCAM to determine the type of the open slip system of nickel-base single-crystal superalloys during deformation, thus making this model cover a rather wide range of application. Furthermore, the UTCAM is applied to hot tension and compression tests of three typical nickel-base SC superalloys (PWA1480-593 ℃, RENE N4-760 ℃ and DD407-760 ℃). The predicted initial yield strengths of the nickel-base SC superalloys are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the UTCAM proves to be effective.

高应变速率下AZ31镁合金的各向异性及拉压不对称性

采用分离式霍普金森拉杆及压杆装置,研究挤压态AZ31镁合金高速变形下的各向异性及拉压不对称性,并从微观变形机制的角度探讨具有强烈初始基面织构的挤压态镁合金各向异性及拉压不对称性产生的原因。结果表明:在高速变形条件下,依据加载方向及应力状态挤压态AZ31镁合金的拉伸行为表现出很强的各向异性,但压缩行为的各向异性不明显;在挤压方向表现出很强的拉压不对称性,而在垂直于挤压方向的拉压不对称性很低。挤压态AZ31镁合金宏观上的各向异性及拉压不对称性是由于不同的微观变形机制所引起的。沿挤压方向拉伸的主要变形机制为柱面滑移,沿垂直于挤压方向拉伸及压缩的主要变形机制为锥面滑移;沿挤压方向压缩时初始变形机制为拉伸孪晶,当变形量为0.08(8%)左右时由于孪晶消耗殆尽,变形变而以滑移的方式进行。

等通道角挤压变形AZ31镁合金的变形行为

研究挤压态和等通道角挤压(ECAE)态AZ31镁合金的变形行为与微观组织的相关性。结果表明,ECAE态AZ31镁合金的室温拉伸屈服强度与晶粒尺寸之间表现出反Hall-Petch关系,且拉压不对称性明显减弱;在室温压缩时表现出应变速率敏感性,并随变形温度升高,应变速率敏感性因子变大。挤压态合金的晶粒度为20μm,具有典型的挤压丝织构,主要变形方式为基面位错滑移和孪生,导致了合金中明显的拉压不对称性。ECAE态合金平均晶粒尺寸约为2μm,织构相对随机化,导致合金压缩时孪生比率明显下降,其他变形模式比率增加,提高了变形抗力,降低了拉压不对称性。ECAE态AZ31镁合金压缩的激活能接近其晶界扩散激活能,晶界滑移在一定程度上导致了合金的反Hall-Petch关系的出现以及应变速率敏感性的增强。

考虑运动硬化的DD3镍基合金力学行为研究

详细介绍了镍基合金的晶体塑性本构模型,在Asaro大变形晶体塑性框架下,引入了运动硬化规律,考虑了温度和应变率对晶体塑性变形的影响,通过针对每个滑移系考虑屈服准则和流动规律建立了晶体塑性模型.对积分过程进行了推导,通过编写ABAQUS材料用户子程序(UMAT),实现本构模型的有限元积分算法.在此基础上模拟了DD3镍基单晶合金在单轴拉伸和循环载荷下的响应,并与实验数据进行了对比.利用该模型可以很好地模拟镍基单晶所具有的各向异性特性,体现了镍基单晶在循环载荷作用下的拉-压不对称性.

功能梯度形状记忆合金梁的相变力学行为

基于梁的弯曲变形理论,结合形状记忆合金材料的应力-应变关系和临界应力-温度关系,得到了功能梯度形状记忆合金超静定梁的非线性控制方程,研究了梁在热-机械载荷作用下的力学行为。采用分阶段分步骤的方法分析了梁的相变过程,得到了机械载荷、拉压不对称系数、幂指数和温度对中性轴位移、曲率和相边界的影响。结果表明:载荷越大,中性轴位移和曲率越大,相边界越远离截面边缘;温度和幂指数越大,中性轴位移和曲率越小,相边界越靠近截面边缘;拉压不对称系数对受压侧相边界影响较大,而对受拉侧相边界影响较小。

单晶叶片材料拉/压屈服特性的力学研究

在Ni基单相(γ′)单晶合金拉/压屈服规律的基础上,对单晶叶片材料(γ′和γ两相)进行了分析。给出了一组能反映其屈服规律的力学表达式和分析程序,并用实验结果进行验证。

扭转冷作硬化对低碳钢高低应变率力学性能的影响

钢材可通过多种冷作硬化方式提高其后屈服强度.低碳钢在拉伸时,由于发生颈缩现象使低碳钢内部无法积累大量的塑性变形能,不能使低碳钢充分硬化.为研究钢材硬化最佳值,对低碳钢试样在低应变率(10-2s-1)下进行不同程度的扭转变形后,进行了低应变率(10-2s-1)的拉伸和压缩测试以及高应变率(103s-1)的压缩测试.实验结果表明钢材在低应变率下进行不同程度的扭转冷作硬化可分别提高拉伸极限、压缩后屈服强度以及冲击载荷作用下的后屈服强度.在综合考虑硬化增强效果的基础上,推荐Q235钢材进行扭转冷作硬化时,材料内部累积的变形能密度应低于6400kJ/m3.