Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are wel...Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.展开更多
Cultural ancient roads,known in Chinese as gudao,serve as heritage trails that carry historical exchanges across various regions in China.Due to their extensive preservation,wide geographical distribution,diverse them...Cultural ancient roads,known in Chinese as gudao,serve as heritage trails that carry historical exchanges across various regions in China.Due to their extensive preservation,wide geographical distribution,diverse thematic variations,and considerable tourist appeal,these paths have emerged as representative heritage trails,increasingly transforming into a novel tourism product experience that is highly favored by tourists and recognized by government authorities.However,research on ancient roads for tourism in China currently lacks a systematic theoretical framework,as well as relevant policies,regulations,and standards to guide their practical development.Therefore,there is a pressing need to draw upon international best practices and conduct foundational research to develop an experience element system that aligns with the perceptions,behaviors,and consumption characteristics of Chinese tourists,thereby advancing theoretical exploration in this field.This study focuses on the representative Ancient Shu Road as a case study and employs a mixed-method approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative research.It aims to construct a tourist-centric scale for the experience elements of ancient road tourism while analyzing the interactive relationship between these experience elements and tourist needs.This study addresses a significant gap in the development of indicator systems for domestic studies of ancient road tourism experiences.Ultimately,the study establishes a comprehensive scale that encompasses three core categories—trail resources and environment,facilities and services,and modes of tourism activities—along with eight primary dimensions:core resources,surrounding cultural environment,surrounding natural environment,tourism reception facilities and services,infrastructure and support services,information facilities and information services,and outdoor and recreational activities.This scale consists of thirty-two specific items,providing a robust reference for future research endeavors.Additionally,the study proposes specific development strategies related to key mechanisms,spatial configuration,and facility construction to enhance the overall development of ancient road tourism.展开更多
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that the walking trail making test(WTMT)completion time is significantly higher in patients with developmental coordination disorders and mild cognitive impairments.We hypothes...BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that the walking trail making test(WTMT)completion time is significantly higher in patients with developmental coordination disorders and mild cognitive impairments.We hypothesized that WTMT performance would be altered in older adults with white matter hyperintensities(WMH).AIM To explore the performance in the WTMT in older people with WMH.METHODS In this single-center,observational study,25 elderly WMH patients admitted to our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020 served as the WMH group and 20 participants matched for age,gender,and educational level who were undergoing physical examination in our hospital during the same period served as the control group.The participants completed the WTMT-A and WTMT-B to obtain their gait parameters,including WTMT-A completion time,WTMT-B completion time,speed,step length,cadence,and stance phase percent.White matter lesions were scored according to the Fazekas scale.Multiple neuropsychological assessments were carried out to assess cognitive function.The relationships between WTMT performance and cognition and motion in elderly patients with WMH were analyzed by partial Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS Patients with WMH performed significantly worse on the choice reaction test(CRT)(0.51±0.09 s vs 0.44±0.06 s,P=0.007),verbal fluency test(VFT,14.2±2.75 vs 16.65±3.54,P=0.012),and digit symbol substitution test(16.00±2.75 vs 18.40±3.27,P=0.010)than participants in the control group.The WMH group also required significantly more time to complete the WTMT-A(93.00±10.76 s vs 70.55±11.28 s,P<0.001)and WTMT-B(109.72±12.26 s vs 82.85±7.90 s,P<0.001).WTMT-A completion time was positively correlated with CRT time(r=0.460,P=0.001),while WTMT-B completion time was negatively correlated with VFT(r=-0.391,P=0.008).On the WTMT-A,only speed was found to statistically differ between the WMH and control groups(0.803±0.096 vs 0.975±0.050 m/s,P<0.001),whereas on the WTMT-B,the WMH group exhibited a significantly lower speed(0.778±0.111 vs 0.970±0.053 m/s,P<0.001)and cadence(82.600±4.140 vs 85.500±5.020 steps/m,P=0.039),as well as a higher stance phase percentage(65.061±1.813%vs 63.513±2.465%,P=0.019)relative to controls.CONCLUSION Older adults with WMH showed obviously poorer WTMT performance.WTMT could be a potential indicator for cognitive and motor deficits in patients with WMH.展开更多
Xiamen,a coastal city famous for its impressive seascape,draws numerous tourists each year.One of the prime locations to appreciate the city’s beauty is the Mountains-to-Sea Trail,an approximately 23-kilometer-long p...Xiamen,a coastal city famous for its impressive seascape,draws numerous tourists each year.One of the prime locations to appreciate the city’s beauty is the Mountains-to-Sea Trail,an approximately 23-kilometer-long pedestrian corridor that offers a unique experience for visitors.展开更多
To expand scanning area and attack range without changing the inner structure of intelligent warhead, a new arrangement mode of the scanner for intelligent mine is proposed. The required coordinate systems are es...To expand scanning area and attack range without changing the inner structure of intelligent warhead, a new arrangement mode of the scanner for intelligent mine is proposed. The required coordinate systems are established firstly on the basis of advanced dynamics principle. and the exterior ballistics equations are deduced. Then the equations of scanning trails are established by the method of space analytic geometry. To get the scanning trails. the differential equations are transformed into discrete simulation model using the algorithm of fourth order Runge-Kutta and then are simulated using Matlab. Compared with the scanning trails obtained by the traditional layout of scanner, the scanning trails obtained by the proposed layout of scanner has larger horizontal range of scanning circle and bigger trarget acquisition probability. Therefore, the new arrangement mode of the scanner for intelligent mine can increase attack range.展开更多
Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected...Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages of tourist infrastructure in both protected areas were presented, as well as some suggestions in terms of its development, resulting from the analysis of networks of hiking trails.展开更多
This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered...This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.展开更多
In this paper, we discussed the field failures of the brownish discolored lines like snail trails in PV modules. We were successful simulation snail trails in laboratory and outdoor field. We had found out some types ...In this paper, we discussed the field failures of the brownish discolored lines like snail trails in PV modules. We were successful simulation snail trails in laboratory and outdoor field. We had found out some types EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) encapsulants and back sheets which had the serious snail trails but others were snail trails free. Furthermore, according to IEC 61215 accelerated aging testing, we also found only within 2% power loss after these modules impacted by snail trails. The main power losses over 5% were come from cell micro cracks before snail trail formation. That snail trails occurrence means solar cells should have micro cracks. In here, we contributed the snail trail effects and avoided the failures in future photovoltaic modules performance.展开更多
Short-term recovery of soil physical properties on skid trails was investigated upon cessation of skidding operations and 1 year later. Bulk density and porosity were assessed at three levels of traffic intensity and ...Short-term recovery of soil physical properties on skid trails was investigated upon cessation of skidding operations and 1 year later. Bulk density and porosity were assessed at three levels of traffic intensity and two slope gradients. Compared to undisturbed areas, bulk density increased, total porosity and macroporosity decreased, and microporosity increased in the compacted areas immediately after skidding. In all cases, changes were significantly greater when traffic intensity was higher and when slopes were steeper. Surface soil compaction did not show any recovery over the 1-year period, illustrating the persistent effects of compaction on soil structure. In fact, surficial compaction further increased and macroporosity further decreased after 1 year of recovery, compared to immediately after skidding. While these changes may reflect inherent small-scale site variability or differences in soil moisture content at times of sampling, direct negative physical impacts on newly exposed soil（such as by raindrops）, in addition to the loss of organic matter after canopy removal and skidding, likely delayed any physical recovery, particularly on heavily trafficked trails on steeper slopes. These results raise serious concerns about longterm resilience to traffic on forest soils and indicate the necessity to properly retire skid trails to avoid further soil degradation as trails age.展开更多
Flagstaff Urban Trails System(FUTS) is a city-wide network of non-motorized, shared-use pathways that are used by bicyclists, walkers, hikers, runners, and other users for both recreation and transportation. FUTS tota...Flagstaff Urban Trails System(FUTS) is a city-wide network of non-motorized, shared-use pathways that are used by bicyclists, walkers, hikers, runners, and other users for both recreation and transportation. FUTS totals 79.2 km in Flagstaff, the Flagstaff government approved the fi rst plan in 1988, and FUTS Trail Priority Evaluation 2011 outlined the evaluation criteria, trail rankings and ranking results The new FUTS Master Plan shows about 130-km planned trails, and creates an ultimate trail system about 210 km. FUTS management organization and Transportation Tax Program is the key to keep the successful works of FUTS. Status quo of China National Trails System(CNTS) is reviewed as: scenic areas have relatively sound trail systems, but there is no any standard system; green corridors within the urban and rural system become popular, but there is no connection system. The development of China National Trails System can be promoted in 3 aspects: establishing national trails system, planning and design trails comprehensively, stressing daily operation and management.展开更多
Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it...Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails(hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic after the extension of the Schengen area(within this area, crossing the border is possible anywhere, and not only at official border crossings). It should be emphasized here that the borders of the Czech Republic over most of their length run through mountainous areas and, apart from political factors, natural features should have a major impact on the development of tourist routes. In order to determine the coherence of the current network of trails on both sides of the Czech Republic state border, modern tourist maps have been analyzed, determining the number of places where it is possible to cross the state border with the help of a marked tourist trail. Based on that, two indicators were introduced to determine the degree of openness with all neighboring countries as regards the opportunity to cross on a tourist trail. Changes in the historical situation, a comparison of the accessibility of the border area before entering the Schengen area and 2019, were analyzed for two study areas using archival maps. Over a decade after the extension of the Schengen area, the number of places where tourist trails of neighboring countries approach the border has clearly increased. Crossing is more often made possible using hiking trails than cycling routes(trails of the first type cross the border every 7.91 km, while the latter every 13.3 km), but considering the speed of movement, it can be assessed that the openness for cyclists is higher than for hikers. Moreover, in many places there is still significant potential for further integration of tourist trail networks as trails created in one country often do not have a continuation on the other side of the border.展开更多
By an exact renormalization method the trail problem on a regular fractal for the diffusion-limited aggregation is considered,and the mean square end-toend distance critical exponent v is obtained.It is indicated that...By an exact renormalization method the trail problem on a regular fractal for the diffusion-limited aggregation is considered,and the mean square end-toend distance critical exponent v is obtained.It is indicated that self-avoiding trails and self-avoiding walks are in different universality classes on this irreversible kinetic growth fractal.展开更多
We studied the damage caused to unfelled trees during skidding operations in four beech stands of northern and central Greece that were managed under differing harvesting systems.After timber was harvested we recorded...We studied the damage caused to unfelled trees during skidding operations in four beech stands of northern and central Greece that were managed under differing harvesting systems.After timber was harvested we recorded and analyzed all damage to a width of 2 m along both sides of the skid trails.The percentage of damaged residual trees was 17–28 %.Higher numbers of saplings were uprooted or destroyed in parts of the stands with high natural regeneration.Most damaged trees suffered 1.33–1.90 wounds that were inflicted up to a height of 1 m above ground level.At all sites mean wound sizes were large,89–1190 cm2,and caused elevated risk of future fungal infection.The damage caused by skidding during timber harvesting can be minimized by better planning the harvest operations,and training forest workers in reduced impact logging.展开更多
Urban forest parks are open parks based on natural countryside, which can be used for outdoor sports, leisure and recreation, popular science education and other activities. The trail is a pedestrian road connecting v...Urban forest parks are open parks based on natural countryside, which can be used for outdoor sports, leisure and recreation, popular science education and other activities. The trail is a pedestrian road connecting various landscape points in the park. It not only has directional and traffic functions, but also is the most effective means for the organization of the whole park. Taking Yaohu Country Forest Park in Nanchang City as an example, this study analyzed and discussed the design of trails and landscapes.展开更多
文摘Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.
文摘目的探讨血清肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)水平与晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者免疫治疗反应的关联性。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年5月唐山市人民医院收治的70例晚期NSCLC患者的临床资料。在免疫治疗前24 h内采用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)测定患者血清TRAIL水平。免疫治疗反应通过客观缓解率(ORR)和临床获益率(CBR)进行评估。分析患者血清TRAIL水平与免疫治疗反应、肺功能及肺气肿、临床预后的关联性。结果经免疫治疗后,NSCLC患者获得客观缓解23例,临床获益46例。获得客观缓解患者的血清TRAIL水平显著高于未获得客观缓解者[27.77(23.13,39.13)pg/mL vs 12.36(8.76,18.15)pg/mL;Z=4.508,P<0.001]。临床获益患者的血清TRAIL水平显著高于临床未获益者[23.13(16.99,30.63)pg/mL vs 11.75(8.76,15.56)pg/mL;Z=4.887,P<0.001]。Spearman秩相关性分析结果显示,血清TRAIL水平与1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)呈正相关(rs=0.288,P=0.016),与肺气肿总比值(rs=-0.257,P=0.032)、肺叶肺气肿比率(LER)(rs=-0.324,P=0.006)呈负相关。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,以血清TRAIL>27.46 pg/mL为参考,血清TRAIL<18.15 pg/mL患者经免疫治疗不能获得客观缓解和临床获益的风险显著增加(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清TRAIL水平可有效预测NSCLC患者对免疫治疗的反应(P<0.05)。TRAIL高水平组(血清TRAIL≥18.15 pg/mL)的总体生存(OS)、无进展生存(PFS)预后显著优于TRAIL低水平组(血清TRAIL<18.15 pg/mL)(P<0.05)。结论血清TRAIL低水平与晚期NSCLC患者免疫治疗无反应以及临床预后不良有关,该指标监测有助于筛选能从免疫治疗中获益的NSCLC患者。
文摘Cultural ancient roads,known in Chinese as gudao,serve as heritage trails that carry historical exchanges across various regions in China.Due to their extensive preservation,wide geographical distribution,diverse thematic variations,and considerable tourist appeal,these paths have emerged as representative heritage trails,increasingly transforming into a novel tourism product experience that is highly favored by tourists and recognized by government authorities.However,research on ancient roads for tourism in China currently lacks a systematic theoretical framework,as well as relevant policies,regulations,and standards to guide their practical development.Therefore,there is a pressing need to draw upon international best practices and conduct foundational research to develop an experience element system that aligns with the perceptions,behaviors,and consumption characteristics of Chinese tourists,thereby advancing theoretical exploration in this field.This study focuses on the representative Ancient Shu Road as a case study and employs a mixed-method approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative research.It aims to construct a tourist-centric scale for the experience elements of ancient road tourism while analyzing the interactive relationship between these experience elements and tourist needs.This study addresses a significant gap in the development of indicator systems for domestic studies of ancient road tourism experiences.Ultimately,the study establishes a comprehensive scale that encompasses three core categories—trail resources and environment,facilities and services,and modes of tourism activities—along with eight primary dimensions:core resources,surrounding cultural environment,surrounding natural environment,tourism reception facilities and services,infrastructure and support services,information facilities and information services,and outdoor and recreational activities.This scale consists of thirty-two specific items,providing a robust reference for future research endeavors.Additionally,the study proposes specific development strategies related to key mechanisms,spatial configuration,and facility construction to enhance the overall development of ancient road tourism.
基金Supported by The Wu Jieping Medical Foundation,No.320.6750.18456.
文摘BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that the walking trail making test(WTMT)completion time is significantly higher in patients with developmental coordination disorders and mild cognitive impairments.We hypothesized that WTMT performance would be altered in older adults with white matter hyperintensities(WMH).AIM To explore the performance in the WTMT in older people with WMH.METHODS In this single-center,observational study,25 elderly WMH patients admitted to our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020 served as the WMH group and 20 participants matched for age,gender,and educational level who were undergoing physical examination in our hospital during the same period served as the control group.The participants completed the WTMT-A and WTMT-B to obtain their gait parameters,including WTMT-A completion time,WTMT-B completion time,speed,step length,cadence,and stance phase percent.White matter lesions were scored according to the Fazekas scale.Multiple neuropsychological assessments were carried out to assess cognitive function.The relationships between WTMT performance and cognition and motion in elderly patients with WMH were analyzed by partial Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS Patients with WMH performed significantly worse on the choice reaction test(CRT)(0.51±0.09 s vs 0.44±0.06 s,P=0.007),verbal fluency test(VFT,14.2±2.75 vs 16.65±3.54,P=0.012),and digit symbol substitution test(16.00±2.75 vs 18.40±3.27,P=0.010)than participants in the control group.The WMH group also required significantly more time to complete the WTMT-A(93.00±10.76 s vs 70.55±11.28 s,P<0.001)and WTMT-B(109.72±12.26 s vs 82.85±7.90 s,P<0.001).WTMT-A completion time was positively correlated with CRT time(r=0.460,P=0.001),while WTMT-B completion time was negatively correlated with VFT(r=-0.391,P=0.008).On the WTMT-A,only speed was found to statistically differ between the WMH and control groups(0.803±0.096 vs 0.975±0.050 m/s,P<0.001),whereas on the WTMT-B,the WMH group exhibited a significantly lower speed(0.778±0.111 vs 0.970±0.053 m/s,P<0.001)and cadence(82.600±4.140 vs 85.500±5.020 steps/m,P=0.039),as well as a higher stance phase percentage(65.061±1.813%vs 63.513±2.465%,P=0.019)relative to controls.CONCLUSION Older adults with WMH showed obviously poorer WTMT performance.WTMT could be a potential indicator for cognitive and motor deficits in patients with WMH.
文摘Xiamen,a coastal city famous for its impressive seascape,draws numerous tourists each year.One of the prime locations to appreciate the city’s beauty is the Mountains-to-Sea Trail,an approximately 23-kilometer-long pedestrian corridor that offers a unique experience for visitors.
文摘To expand scanning area and attack range without changing the inner structure of intelligent warhead, a new arrangement mode of the scanner for intelligent mine is proposed. The required coordinate systems are established firstly on the basis of advanced dynamics principle. and the exterior ballistics equations are deduced. Then the equations of scanning trails are established by the method of space analytic geometry. To get the scanning trails. the differential equations are transformed into discrete simulation model using the algorithm of fourth order Runge-Kutta and then are simulated using Matlab. Compared with the scanning trails obtained by the traditional layout of scanner, the scanning trails obtained by the proposed layout of scanner has larger horizontal range of scanning circle and bigger trarget acquisition probability. Therefore, the new arrangement mode of the scanner for intelligent mine can increase attack range.
文摘Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions(i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks(the Krkono?e National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Gerês National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails – the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author's personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists' point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkono?e National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages of tourist infrastructure in both protected areas were presented, as well as some suggestions in terms of its development, resulting from the analysis of networks of hiking trails.
基金part of the project Green Infrastructure of Slovakia(Grant No.2/0066/15)from the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences
文摘This study presents a methodology for assessment of the condition of hiking trails(HTs) and their impact zones in the central part of the Low Tatra mountain range, based on comparison of two complex data sets gathered in 33 years apart. The first field investigation was performed in 1980 and 1981, and the second in 2013 and 2014. The main goal was to perform a landscape typology in order to assess the susceptibility of landscape complexes to occurrence of anthropogenic and natural destruction processes and to assess the condition and prospects of HTs and their impacts on the adjacent alpine environment. Landscape complexes were characterised by selected abiotic, biotic and technical parameters of HTs and their impact zones. Due to the high variability of these parameters over the length of the HTs, we had to decide on how to map them. This was done using a square grid with 100 m-sized cells. For each cell with HT, the parameters were assigned the typical value within that cell. In total, 26.3 km of HT were studied, stretching over 266 grid cells. On comparison of the two data sets, it was seen that, 64%(171 grid cells) display a generally positive condition, with 54%(143 grid cells) even exhibiting significant improvement or continuously positive state of their condition. 36%(95 grid cells) were in bad condition, including 3%(9 grid cells) whose state had deteriorated, and 2%(6 grid cells) whose state had significantly deteriorated, in the time between the two assessments.
文摘In this paper, we discussed the field failures of the brownish discolored lines like snail trails in PV modules. We were successful simulation snail trails in laboratory and outdoor field. We had found out some types EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) encapsulants and back sheets which had the serious snail trails but others were snail trails free. Furthermore, according to IEC 61215 accelerated aging testing, we also found only within 2% power loss after these modules impacted by snail trails. The main power losses over 5% were come from cell micro cracks before snail trail formation. That snail trails occurrence means solar cells should have micro cracks. In here, we contributed the snail trail effects and avoided the failures in future photovoltaic modules performance.
文摘Short-term recovery of soil physical properties on skid trails was investigated upon cessation of skidding operations and 1 year later. Bulk density and porosity were assessed at three levels of traffic intensity and two slope gradients. Compared to undisturbed areas, bulk density increased, total porosity and macroporosity decreased, and microporosity increased in the compacted areas immediately after skidding. In all cases, changes were significantly greater when traffic intensity was higher and when slopes were steeper. Surface soil compaction did not show any recovery over the 1-year period, illustrating the persistent effects of compaction on soil structure. In fact, surficial compaction further increased and macroporosity further decreased after 1 year of recovery, compared to immediately after skidding. While these changes may reflect inherent small-scale site variability or differences in soil moisture content at times of sampling, direct negative physical impacts on newly exposed soil（such as by raindrops）, in addition to the loss of organic matter after canopy removal and skidding, likely delayed any physical recovery, particularly on heavily trafficked trails on steeper slopes. These results raise serious concerns about longterm resilience to traffic on forest soils and indicate the necessity to properly retire skid trails to avoid further soil degradation as trails age.
基金Supported by the Human and Social Science Foundation of China Education Ministry(11YJC850004)National Philosophy and Social Science Project(13BJY145)Art Science Planning Project of Jiangxi Province(YG2013004)
文摘Flagstaff Urban Trails System(FUTS) is a city-wide network of non-motorized, shared-use pathways that are used by bicyclists, walkers, hikers, runners, and other users for both recreation and transportation. FUTS totals 79.2 km in Flagstaff, the Flagstaff government approved the fi rst plan in 1988, and FUTS Trail Priority Evaluation 2011 outlined the evaluation criteria, trail rankings and ranking results The new FUTS Master Plan shows about 130-km planned trails, and creates an ultimate trail system about 210 km. FUTS management organization and Transportation Tax Program is the key to keep the successful works of FUTS. Status quo of China National Trails System(CNTS) is reviewed as: scenic areas have relatively sound trail systems, but there is no any standard system; green corridors within the urban and rural system become popular, but there is no connection system. The development of China National Trails System can be promoted in 3 aspects: establishing national trails system, planning and design trails comprehensively, stressing daily operation and management.
基金funded by the University of Wroclaw(Grant no.0420/2667/18).
文摘Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails(hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic after the extension of the Schengen area(within this area, crossing the border is possible anywhere, and not only at official border crossings). It should be emphasized here that the borders of the Czech Republic over most of their length run through mountainous areas and, apart from political factors, natural features should have a major impact on the development of tourist routes. In order to determine the coherence of the current network of trails on both sides of the Czech Republic state border, modern tourist maps have been analyzed, determining the number of places where it is possible to cross the state border with the help of a marked tourist trail. Based on that, two indicators were introduced to determine the degree of openness with all neighboring countries as regards the opportunity to cross on a tourist trail. Changes in the historical situation, a comparison of the accessibility of the border area before entering the Schengen area and 2019, were analyzed for two study areas using archival maps. Over a decade after the extension of the Schengen area, the number of places where tourist trails of neighboring countries approach the border has clearly increased. Crossing is more often made possible using hiking trails than cycling routes(trails of the first type cross the border every 7.91 km, while the latter every 13.3 km), but considering the speed of movement, it can be assessed that the openness for cyclists is higher than for hikers. Moreover, in many places there is still significant potential for further integration of tourist trail networks as trails created in one country often do not have a continuation on the other side of the border.
基金supported by the Chinese Foundation of Doctor Education.
文摘By an exact renormalization method the trail problem on a regular fractal for the diffusion-limited aggregation is considered,and the mean square end-toend distance critical exponent v is obtained.It is indicated that self-avoiding trails and self-avoiding walks are in different universality classes on this irreversible kinetic growth fractal.
文摘We studied the damage caused to unfelled trees during skidding operations in four beech stands of northern and central Greece that were managed under differing harvesting systems.After timber was harvested we recorded and analyzed all damage to a width of 2 m along both sides of the skid trails.The percentage of damaged residual trees was 17–28 %.Higher numbers of saplings were uprooted or destroyed in parts of the stands with high natural regeneration.Most damaged trees suffered 1.33–1.90 wounds that were inflicted up to a height of 1 m above ground level.At all sites mean wound sizes were large,89–1190 cm2,and caused elevated risk of future fungal infection.The damage caused by skidding during timber harvesting can be minimized by better planning the harvest operations,and training forest workers in reduced impact logging.
文摘Urban forest parks are open parks based on natural countryside, which can be used for outdoor sports, leisure and recreation, popular science education and other activities. The trail is a pedestrian road connecting various landscape points in the park. It not only has directional and traffic functions, but also is the most effective means for the organization of the whole park. Taking Yaohu Country Forest Park in Nanchang City as an example, this study analyzed and discussed the design of trails and landscapes.
