A new modified conductivity model was established to predict the shear yield stress of electrorheological fluids (ERF). By using a cell equivalent method, the present model can deal with the face-center square structu...A new modified conductivity model was established to predict the shear yield stress of electrorheological fluids (ERF). By using a cell equivalent method, the present model can deal with the face-center square structure of ERF. Combining the scheme of the classical conductivity model for the single-chain structure, a new formula for the prediction of the shear yield stress of ERF was set up. The influences of the separation distance of the particles, the volume fraction of the particles and the applied electric field on the shear yield stress were investigated.展开更多
联合国政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)最新报告预测20世纪中叶全球大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度将由目前的381μmolmol-1至少上升到550μmolmol-1,CO2浓度不断升高将对世界粮食生产和安全产生深刻影响。与封闭和半封闭气室相比,FACE(FreeAir ...联合国政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)最新报告预测20世纪中叶全球大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度将由目前的381μmolmol-1至少上升到550μmolmol-1,CO2浓度不断升高将对世界粮食生产和安全产生深刻影响。与封闭和半封闭气室相比,FACE(FreeAir CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气中CO2浓度增高)技术平台,在完全开放的大田条件下运行,代表了人们对未来高CO2浓度环境的最好模拟。水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,在过去10a中(1998～2007年),全球有两个大型水稻FACE平台(直径12m)在运行,一个在温带地区的日本岩手,另一个在亚热带地区的中国江苏。以FACE研究为重点,系统收集和整理了高CO2浓度对水稻产量影响的研究进展,比较了FACE与各种气室研究结果的异同点,评估了CO2与生物(品种、病虫和杂草)和非生物因子(肥料、水分、温度和臭氧)的互作效应,提出了未来大气CO2浓度升高情形下水稻生产的适应策略,并讨论了该领域有待深入研究的方向。展开更多
大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高使水稻产量增加,但这种影响是否因不同栽培条件而异尚不清楚。2011年利用中国稻田FACE(Free Air CO2Enrichment)系统平台,以敏感水稻品种汕优63为供试材料,二氧化碳设环境CO2浓度(Ambient)和高CO2浓度(Ambient...大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高使水稻产量增加,但这种影响是否因不同栽培条件而异尚不清楚。2011年利用中国稻田FACE(Free Air CO2Enrichment)系统平台,以敏感水稻品种汕优63为供试材料,二氧化碳设环境CO2浓度(Ambient)和高CO2浓度(Ambient+200μmol·mol-1),施氮量设低氮(15 g·m-2)和高氮(25 g·m-2),移栽密度设低密度(16穴·m-2)和高密度(24穴·m-2),研究了不同栽培条件下大气CO2浓度升高对杂交水稻产量形成的影响。结果表明:高浓度CO2对水稻抽穗期和成熟期没有影响,但使结实期株高显著增高(+7%);使单位面积穗数(+8%)和每穗颖花数(+19%)明显增多,进而使单位面积颖花量大幅增加(+29%)。高浓度CO2条件下穗数增多主要与最高分蘖数明显增加有关,而分蘖成穗率显著下降;穗型增大主要由单茎干重而非单位干重形成的颖花数增加所致。高浓度CO2环境下水稻结实能力呈增加趋势,其中平均粒重的增幅达显著水平。大气CO2浓度升高使水稻籽粒产量平均增加36%,其中在低氮低密度、低氮高密度、高氮低密度和高氮高密度条件下分别增加43%、46%、34%、23%。增施氮肥或增加移栽密度使水稻产量略有下降,但均未达显著水平。以上结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下杂交水稻因库容量增大导致产量大幅增加,调整施氮水平和移栽密度可在一定程度上改变这种肥料效应。展开更多
依托中国稻田臭氧FACE(Free Air ozone Concentration Enrichment)技术平台,以常规籼稻扬稻6号为供试材料,设置大气臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient高50%),移栽密度设置低密度(16穴/m2)、中密度(24穴/m2)和高密度(32穴/m2),研...依托中国稻田臭氧FACE(Free Air ozone Concentration Enrichment)技术平台,以常规籼稻扬稻6号为供试材料,设置大气臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient高50%),移栽密度设置低密度(16穴/m2)、中密度(24穴/m2)和高密度(32穴/m2),研究不同移栽密度下近地层臭氧浓度升高对水稻生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,高浓度臭氧对水稻抽穗期、成熟期和最终株高均无显著影响,但使收获期生物产量显著下降,其中低、中和高密度条件下分别下降23%、20%和9%。臭氧胁迫导致的生物产量下降主要与拔节至抽穗期物质生产量明显下降有关(-23%),而营养生长期物质生产量差异不显著。前者主要与高浓度臭氧下水稻生长后期的净同化率(NAR)显著下降有关,也与该期叶面积指数(LAI)下降部分相关。高浓度臭氧对营养生长期不同器官生物量影响较小,但可使生殖生长期各器官生物量显著下降,其中茎鞘生物量降幅大于叶片,因此,臭氧胁迫下生物量在叶片中的分配比例呈增加趋势,而在茎鞘中的分配比例则相反。臭氧胁迫对单位面积穗数和每穗颖花数均无显著影响,但使饱粒率和饱粒重显著下降,空粒率和秕粒率明显增加。臭氧胁迫使水稻籽粒产量平均下降16%,其中,低、中、高密度下分别下降24%、14%和10%。臭氧胁迫对水稻生长后期的LAI、NAR、物质生产量以及每穗颖花数、饱粒重和籽粒产量的负面影响均随密度的增加而呈减小的趋势。以上结果表明,适当增加移栽密度可以减小臭氧胁迫对水稻生长后期的光合面积特别是净同化率的影响,进而减轻对颖花分化和籽粒生长过程的伤害,最终可显著减少臭氧胁迫下经济产量的损失。展开更多
Impact of elevated CO2 (free air CO2 enrichment) was studied on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var Kundan) growth, yield and proteome. Elevated CO2 significantly impacted both underground (+24%) and aboveground (+15%) bi...Impact of elevated CO2 (free air CO2 enrichment) was studied on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var Kundan) growth, yield and proteome. Elevated CO2 significantly impacted both underground (+24%) and aboveground (+15%) biomass. Grain weight/plant and harvest index were increased by 35% and 11.4%, respectively under high CO2. On the other hand, seed protein content was decreased by 19% under CO2 enrichment while seed starch and soluble sugar contents were increased by 8% and 23%, respectively. Wheat leaf proteomics revealed that 50 proteins were showing differential expression. Twenty proteins were more abundant while 30 were less abundant. Thirty two proteins were identified by MALDI TOF TOF. More abundant proteins were related to defense, photosynthesis, energy metabolism etc. While less abundant proteins were related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Wheat grain proteomics revealed that out of 49 differentially abundant proteins, 24 were more in abundance and 25 were less in abundance in wheat grains under eCO2 condition. Thirty three proteins were identified and functionally characterized. They were found to be involved mainly in carbon metabolism, storage, defence and proteolysis. Gluten proteins are the major component of wheat storage proteins. Our results showed that both high and low molecular weight glutenins were more in eCO2 wheat seeds while there was no change in gliadin evels. This might alter wheat dough strength. Concentration of grain Cr and As was increased at eCO2 while that of Fe, Cu, Zn and Se were found to be decreased. Dynamics of carbon utilization and metabolic abilities of soil microbes under eCO2 were significantly altered. Our study showed that altered wheat seed composition is cause for concern vis-à-vis nutrition and health and for industries which may have implications for agriculturally dominated country like India.展开更多
人类活动导致的大气和气候变化将极大地改变作物未来的生长环境,其中一个显著的变化就是近地层空气污染物臭氧浓度的迅速上升:从工业革命前低于10nL/L上升到现在的50nL/L(夏季每天8h平均),最新预测这一浓度将在2015-2050年增加20%-25%,...人类活动导致的大气和气候变化将极大地改变作物未来的生长环境,其中一个显著的变化就是近地层空气污染物臭氧浓度的迅速上升:从工业革命前低于10nL/L上升到现在的50nL/L(夏季每天8h平均),最新预测这一浓度将在2015-2050年增加20%-25%,本世纪末将增加40%-60%。目前大气背景臭氧浓度已经超过敏感植物的伤害阀值(即40nL/L),广泛地造成农作物减产,而未来臭氧浓度增加将使这种影响变得更为严重。与封闭式和开顶式试验相比,FACE(free-air gas concentration enrichment)研究使用标准的作物管理技术,在完全开放的农田条件下运行,代表了人类对未来大气环境的最好模拟。作为人类食物蛋白的重要来源,大豆是世界上种植面积最大的双子叶植物,也是1年生C3作物的模式作物,同时也被认为对臭氧污染最为敏感的作物之一。美国伊利诺伊大学的大豆FACE(SoyFACE)是世界上第1个利用FACE技术开展农作物对高浓度臭氧(模拟本世纪中叶近地层臭氧浓度)响应和适应的多学科合作研究。在阐述气室研究的局限性和介绍SoyFACE运行特点的基础上,首次综述了FACE情形下高浓度臭氧对大豆光合特性、冠层结构、物质生产与分配、产量及其构成因素以及虫害等方面的影响,并比较了FACE与气室研究结果的异同点。SoyFACE研究清楚地表明臭氧对未来粮食安全的影响必须作为一个重要的全球变化因子来加以考虑。利用FACE技术深入开展臭氧及其与其它全球变化因子的互作对世界主要粮食作物的影响、机制和调控的系统研究,是该领域未来优先考虑的方向。展开更多
文摘A new modified conductivity model was established to predict the shear yield stress of electrorheological fluids (ERF). By using a cell equivalent method, the present model can deal with the face-center square structure of ERF. Combining the scheme of the classical conductivity model for the single-chain structure, a new formula for the prediction of the shear yield stress of ERF was set up. The influences of the separation distance of the particles, the volume fraction of the particles and the applied electric field on the shear yield stress were investigated.
文摘联合国政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)最新报告预测20世纪中叶全球大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度将由目前的381μmolmol-1至少上升到550μmolmol-1,CO2浓度不断升高将对世界粮食生产和安全产生深刻影响。与封闭和半封闭气室相比,FACE(FreeAir CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气中CO2浓度增高)技术平台,在完全开放的大田条件下运行,代表了人们对未来高CO2浓度环境的最好模拟。水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,在过去10a中(1998～2007年),全球有两个大型水稻FACE平台(直径12m)在运行,一个在温带地区的日本岩手,另一个在亚热带地区的中国江苏。以FACE研究为重点,系统收集和整理了高CO2浓度对水稻产量影响的研究进展,比较了FACE与各种气室研究结果的异同点,评估了CO2与生物(品种、病虫和杂草)和非生物因子(肥料、水分、温度和臭氧)的互作效应,提出了未来大气CO2浓度升高情形下水稻生产的适应策略,并讨论了该领域有待深入研究的方向。
文摘大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高使水稻产量增加,但这种影响是否因不同栽培条件而异尚不清楚。2011年利用中国稻田FACE(Free Air CO2Enrichment)系统平台,以敏感水稻品种汕优63为供试材料,二氧化碳设环境CO2浓度(Ambient)和高CO2浓度(Ambient+200μmol·mol-1),施氮量设低氮(15 g·m-2)和高氮(25 g·m-2),移栽密度设低密度(16穴·m-2)和高密度(24穴·m-2),研究了不同栽培条件下大气CO2浓度升高对杂交水稻产量形成的影响。结果表明:高浓度CO2对水稻抽穗期和成熟期没有影响,但使结实期株高显著增高(+7%);使单位面积穗数(+8%)和每穗颖花数(+19%)明显增多,进而使单位面积颖花量大幅增加(+29%)。高浓度CO2条件下穗数增多主要与最高分蘖数明显增加有关,而分蘖成穗率显著下降;穗型增大主要由单茎干重而非单位干重形成的颖花数增加所致。高浓度CO2环境下水稻结实能力呈增加趋势,其中平均粒重的增幅达显著水平。大气CO2浓度升高使水稻籽粒产量平均增加36%,其中在低氮低密度、低氮高密度、高氮低密度和高氮高密度条件下分别增加43%、46%、34%、23%。增施氮肥或增加移栽密度使水稻产量略有下降,但均未达显著水平。以上结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下杂交水稻因库容量增大导致产量大幅增加,调整施氮水平和移栽密度可在一定程度上改变这种肥料效应。
文摘依托中国稻田臭氧FACE(Free Air ozone Concentration Enrichment)技术平台,以常规籼稻扬稻6号为供试材料,设置大气臭氧浓度(Ambient)和高臭氧浓度(比Ambient高50%),移栽密度设置低密度(16穴/m2)、中密度(24穴/m2)和高密度(32穴/m2),研究不同移栽密度下近地层臭氧浓度升高对水稻生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,高浓度臭氧对水稻抽穗期、成熟期和最终株高均无显著影响,但使收获期生物产量显著下降,其中低、中和高密度条件下分别下降23%、20%和9%。臭氧胁迫导致的生物产量下降主要与拔节至抽穗期物质生产量明显下降有关(-23%),而营养生长期物质生产量差异不显著。前者主要与高浓度臭氧下水稻生长后期的净同化率(NAR)显著下降有关,也与该期叶面积指数(LAI)下降部分相关。高浓度臭氧对营养生长期不同器官生物量影响较小,但可使生殖生长期各器官生物量显著下降,其中茎鞘生物量降幅大于叶片,因此,臭氧胁迫下生物量在叶片中的分配比例呈增加趋势,而在茎鞘中的分配比例则相反。臭氧胁迫对单位面积穗数和每穗颖花数均无显著影响,但使饱粒率和饱粒重显著下降,空粒率和秕粒率明显增加。臭氧胁迫使水稻籽粒产量平均下降16%,其中,低、中、高密度下分别下降24%、14%和10%。臭氧胁迫对水稻生长后期的LAI、NAR、物质生产量以及每穗颖花数、饱粒重和籽粒产量的负面影响均随密度的增加而呈减小的趋势。以上结果表明,适当增加移栽密度可以减小臭氧胁迫对水稻生长后期的光合面积特别是净同化率的影响,进而减轻对颖花分化和籽粒生长过程的伤害,最终可显著减少臭氧胁迫下经济产量的损失。
文摘Impact of elevated CO2 (free air CO2 enrichment) was studied on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var Kundan) growth, yield and proteome. Elevated CO2 significantly impacted both underground (+24%) and aboveground (+15%) biomass. Grain weight/plant and harvest index were increased by 35% and 11.4%, respectively under high CO2. On the other hand, seed protein content was decreased by 19% under CO2 enrichment while seed starch and soluble sugar contents were increased by 8% and 23%, respectively. Wheat leaf proteomics revealed that 50 proteins were showing differential expression. Twenty proteins were more abundant while 30 were less abundant. Thirty two proteins were identified by MALDI TOF TOF. More abundant proteins were related to defense, photosynthesis, energy metabolism etc. While less abundant proteins were related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Wheat grain proteomics revealed that out of 49 differentially abundant proteins, 24 were more in abundance and 25 were less in abundance in wheat grains under eCO2 condition. Thirty three proteins were identified and functionally characterized. They were found to be involved mainly in carbon metabolism, storage, defence and proteolysis. Gluten proteins are the major component of wheat storage proteins. Our results showed that both high and low molecular weight glutenins were more in eCO2 wheat seeds while there was no change in gliadin evels. This might alter wheat dough strength. Concentration of grain Cr and As was increased at eCO2 while that of Fe, Cu, Zn and Se were found to be decreased. Dynamics of carbon utilization and metabolic abilities of soil microbes under eCO2 were significantly altered. Our study showed that altered wheat seed composition is cause for concern vis-à-vis nutrition and health and for industries which may have implications for agriculturally dominated country like India.
文摘人类活动导致的大气和气候变化将极大地改变作物未来的生长环境,其中一个显著的变化就是近地层空气污染物臭氧浓度的迅速上升:从工业革命前低于10nL/L上升到现在的50nL/L(夏季每天8h平均),最新预测这一浓度将在2015-2050年增加20%-25%,本世纪末将增加40%-60%。目前大气背景臭氧浓度已经超过敏感植物的伤害阀值(即40nL/L),广泛地造成农作物减产,而未来臭氧浓度增加将使这种影响变得更为严重。与封闭式和开顶式试验相比,FACE(free-air gas concentration enrichment)研究使用标准的作物管理技术,在完全开放的农田条件下运行,代表了人类对未来大气环境的最好模拟。作为人类食物蛋白的重要来源,大豆是世界上种植面积最大的双子叶植物,也是1年生C3作物的模式作物,同时也被认为对臭氧污染最为敏感的作物之一。美国伊利诺伊大学的大豆FACE(SoyFACE)是世界上第1个利用FACE技术开展农作物对高浓度臭氧(模拟本世纪中叶近地层臭氧浓度)响应和适应的多学科合作研究。在阐述气室研究的局限性和介绍SoyFACE运行特点的基础上,首次综述了FACE情形下高浓度臭氧对大豆光合特性、冠层结构、物质生产与分配、产量及其构成因素以及虫害等方面的影响,并比较了FACE与气室研究结果的异同点。SoyFACE研究清楚地表明臭氧对未来粮食安全的影响必须作为一个重要的全球变化因子来加以考虑。利用FACE技术深入开展臭氧及其与其它全球变化因子的互作对世界主要粮食作物的影响、机制和调控的系统研究,是该领域未来优先考虑的方向。
