The Effect of Alumina Content on Fracture Property of All-ceramics Zirconia

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect ofA1203 content on the fracture property of all-ceramics ZrO2. To improve the all-ceramics ZrO2 restoration mechanics properity ,96 samples containing 0,5,10 and 15 wt% of A1203 particles were prepared by cold isostatic pressing （200 MPa） and 1 550 ℃ sintered .The phase was analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis and the bulk densities of the samples were made using Archimedes principle. Samples were randomly divided into four groups. In each group, 24 specimens were prepared so that the angle between notch and specimen＇s long axis is 90° and 60°. Notch depths were 1 mm for all samples. Samples were loaded with three-point bending method. 90° cut samples were used to measure fracture toughness while 60°cut samples were used to observe fracture curve by taking points on the fracture extension path under microscope, plotting points on coordinates, generating fitting curve by software ＂Origin＂, and analyzing the microstructure of the specimen fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.The results show that the increment ofA1203 has insignificant effect on the densification of all-ceramic ZrO2.XRD analysis shows that the specimen is comprised of t-ZrO2 and a- A1203 before fracture while fracture surface is m-ZrO2, t-ZrO2 and a-A1203. ZrO2 containing 10% A1203 has the optimum mechanical properties and unconspicuous crack propagation and distribution. The observations may provide a reference for the materials selection, shaoe design, and production orocess of all-ceramic crown and bridge.

Mechanical Properties of a new Dental all-ceramic Material-zirconia Toughened Nanometer-ceramic Composite

目的 :口腔全瓷修复体以其独特优越性受到医患青睐 ,但脆性问题一直限制其应用范围及使用可靠性。本研究旨在研制用于玻璃渗透全瓷修复的纳米氧化锆增韧陶瓷并全面检测评价其力学性能。方法 :采用化学共沉淀与球磨相结合的方法合成纳米氧化锆增韧陶瓷 (α -Al2 O3 /nZrO2 ceramicspowder ,W) ,扫描电镜评价陶瓷材料的粉体形态特征及粒度分布。预制氧化锆含量不同的陶瓷粉体 (5wt% ,10wt% ,15wt%and 2 0wt% ) ,采用粉浆涂塑技术将材料制成标准试件 ,并在不同温度下 (12 0 0～ 16 0 0℃ )烧结成型 ,用三点弯曲法及单边刀口梁法检测材料试件的抗弯强度和断裂韧性。结果 :1)α -Al2 O3 /nZrO2 材料粉体粒度分布范围大致为 0 .0 2～ 3.0 μm ,其中超细粉体 (低于 0 .1μm)占 2 0 % ;2 )不同烧结温度组试件的力学强度有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,14 5 0℃和 16 0 0℃组高于12 0 0℃组 ;3)相同烧结温度下不同氧化锆含量组材料强度有显著差异 ,一定范围内氧化锆含量增高有助于材料的增韧增强。结论 :本研究所研制的纳米氧化锆增韧陶瓷材料组分配比及微观特征能增韧增强材料 。

Influence of Abutment Material on the Stress of Implant-supported All-ceramic Single Crown

In order to investigate the influence of abutment material on the stress of implant-supported all-ceramic single crown, a 3D finite element model of implant-supported mandibular first premolar was computed by COSMOS/M 2.85 software. Alumina, zirconia, and titanium were used as abutment materials respectively. Vertical 600 N and horizontal 225 N load was applied on the occlusal surface. The results show that the stress distribution of implant-supported single crown was similar for different abutment materials. Maximum stresses within the crown were higher when titanium abutment was used. Maximum stress of titanium abutment was lower than that of ceramic abutment. Within the screw and fixture, maximum stresses had no difference under vertical loading but higher as titanium abutment was used under horizontal loading. There was no difference of maximum stress within the bone when different abutment materials were used. The present findings indicate that the abutment material had no influence on the stress distribution of implant-supported all- ceramic single crown but maximum stress when the titanium abutment was lower than that of ceramic abutment.

Influence of Different Luting Agents on the Stress Distributions of Implant-supported All-ceramic Single Crown

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different luting agents on the stress distribution within the crown, abutment and peri-implant bone of implant-supported all-ceramic single crown. A three-dimensional finite element model of an implant-supported single crown for the first premolar of mandible was created by COSMOS 2.85. Resin-modified glass ionomer and two different resin adhesives were used to cement the crown and abutment. Vertical 600 N and horizontal 225 N loads were applied to stimulate the condition of chewing. The stress distributions within the all-ceramic crown, abutment and peri-implant bone were analyzed. The experimental results show that the stress distributions of all-ceramic crown, abutment, implant and peri-implant bone were similar when different luting agents were used. The result of present study indicated that luting agents had no influence on the stress distributions of implant-supported all-ceramic single crown.

Insightful Understanding of the Role of the Mechanical Properties in Defining the Reliability of All-Ceramic Dental Restorations: A Review

Since the last two decades, restorative dentistry has been witnessing an increased acceptance of the use of the well-known all-ceramic materials for the fabrication of single dental restorations, such as inlays, onlays, crowns, anterior and posterior fixed partial dentures (PFPDs). These restorations certainly offer the potential for better biocompatibility coupled with superior aesthetic qualities, especially when compared with the conventional prostheses made from porcelain that is fused with metal ceramic restorations. However, brittleness and extreme sensitivity of all-ceramic materials to micro-like defects or cracks that are inherently present, or may grow, in their microstructure during different laboratory fabrication steps, during necessary clinical adjustments, or from post-placement chewing activity, remain major shortcomings of these dental restorations. In fact, many researchers are of the opinion that the improved mechanical properties can significantly improve the lifetime of all-ceramic restorations and result in enhanced reliability. Therefore, efforts of researchers, as well as manufacturers, have been directed towards the improvement of the mechanical properties in order to overcome such limitations. This article reviews the characterization of the most important mechanical properties that can delineate the behavior of all-ceramic dental materials upon loading. These include fracture mechanics, the brittle nature of ceramics, the relationship between microstructural features and fracture behavior, sources of cracks and flaws that may initiate a fracture and the effect of different fabrication procedures and/or clinical adjustments on the mechanical behavior of dental ceramics are also reviewed and discussed.

Study on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Deformation Damage Process of Zirconia Ceramics

Zirconia ceramics have become increasingly widely used in recent years and are favored by relevant enterprises. From the traditional dental field to aerospace, parts manufacturing has been used, but there is limited research on the deformation and damage process of zirconia ceramics. This article analyzes the acoustic emission characteristics of each stage of ceramic damage from the perspective of acoustic emission, and explores its deformation process characteristics from multiple perspectives such as time domain, frequency, and EWT modal analysis. It is concluded that zirconia ceramics exhibit higher brittleness and acoustic emission strength than alumina ceramics, and when approaching the fracture, it tends to generate lower frequency acoustic emission signals.

稀土元素Er、Yb和Y掺杂ZrO_(2)的第一性原理研究

氧化锆具有声子能量低,介电常数高和带隙较宽等优良特性,并且立方相的氧化锆(cZrO_(2))透光率高,适合作为上转换发光材料的基质.采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理平面波赝势法研究了稀土元素Er、Yb和Y掺杂cZrO_(2)的电子结构和光学性质.计算结果显示,掺入Y元素后,cZrO_(2)转变为直接带隙材料,继续掺入Er和Yb原子后,费米能级移动到价带内,带隙显著减小.Y和Er混掺后,增强了cZrO_(2)在近红外波段的吸收能力.继续掺入Yb后,cZrO_(2)对近红外波段的吸收能力有了进一步地增加.

不同材料种植体修复单颗上前牙缺失的三维有限元分析

背景:种植修复已成为治疗前牙缺失的重要手段,选取合适的种植修复材料尤为重要,但目前临床应用的种植体材料均存在一定的不足,研究者们一直在探索合适的种植体材料。目的:对比不同材料种植体修复单颗上前牙缺失的生物力学特征。方法:将1例单颗上颌中切牙缺失患者的锥形束CT数据导入3-matic软件建立单颗上前牙缺失的三维有限元分析模型,将模型导入Marc Mentat中,根据不同的种植体材料(聚醚醚酮、钛锆合金、钛合金和氧化锆,4种材料的弹性模量依次升高)及松质骨密度(高密度、低密度)共设计8组种植体修复模型,模拟正中咬合时上前牙受力情况,比较分析种植体位移、应力以及骨皮质应力和骨松质应变。结果与结论:(1)随着种植体材料弹性模量的增加,种植体的最大位移逐渐降低,聚醚醚酮组种植体最大位移数值超过了10μm;模型中种植体应力集中于唇侧颈部,随着种植体材料弹性模量的增加,种植体最大应力逐渐增大,其中氧化锆-低密度骨质组模型种植体应力最高,达21.31 MPa;所有模型的皮质骨应力均集中于与种植体交界的唇侧皮质骨,聚醚醚酮-低密度骨质组皮质骨应力最高,为29.90 MPa。(2)从生物力学角度来看,钛锆合金、钛合金、氧化锆均可用作修复单颗上前牙缺失的种植体材料,但单纯聚醚醚酮材料在上前牙区种植修复时可能会引起种植体位移过大,导致种植失败。

锆基气凝胶的制备及性能

高温隔热材料的开发和应用在减少能源消耗、降低排放以及实现碳中和等方面发挥至关重要的作用。文中以锆盐为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法结合超临界二氧化碳干燥技术制备ZrO_(2)(氧化锆)、ZrO_(2)/SiO_(2)(氧化锆/氧化硅)、YSZ(钇稳定氧化锆)、YSZ/SiO_(2)(硅掺杂钇稳定氧化锆)4种锆基气凝胶。选用最优的促凝剂,研究不同溶剂体系和掺杂钇、氧化硅对锆基气凝胶性能的影响。采用比表面积及孔径分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对气凝胶结构和微观形貌进行表征。结果表明:引入乙酰丙酮可以改善凝胶效果;同时,不同溶剂体系的气凝胶多点比表面积均>400 m^(2)/g。1 000℃热处理后,4种锆基气凝胶出现了不同程度的结晶现象;通过纯ZrO_(2)气凝胶与ZrO_(2)/SiO_(2)、YSZ/SiO_(2)气凝胶的对比发现,掺杂钇、氧化硅可有效抑制ZrO_(2)高温热处理过程中的晶体生长和晶相转变,对提高锆基气凝胶的耐温性有积极作用。

口腔种植修复中钛基底氧化锆基台的制作和力学性能

背景:随着计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造技术的发展,钛基底氧化锆基台因具备良好的应用优势被广泛运用于临床,但仍存在一些问题,尚缺乏共识性的设计标准。目的:综述钛基底氧化锆基台的制作方法及基台连接、穿龈设计、基台角度和粘接对钛基底氧化锆基台各类力学性能的影响。方法:检索Pub Med数据库和中国知网2010-2023年发表的相关文献,检索词为“zirconia abutment,titanium base;氧化锆基台,钛基底”,部分经典文献延长检索时间限制,通过纳入和排除标准获取相关文献,对57篇符合标准的文献进行综述。结果与结论:建议临床医生尽量选择具有抗旋结构的基台连接或是具有莫氏锥度的非抗旋连接,当运用钛基底氧化锆基台时,种植体应放置在正确的轴向角度(植体轴向向唇侧倾斜角度不超过15°或略向腭侧倾斜);当植体轴向向唇侧倾斜角度≥30°时,应当适当降低咬合力,以降低种植体、基台及修复体机械并发症和生物并发症的风险;应尽可能选择穿龈高度较高的钛基底,并且其穿龈角度不应超过40°。Multilink Hybrid Abutment可以作为氧化锆基台与钛基底口外粘结的首选粘接剂。

不同基台材料在上颌单颗前牙缺失修复中的应用效果及对骨吸收量的影响

目的:探讨不同基台材料在上颌前牙区单颗牙齿缺失种植修复中的应用效果及对骨吸收量的影响。方法:选取2021年5月-2022年10月笔者医院收治的98例上颌前牙区单颗缺失患者,根据基台材料分为A组(n=49)和B组(n=49),两组均进行前牙单颗牙种植修复,A组采用纯钛基台,B组采用氧化锆基台。比较两组骨吸收量、软组织健康情况、修复效果及患者的生活质量。结果:修复后1个月,B组骨吸收量低于A组(P<0.05);修复后6个月,两组骨吸收量均高于修复后1个月,且B组骨吸收量低于A组(P<0.05);修复后1个月,两组菌斑指数(Plaque index,PLI)、牙龈指数(Gingival index,GI)水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);修复后6个月,两组PLI、GI水平较修复后1个月均升高,但A组PLI、GI水平较B组更高(P<0.05);修复后6个月,B组红色美学指数(Pink esthetic score,PES)及白色美学指数(White esthetic score,WES)评分均高于A组(P<0.05);修复后6个月,两组口腔健康影响程度量表(Oral health impact profile,OHIP-14)评分较修复前均降低,且B组OHIP-14评分低于A组(P<0.05)。结论:应用纯钛基台和氧化锆基台均能有效修复上颌前牙区单颗牙缺损,且氧化锆基台修复效果更好,种植后近期骨吸收量较少,能有效减少种植体周围炎症的发生,提高患者生活质量。

Effect of Self-adhesive Resin Cement and Tribochemical Treatment on Bond Strength to Zirconia

Aim To evaluate the interactive effects of different self- adhesive resin cements and tribochemical treatment on bond strength to zirconia. Methodology The following self-adhesive resin cements for bonding two zirconia blocks were evaluated： Maxcem （MA）, Smartcem （SM）, Rely X Unicem Aplicap （UN）, Breeze （BR）, Biscem （BI）, Set （SE）, and Clearfil SA luting （CL）. The specimens were grouped according to conditioning as follows： Group 1, polishing with 600 grit polishing paper; Group 2, silica coating with 110 μm Al2O3 particles which modified with silica; and, Group 3, tribochemical treatment - silica coating ＋ silanization. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37℃ for 24 hours before testing shear bond strength. Results Silica coating and tribochemical treatment significantly increased the bond strength of the MA, UN, BR, B1, SE and CL to zirconia compared to #600 polishing. For both #600 polished and silica coating treatments, MDP- containing self-adhesive resin cement CL had the highest bond strengths to zirconia. Conclusion Applying silica coating and tribochemical treatment improved the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to zirconia, especially for CL.

A strategy to obtain a high-density and high-strength zirconia ceramic via ceramic injection molding by the modification of oleic acid

Despite its unique high efficiency and good environmental compatibility, the water-soluble binder system still encounters problems achieving a desired sintered part via ceramic injection molding because of the poor compatibility and the powder-binder segregation between ceramic powders and binders. The objective of this study was to obtain a sintered part with excellent properties by introducing a small quantity of oleic acid to the surface of zirconia powders before the mixing process. As opposed to many previous investigations that focused only on the rheological behavior and modification mechanism, the sintering behavior and densification process were systematically investigated in this study. With the modified powders, debound parts with a more homogeneous and smaller pore size distribution were fabricated. Also, a higher density and greater flexural strength were achieved in the sintered parts fabricated using the modified powders.

Preparation and film-growing mechanism of hydrous zirconia coated on TiO_2

To overcome the photochemical activity of rutile used as a pigment and improve its durability in application, hydrous zirconia-coated TiO2 was prepared by the precipitation method. High-resolution transmission electron microscope （HRTEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） were used to characterize the morphology and surface structure of hydrous zirconia-coated TiO2. The ζ-potential and ultraviolet （UV） absorption of both coated and uncoated rutile were examined. The results show that hydrous zirconia can not only improve the durability but also raise the lightness. A suitable ZrO2 content of hydrous zirconia-coated TiO2 is about 1.0wt%, and a dense film on the surface of rutile can be formed with better pigmentary properties. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the zirconia-coating process and the film growth mechanism were discussed.

Sodium modification of zirconia catalysts for ethanol coupling to 1-butanol

The influences of adding sodium to zirconia on the acid-base properties of the surface and on the catalytic conversion of ethanol and acetone were investigated. The rates of ethanol dehydration, dehydrogenation and coupling were evaluated in a fixed-bed flow reactor operating at temperatures from 613 to 673 K. The rate of acetone condensation was evaluated in the same reactor operating at 473-573 K. Addition of 1.0 wt% Na to ZrO2 decreased the rate of ethanol dehydration by more than an order of magnitude, which was consistent with a neutralization of acid sites evaluated by ammonia adsorption microcalorimetry. Addition of 1.0 wt% Na to ZrO2 also increased the base site density quantified by carbon dioxide adsorption microcalorimetry and the rate of acetone condensation. Although the rate of ethanol coupling was not increased by the addition of Na, the overall selectivity of ethanol to butanol was improved over the 1.0 wt% Na/ZrO2 sample because of the significant inhibition of ethanol dehydration.

Preparation and characterization of mesoporous tetragonal sulfated zirconia

Mesoporous tetragonal sulfated zirconia with high surface area and narrow pore-size distribution was prepared using Zr（O-nPr）4 as zirconium precursor, sulfuric acid as sulfur source and triblock copolymer poly（ethylene glycol）-poly（propylene glycol）- poly（ethylene glycol） （P123） as the template. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption, TEM, and NH3- TPD. A phase transformation from monoclinic sulfated zirconia to tetragonal sulfated zirconia is observed. The product shows strong acidity.C2009 Bin Yue. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Preliminary Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Nanocrystalline Zirconia

A novel method to prepare mesoporous nano-zirconia was developed. Thesynthesis was carried out in the presence of PEO surfactants via a solid-state reaction. Thematerials exhibit a strong diffraction peak at low 2θ angle and their nitrogenadsorption/desorption isotherms are typical of type IV with H1 hysteresis loops. The pore structureimaged by TEM can be described as wormhole domains. The tetragonal zirconia nanocrystals are uniformin size (around 1.5 nm) and their mesopores focus on around 4.6 nm. The zirconia nanocrystal growthis tentatively postulated to be the result of an aggregation mechanism. This study also revealsthat the PEO surfactants can interact with the Zr-O-Zr framework to reinforce the thermal stabilityof zirconia. The ratio of NaOH to ZrOCl_2, crystallization and calcination temperature play animportant role in the synthesis of mesoporous nano-zirconia.

Industrial growth of yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia crystals by skull melting process

We reported the development of a Ф100 cm growth apparatus for skull melting growth of yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia(YSZ) crystals and more than 1000 kg crystals have been grown in the furnace each time.The growth conditions were optimized and the structure of the as-grown crystals was characterized by X-ray diffraction.The transmittance of 15 mol.% yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia crystal was nearly 80% in the range of 400–1600 nm.The refractive indices were measured and fitted the Sellmeier equation whi...

Preparation and sintering properties of zirconia-mullite-corundum composites using fly ash and zircon

Zirconia-mullite-corundum composites were successfully prepared from fly ash,zircon and alumina powder by a reaction sintering process.The phase and microstructure evolutions of the composite synthesized at desired temperatures of 1 400,1 500 and 1 600°C for 4 h were characterized by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electronic microscopy,respectively.The influences of sintering temperature on shrinkage ratio,apparent porosity and bulk density of the synthesized composite were investigated.The formation process of the composites was discussed in detail.The results show that the zirconia-mullite-corundum composites with good sintering properties can be prepared at 1 600°C for 4 h.Zirconia particles can be homogeneously distributed in mullite matrix,and the zirconia particles are around 5μm.The formation process of zirconia-mullite-corundum composites consists of decomposition of zircon and mullitization process.

A review of C_1 chemistry synthesis using yttrium-stabilized zirconia catalyst

C1 chemistry based on synthesis gas, methane, and carbon dioxide offers many routes to industrial chemicals. The reactions related to the synthesis of gas can be classified into direct and indirect approach for making such products, such as acetic acid, dimethyl ether, and alcohol. Catalytic syngas processing is currently done at high temperatures and pressures, conditions that could be unfavorable for the life of the catalyst. Another issue of C1 chemistry is related to the methane-initiated process. It has been known that direct methane conversions are still suffering from low yields and selectivity of products resulting in unprofitable ways to produce products, such as higher hydrocarbons, methanol, and so on. However, many experts and researchers are still trying to find the best method to overcome these barriers, for example, by finding the best catalyst to reduce the high-energy barrier of the reactions and conduct only selective catalyst-surface reactions. The appli- cation of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia （YSZ） and its combination with other metals for catalyzing purposes are increasing. The existence of an interesting site that acts as oxygen store could be the main reason for it. Moreover, formation of intermediate species on the surface of YSZ also contributes significantly in increasing the production of some specific products. Understanding the phenomena happening inside could be necessary. In this article, the use of YSZ for some C1 chemistry reactions was discussed and reviewed.