Development of a Sports Safety Promotion Framework Based on KABP Theory and 4M Management

This study explores the significance,current research landscape,and conceptualization of sports safety promotion.Safety in sports is fundamental to youth physical activities,and an excessive focus on or neglect of safety is unwarranted.Globally,numerous countries have extensively researched sports safety promotion and implemented diverse strategies.Drawing from KABP(Knowledge,Attitude,Behavior,Practice)theory and 4M(Man,Machine,Medium,Management)management,this paper presents a conceptual framework for sports safety promotion.It integrates these theories to devise a comprehensive accident prevention model within a sports safety promotion system.The framework prioritizes enhancing students’safety literacy and underscores the practical application of safety knowledge and skills in simulated sports settings following structured safety education.It aims to enhance students’competency and proficiency in averting sports-related injuries.

Empowering youth sport environments: Implications for daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and adiposity

Background: Evidence suggests involvement in youth sport does not guarantee daily guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) are met, and participation may not mitigate the risks associated with physical inactivity. The need to promote higher habitual MVPA engagement amongst children active in the youth sport context has therefore been underlined. Framed by self-determination theory, the aim of the present study was to examine the implications of the motivational climate created in youth sport, for children's daily engagement in MVPA and associated adiposity. Specifically, we sought to test a motivational sequence in which children's perceptions of an empowering coach-created motivational climate were related to autonomous and controlled motivation, which in turn predicted sport-related enjoyment. Finally, enjoyment was assumed to predict accelerometer assessed daily MVPA and, following this, adiposity.Methods: Male and female youth sport participants aged 9–16 years(n = 112) completed multi-section questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the motivational climate created in youth sport(i.e., autonomy supportive, task involving, socially supportive), autonomous and controlled motivation, and sport-related enjoyment. Daily MVPA engagement was determined via 7 days of accelerometry. Percent body fat(BF%) was estimated using bio-electrical impedance analysis.Results: Path analysis revealed perceptions of an empowering motivational climate positively predicted players' autonomous motivation, and in turn, sport-related enjoyment. Enjoyment was also significantly negatively related to players' BF%, via a positive association with daily MVPA.Conclusion: Fostering more empowering youth sport environments may hold implications for the prevention of excess adiposity, through encouraging higher habitual MVPA engagement. Findings may inform the optimal design of youth sport settings for MVPA promotion, and contribute towards associated healthy weight maintenance amongst youth active in this context. Longitudinal and intervention studies are required to confirm these results.

The relative age effect has no influence on match outcome in youth soccer

Purpose： In age-restricted youth sport, the over-selection of athletes born in the first quarter of the year and under-selection of athletes born in the last quarter of the year has been called the relative age effect （RAE）. Its existence in youth sports like soccer is well established. Why it occurs has not been identified, however, one thought is that older players, generally taller and heavier, are thought to improve the team＇s chances of winning. To test this assumption, birth dates and match outcome were correlated to see if teams with the oldest mean age had a systematic advantage against teams with younger mean ages. Methods： Player birth dates and team records （n = 5943 players on 371 teams; both genders; U11-U16） were obtained from the North Carolina Youth Soccer Association for the highest level of statewide youth competition. Results： The presence of an RAE was demonstrated with significant oversampling from players born in the I st vs. the 4th quarter （overall： 29.6% vs. 20.9% respectively, p 〈 0.0001）. Mean team age was regressed on match outcomes （winning %, points/match, points/goal, and goals for, against, and goal difference）, but there was no evidence of any systematic influence of mean team age and match outcomes, except possibly in U11 males. Conclusion： Selecting players based on physical maturity （and subsequently, on age） does not appear to have any systematic influence on match outcome or season record in youth soccer suggesting that the selection process should be focused on player ability and not on physical maturation.

Associations between parental support for physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among Chinese school children： A cross-sectional study

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the associations between parental support for physical activity(PA) and levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) among Chinese school children.Methods: Study participants were 81,857 school-aged children(aged 9–17 years; mean age = 13 years; 49.0% boys) and their parents or guardians who took part in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study project. The independent variables included various forms of parental support for PA ascertained through a survey completed by parents or guardians. The dependent variable was the children's average MVPA in minutes per day by self-report. Structure equation modeling was used to examine the associations between parental support for PA and children's MVPA minutes.Results: The overall mean for MVPA participation time for the child participants was 48.82 ± 28.71 min/day. Significant associations between various forms of parental support and MVPA among children were found. Parental encouragement, accompanying, financial support, involvement,and role modeling for PA were positively associated with a high level of student MVPA participation. Parental PA knowledge-sharing was not associated with MVPA. The patterns of the associations were similar across sex, residence locale(i.e., urban and rural), and school grades(primary,junior middle, and junior high schools).Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that, among Chinese school children, parental support for PA is important in promoting and facilitating children's participation in MVPA.

Effectiveness of overuse injury prevention programs on upper extremity performance in overhead youth athletes:A systematic review

Several targeted upper extremity injury prevention programs have been developed to mitigate the risk of upper extremity overuse injuries among youth athletes in overhead sports;however,their effectiveness on performance outcome measures has not been investigated.This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of existing upper extremity injury prevention programs that focused on modifying intrinsic risk factors,and performance outcome measures in overhead youth athletes.The secondary aim was to identify the training components of these programs.PubMed,Physiotherapy Evidence Database(PEDro),SPORTDiscus(via EBSCOhost),and Web of Science were searched from January 2000 to November 2020 for studies that implemented training programs or exercises for upper extremity injury prevention among youth athletes in overhead throwing or striking sports.An updated search was conducted from December 2020 to October 2022.A program was deemed effective for a performance outcome measure if significant improvements were observed in the intervention group as compared to the control group.Of the 1394 studies identified,five studies met the inclusion criteria.The effectiveness of the injury prevention programs on the identified performance outcome measures of strength,mobility,and sport-specific measures were 30.4%,28.6%,and 22.2%,respectively.The training components targeted were strength,mobility,and plyometrics.Strength was the most common training component and was also the most widely investigated performance outcome measure.Overall,current upper extremity injury prevention programs seem effective at improving performance outcome measures of strength,mobility,and sport-specific outcomes with training components of strength,mobility and plyometrics.Standardized protocols are required for the measurement and reporting of performance outcomes measures,and the reporting of training components.

Career Performance Progressions of Junior and Senior Elite Track and Field Athletes

Purpose To compare and assess differences in the career performance progressions of elite junior and Olympic track and field athletes.Methods Annual best performances from top 8 men and women(e.g.finalists)in track and field events at the 2000 World Junior Championships(junior cohort)and the 2000 Olympic Games(Olympic cohort)were examined.Annual bests of these finalists were tracked each year from select groups:sprints(100 m,200 m),distance(1500 m,5000 m),jumps(long jump,high jump),throws(discus,shot put).Age of best lifetime performance,age of final posted performance,and improvement from junior-age best to lifetime best performance were compared between groups.Results Olympic finalists achieved lifetime best performances at later ages than junior finalists[26.0±4.0 years vs.21.1±3.5 years;age difference 90%CI(3.7-5.2 years),P<0.001],and this significant age difference between cohorts was found within all four groups.Olympic finalists improved from under-20 best to lifetime best more so than junior finalists[6.1±4.8%vs.2.5±2.3%;Age difference 90%CI(2.5-4.8%),P<0.001].Of 130 junior finalists,54 did not improve after age 19,while 19 of 128 Olympic finalists posted no improvement after age 19.Conclusion The data suggest that these two populations have different career performance progressions and challenge the notion that achieving elite success as a junior athlete is a prerequisite for the same success at the senior level.