Stress corrosion cracking behavior of buried oil and gas pipeline steel under the coexistence of magnetic field and sulfate-reducing bacteria

Magnetic field and microorganisms are important factors influencing the stress corrosion cracking(SCC)of buried oil and gas pipelines. Once SCC occurs in buried pipelines, it will cause serious hazards to the soil environment. The SCC behavior of X80 pipeline steel under the magnetic field and sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) environment was investigated by immersion tests, electrochemical tests, and slow strain rate tensile(SSRT) tests. The results showed that the corrosion and SCC sensitivity of X80 steel decreased with increasing the magnetic field strength in the sterile environment. The SCC sensitivity was higher in the biotic environment inoculated with SRB, but it also decreased with increasing magnetic field strength, which was due to the magnetic field reduces microbial activity and promotes the formation of dense film layer. This work provided theoretical guidance on the prevention of SCC in pipeline steel under magnetic field and SRB coexistence.

Enhancing Canola Yield and Photosynthesis under Water Stress with Hydrogel Polymers

While Egypt’s canola production per unit area has recently grown,productivity remains low,necessitating increased productivity.Hydrogels are water-absorbent polymer compounds that can optimize irrigation schedules by increasing the soil’s ability to retain water.Accordingly,twofield experiments were conducted to examine hydrogel application to sandy soil on canola growth,biochemical aspects,yield,yield traits,and nutritional quality of yielded seeds grown under water deficit stress conditions.The experiments were conducted by arranging a split-plot layout in a randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three times replications of each treatment.While water stress at 75%or 50%of crop evapotranspiration(ETc)lowered chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,caro-tenoids,and total pigments content,indole-3-acetic acid,plant development,seed yield,and oil and total carbo-hydrates of seed yield,hydrogel treatment enhanced all of the traits mentioned above.Furthermore,hydrogel enhanced to gather compatible solutes(proline,amino acids,total soluble sugars),phenolics content in leaves,seed protein,and crop water productivity,which increased while the plants were under water stress.The results revealed that the full irrigation(100%ETc)along with hydrogel compared to water-stressed(50%ETc)led to enhanced seed yield(kg ha^(-1)),Oil(%),and Total carbohydrates(%)of rapeseed by 57.1%,11.1%and 15.7%,respectively.Likewise,under water-stressed plots with hydrogel exhibited enhancement by 10.0%,3.2%and 5.1%in seed yield(kg ha^(-1)),oil(%),and total carbohydrates(%)of rapeseed by 57.1%,11.1%and 15.7%,respec-tively compared to control.As a result,the use of hydrogel polymer will be a viable and practical solution for increasing agricultural output under water deficit stress situations.

Synergistic effect of magnetic field and nanocomposite pour point depressant on the yield stress of waxy model oil

Yield stress,as the key parameter to characterize the network strength of waxy oil,is important to the petroleum pipeline safety.Reducing the yield stress of waxy oil is of great significance for flow assurance.In this study,the effect of alternating magnetic field(intensity,frequency)on the yield stress of a waxy model oil with nanocomposite pour point depressant(NPPD)is systematically investigated.An optimum magnetic field intensity and frequency is found for the reduction in yield stress.When adding with NPPD,the heterogeneous nucleation of NPPD contributes to the reduction in yield stress for waxy model oil.Interestingly,the magnetic field is helpful for the modification of yield stress at a lower frequency and intensity before the optimal value;however,the modification is found to be weakened when the magnetic field is further increased after the optimal value.Possible explanation is proposed that the aggregation morphology of wax crystal would be altered and results in the release of wrapped oil phase from the network structure under the magnetic field.

Interactive effects of drought stress and chitosan application on physiological characteristics and essential oil yield of Thymus daenensis Celak

Thymus daenensis, a perennial herb, is often grown in areas that experience drought conditions during its growing period. Application of chitosan may compensate for the negative impact of drought stress on the yield of oil and secondary metabolites in Thymus.The interactive effects of foliar application of chitosan and drought stress on dry matter,essential oil yield, and selected physiological characteristics including photosynthetic pigments, osmotic adjustment, and lipid peroxidation of Thymus were investigated in a two-year study from 2014 to 2015. Treatments consisted of 0, 200, and 400(iL L'1 chitosan applied to plants grown under field capacity, mild drought stress(50% field capacity), and severe drought stress(25% field capacity). Dry matter yield decreased substantially as drought stress intensified. However, essential oil content increased under stress conditions,with the highest essential oil yield obtained from plants under mild drought stress. Foliar application of chitosan compensated to some extent for dry matter and oil yield reduction of plants grown under drought stress. The highest essential oil yield(1.52 g plant-1) was obtained by application of 400 \iL L_1 chitosan under the mild stress condition in 2015 when plants were mature. The compensatory effect of chitosan in reducing the negative impact of stress conditions on dry matter and oil yield was due mainly to stimulation of osmotic adjustment through proline accumulation and reduction of lipid peroxidase level, which increased the integrity of cell membranes of thyme leaves.

Effect of different film color mulching on dry matter and grain yield of oil flax in dry-land

Mulching can effectively maintain soil moisture;color of mulching film affects soil water storage capacity and further promote crop growth to improve grain yield.Field experiment was conducted to study effects of different film colors on dry matter accumulation(DMA)and grain yield of oil flax.Results showed that white plastic film mulching could increase leaf area,chlorophyll content and DMA.DMA of white film mulching and micro-ridge with soil covering was 53.0%higher than that of CK,and 7.8%higher than that of black film mulching.Mulching method also influenced DMA.Micro-ridge alone increased it by 13.7%than flat cultivation and soil covering improved another 7.6%under white film mulching.Both white and black film mulching with microridge could significantly improve grain yield.Black film mulching with micro-ridge and soil covering,white film mulching with micro-ridge and no soil covering significantly increased capsule number per plant,1,000-grain weight and grain yield of oil flax,compared with CK.Grain yield increased 29.0%and 28.9%respectively.These results indicated that the above mulching methods were suitable for high yield cropping pattern in dry-farming regions.

Variation of yield stress of Daqing crude oil with pipelining history

The yield stress of waxy crude oil is a fundamental parameter in the calculation of pipelining technique and analysis of flow safety for the heated oil transported through pipeline.Daqing crude oil was studied and the variation of yield stress with shear history was explored through simulation experiment of pipelining.It is found that the effect of throughput variation or shear rate on yield stress is not obvious.With the decrease of final dynamic cooling temperature,the yield stress of waxy crude oil decreases,but there exists a little increase at the beginning.The prediction model of yield stress for waxy crude oil under the condition of shutdown is developed and it can be used to predict the yield stress of Daqing crude oil at certain heating temperature,final dynamic cooling temperature and measurement temperature.For the 139 groups of yield stress data of Daqing crude oil from the simulation experiment of pipelining,the result of prediction with this model shows that the average relative deviation between the yield stress measured and predicted is 30.27%,and the coefficient of correlation is 0.962 3.

Squeeze-Strengthening Effect of Silicone Oil-based Magnetorheological Fluid

In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for MRF was designed. Moreover, relevant experiments were carded out and the relationship between squeezing pressure and braking torque was proposed. Experiments results showed that the yield stress of MRF improved linearly with the increasing of external squeezing pressure and the braking torque increased three times when external squeezing pressure achieved 2 MPa.

矿物掺合料对复合胶凝材料浆体静态屈服应力的影响

复合胶凝材料浆体的静态屈服应力可用于表征浆体内部微观结构建立的特性,且对新拌水泥基材料的施工与3D打印过程有很大影响。本文研究了矿物掺合料的种类和掺量对复合胶凝材料浆体静态屈服应力变化规律的影响。研究发现,矿物掺合料的细度增大使颗粒表面的水膜层厚度减小,导致浆体的静态屈服应力增大。复合胶凝材料浆体的静态屈服应力在加水搅拌后的一段时间内缓慢增加,浆体结构建立速率较小。在加水搅拌后大约1.5 h,复合胶凝材料浆体的静态屈服应力迅速增大,表明浆体内部结构的连接程度已接近不可破坏的程度,浆体开始凝结,向固体状态转变。

沟道表面纹理对滚动轴承热弹流润滑的影响

为研究沟道表面纹理对轴承润滑性能的影响,建立了滚动轴承的热弹流润滑模型并与动态接触模型进行耦合分析,仿真结果表明该模型可以模拟角接触球轴承在不同表面下的润滑状态并直观反映其润滑特征的变化。通过对比横向、纵向和各向同性3种表面纹理发现:纵向纹理表面形成油膜的能力较好,平均膜厚和最小膜厚均高于光滑表面,且对表面压力、温度和应力的影响较小,相对于光滑表面可以明显改善润滑的效果;横向纹理和各向同性纹理会引起表面压力、温度和应力的剧增;另外,增大纹理波长或减小纹理幅值均会降低接触区压力,增大膜厚,减小温升,降低最大Von Mises应力,选择合适的纹理波长和幅值有利于提升轴承润滑性能。

Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation of Aluminum Alloy Bearings

Observation of fatigue crack initiation and propagation during fatigue test in ALSn20Cu bearing has been presented. Journal center orbit, oil film pressure and stress distribution in alloy layer have been calculated and are taken as the basis for theoretically simulating the bearing fatigue process. It is found that the calculated results are in good accordance with the experimental results, which provides a feasible way for investigation of fatigue crack propagation process in the bearing.

Characteristic analysis of magnetorheological fluid based on different carriers

In order to prepare special MRFs to satisfy the demands of tracked vehicle,two different carrier fluids were used to prepare MRFs.Preparation of MRF,which are based on carrier of special shock absorption fluid and 45# transformer oil,was finished.And characteristics of these samples were tested and analyzed.The results show that Tween-80 and Span-80 can improve the sedimentary stability,and the larger mass fraction can also increase the sedimentary stability.Using 45# transformer oil instead of special shock absorption fluid as a carrier of MRF,the shear yield stress remains nearly constant but the viscosity and the sedimentary stability are reduced.The MRF with diameter of 2.73 μm shows better sedimentary stability than that of the MRF with diameter of 2.30 μm,or 4.02 μm.Stearic acid obviously improves sedimentary stability and off-state viscosity,but has no function on the shear yield stress.In magnetic field of 237 kA/m,the shear yield stress of MRF based on special shock absorption fluid is 18.34 kPa and the shear yield stress of MRF based on 45# transformer oil is 14.26 kPa.

胶凝原油临界损伤屈服应力计算模型研究

含蜡原油管道停输再启动压力与原油结构强度密切相关。为了理论上描述胶凝原油屈服应力,以胶凝原油微元强度服从Weibull分布为基础,结合统计力学理论及重正化群模型,建立了胶凝原油临界损伤屈服应力计算模型,并利用胜利及苏丹原油在胶凝点附近不同温度条件下的屈服应力对所建立模型进行可靠性验证。结果表明:在胶凝点附近温度条件下,随着测试温度的降低原油屈服应变呈下降的趋势;在测试范围内随着油温的升高,胶凝原油屈服应力越来越小,油温与屈服应力整体呈现幂律关系;相同温度条件下,随着剪切速率的增加,胶凝原油屈服应力逐渐增大;利用所建立的胶凝原油临界损伤屈服应力计算模型对不同温度条件下胜利原油屈服应力进行拟合,该模型能较好地描述原油屈服应力,计算结果可为含蜡原油管道停输再启动提供参考。

不同品种油葵对盐胁迫响应研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了盐胁迫对不同品种油葵出苗、生长、产量及植株Na+和K+吸收的影响,明确不同品种油葵对盐胁迫效应的差异。结果表明,随土壤盐浓度的升高,油葵的出苗率、株高、产量和生物量均有所下降,新葵杂6号受到的抑制作用更加明显;与全生育期的相比,各品种在出苗阶段的耐盐性远高于成苗至成熟期阶段,低盐胁迫对油葵的出苗和后期生长均有一定的促进作用。研究发现当盐胁迫对油葵苗期生长的相对抑制率超过40%时不能完成其生活史,超过50%时则不能生长至成熟期,在显蕾或花期枯死。随着盐胁迫程度的加剧植株中Na+的含量成倍增加,K+/Na+显著降低,而K+含量变化较小,适宜的盐浓度可促进植株对钾的吸收,但品种间存在较大的差异,在同一盐浓度下油葵植株中Na+含量陇葵杂1号<法A15<新葵杂6号,而K+含量与K+/Na+则刚好相反,各品种对盐胁迫的敏感性均为花期、显蕾期>苗期>成熟期;减少植株对Na+的吸收,维持K+的稳定性,保持较高K+/Na+是品种耐盐的重要机制之一,三个油葵品种中,陇葵杂1号耐盐性最强,其次为法A15,新葵杂6号耐盐性较差。

100 nm厚铜薄膜的拉伸性能

以聚酰亚胺为基体制备了厚度为100 nm的金属铜薄膜,利用基体的高弹性变形测定了铜薄膜的屈服应力,并研究了铜薄膜的形变与断裂行为．结果表明:使用铜薄膜/聚酰亚胺复合体能够测量出铜薄膜的屈服强度,厚度100 nm的铜薄膜的屈服强度明显高于厚铜膜的屈服强度,厚度100 nm铜薄膜的断裂为Ⅰ型沿晶断裂．超薄铜薄膜较高的屈服强度归因于小尺度材料中纳米量级的薄膜厚度和晶粒对位错运动的约束作用．

农田旧膜再利用方式对胡麻生理指标及产量的影响

为探讨全膜覆盖农田旧膜再利用的有效方式,寻求有利于胡麻高产、稳产的栽培途径,采用田间试验方法,以当年全膜覆盖作物收获后收除旧膜、翌年整地播种(无覆膜)(T6)为对照,比较了旧膜留至翌年免耕播种(T1)、在旧膜上覆土免耕播种(T2)、播种前收除旧膜并覆盖新膜免耕播种(T4)以及当年作物收获后在旧膜上覆盖玉米秸秆、翌年除去秸秆免耕播种(T3)和当年收除旧膜并整地覆盖新膜、翌年播种(T5)等5种农田旧膜再利用方式对胡麻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及胡麻产量及其构成因子的影响。结果表明:全膜覆盖作物收获后旧膜继续留至翌年,仍具有一定的地膜覆盖所具有的提高温度、保护土壤墒情、增强土壤养分供应能力等作用,有利于胡麻叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量的增加,协调控制叶片MDA和Pro含量,提高单株朔果数和千粒重,获得较高的单位面积产量。其中:农田旧膜留至翌年免耕直播(T1)、在旧膜上覆土免耕播种(T2)和播种前收除旧膜并覆盖新膜免耕播种(T4)3种农田旧膜再利用方式分别比对照增产10.05%、17.52%和40.67%,当年在旧膜上覆盖作物秸秆、翌年除去秸秆免耕播种(T3)和当年收除旧膜并整地覆盖新膜、翌年播种(T5)2种农田旧膜再利用方式分别比对照增产29.79%和22.16%。农田旧膜覆盖至翌年清除,而后覆盖新膜免耕直播是我国地膜覆盖种植区域农田旧膜再利用的最优方式和实现胡麻高产的最佳选择。

旧膜再利用方式对旱地胡麻干物质生产及水分利用效率的影响

为寻求地膜覆盖后旧膜再次利用的有效方式,探讨旧膜再利用后旱地胡麻的增产机理,在大田环境下,比较了旧膜直播(T1)、旧膜覆土直播(T2)、旧膜秸秆双重覆盖播种(T3)、春天揭旧膜覆新膜播种(T4)、秋后整地覆新膜春天播种(T5)及露地播种(T6,CK)6种处理方式对旱地胡麻生育进程中土壤水分、叶面积、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:全地膜覆盖作物收获后旧膜继续留至翌年,仍具有一定的保墒和增温效应,光合面积和光合同化产物的积累量增加。不同旧膜再利用方式的保墒效果主要表现在胡麻现蕾期前,保证了胡麻全苗、壮苗,叶面积对旧膜再利用方式的响应基本与之一致,各处理均高于CK,且以T4处理均在枞形期及现蕾期效果最优,而开花期以T5处理居高。干物质积累量在生育前期T4处理较高,而生育后期T5处理居高。T4和T5处理成熟期干物质积累量、籽粒干物质分配量和分配比例及花后干物质同化量对籽粒的贡献率均高于CK,降低了干物质在主茎+分枝+果壳中的分配比例,T1、T2、T3介于T4和T5之间。籽粒产量各处理均显著高于CK,T4最高,达1 509.52 kg.hm 2,其余依次为T5、T1、T2、T3和T6,分别为1 370.77 kg.hm 2、1 171.84 kg.hm 2、1 158.47 kg.hm 2、1 011.36 kg.hm 2和620.52 kg.hm 2;水分利用效率与产量变化趋势基本一致,相应各处理分别比CK增加153.63%(T4)、129.82%(T5)、97.49%(T1)、85.71%(T2)和64.41%(T3)。说明春天揭旧膜覆新膜播种方式是兼顾保水高产的最优胡麻耕作方式,适宜在旱作农业区推广应用。

胶凝大庆原油不同加载时间下的屈服特性

为得到胶凝大庆原油的屈服过程与加载时间之间的关系,利用Haake RS-150控制应力流变仪通过恒剪切应力、剪切应力匀速增加和阶跃式增加3种不同的加载方式对其屈服过程进行了实验。研究发现:胶凝大庆原油的屈服过程与加载时间存在密切关系,屈服是变形随时间积累的结果;加载过程中各水平的应力作用时间延长,所得到的胶凝原油屈服应力下降,但屈服所需的时间延长,即应力值与作用时间相互弥补,在一定范围内小应力长加载时间和大应力短加载时间都能造成胶凝原油屈服;对剪切应力阶跃式加载而言,屈服应力随每阶段持续作用时间(单阶作用时间)的增加呈指数规律下降,屈服时间随单阶作用时间增加在双对数坐标中呈线性增加。

提高旱作大豆水分利用效率的覆膜方式研究

于2009年在甘肃省东部黄土旱塬区进行了旱作大豆地膜覆盖方式的研究。结果表明:沟垄覆膜能够将农田集水与保墒结合为一体,可以明显提高土壤水分含量,降低大豆全生育期耗水量与耗水强度。沟垄覆膜处理产量可达3279.8 kg.hm-2,较常规平膜覆盖、露地种植产量分别提高14.0%、41.9%;水分利用效率达到12.8 kg.hm-2.mm-1,较常规平膜覆盖、露地种植分别提高19.6%、58.0%。沟垄覆膜栽培技术能够显著提高大豆产量及水分利用效率,在大豆生育前期可以有效保持土壤水分,生育中后期可将深层土壤水分提到上层供大豆生长所需,是旱作区进一步提高大豆产量的有效途径。

滑动轴承油膜压力及合金层应力分布

利用有限差分法求解滑动轴承油膜压力的分布;以油膜压力为载荷,建立滑动轴承的三维有限元分析模型,得出滑动轴承合金层应力应变的分布。研究结果表明:滑动轴承应力和应变的分布取决于油膜压力的分布和梯度变化,应力和应变的分布与油膜压力的分布相同,但剪应力的峰值位于滑动轴承中截面合金层与钢背的结合处;应变在压力梯度最大时方向将发生改变。

注汽井套管热应力计算方法对比分析

许多热采井套管热应力计算模型忽略了地层影响,属于单轴热应力分析。文章首先将套管、水泥环、地层组成的井筒作为不同物质的组合体,兼顾高温条件下套管材料的弹性模量、屈服应力和热膨胀系数的变化,建立了套管三维弹性热应力计算模型。模型以全量和增量两种方式,计算常用套管的三轴热应力和单轴热应力。对比计算结果得到如下结论:三轴情况下套管出现较大环向应力,套管屈服与否不由某一轴向应力决定,而由 3 个主应力决定;按增量计算时,温度应力高于按全量计算的结果,因而套管承温极限低;按单轴计算时套管承温极限高于按三轴计算,随着钢级升高,单轴与三轴承温极限差别缩小;高钢级套管在抗高温方面并不具有绝对优势,要看材料的高温性能变化;如果同时考虑材料热膨胀系数随温度变化,则计算出的热应力更高,承温极限大幅度降低。