Modeling and Comprehensive Review of Signaling Storms in 3GPP-Based Mobile Broadband Networks:Causes,Solutions,and Countermeasures

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband networks.However,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing power.There have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial losses.This paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling storms.In this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and countermeasures.We provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding solutions.Another important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a table.This paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference publication.To our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.

Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments Based on a Simulation Model of Air Traffic Flow Optimization in Panama

There is a growing in number of operations in aviation all over the world.This growing is increasing the necessity of innovation and new technology to respond the increment of the demand.As a respond of this demand,FAA(Federal Aviation Administration)is working with NextGen in the United States and the EUROCONTROL is implementing the Point Merge as solution in the air traffic flow management in Europe.However,the FAA alternative and EUROCONTROL alternative are not mutually exclusive since Panama,a small country in Latin America,is trying to use a combination between the vectoring approach and the Point Merge in the air traffic flow management.In addition,the AAC(Autoridad de Aereonautica Civil)and the Tocumen(Tocumen International Airport)are working in a continuous collaboration between FAA and Panama with the mutual challenge to improve the actual system.As a result,the main airline of Panama,the Compania Panamena de Aviacion(COPA Airlines),and the Autoridad de Aeronautica Civil(AAC)constructed a simulation model to select an air traffic flow alternative that can be able to change the actual situation.In other words,COPA Airlines and AAC are pursuing the minimization of the numbers of conflicts,the number of sequence actions,the flight time,the track flight distance and the fuel burn.Furthermore,this study aims to use the final draft of this previous analysis based on a simulation methodology to conduct a Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments with the final objective to increment the statistical significance of the actual model.

Assessing Air Traffic Management Performance Interdependencies through Bayesian Networks： Preliminary Applications and Results

The performance model proposed by this study represents an innovative approach to deal with performance assessment in ATM （air traffic management）. It is based on Bayesian networks methodology, which presents several advantages but also some drawbacks as highlighted along the paper. We illustrate the main steps required for building the model and present a number of interesting results. The contribution of the paper is two-fold： （1） It presents a new methodological approach to deal with a problem which is of strategic importance for ANSPs （air navigation service providers）; （2） It provides insights on the interdependencies between factors influencing performance. Both results are considered particularly important nowadays, due to the SES （Single European Sky） performance scheme and its related target setting process.

T-ATMChain:Blockchain-Based Identity Authentication for Air Traffic Management

The air traffic management(ATM)system is an intelligent system,which integrates the ground computer network,airborne network and space satellite(communication and navigation)network by the ground-air data link system.Due to the openness and widely distribution of ATM system,the trust relationship of all parties in the system is pretty complex.At present,public key infrastructure(PKI)based identity authentication method is more and more difficult to meet the growing demand of ATM service.First,through the analysis of the organizational structure and operation mode of ATM system,this paper points out the existing identity authentication security threats in ATM system,and discusses the advantages of adopting blockchain technology in ATM system.Further,we briefly analyze some shortcomings of the current PKI-based authentication system in ATM.Particularly,to address the authentication problem,this paper proposes and presents a trusted ATM Security Authentication Model and authentication protocol based on blockchain.Finally,this paper makes a comprehensive analysis and simulation of the proposed security authentication scheme,and gets the expected effect.

Cluster DetectionMethod of Endogenous Security Abnormal Attack Behavior in Air Traffic Control Network

In order to enhance the accuracy of Air Traffic Control(ATC)cybersecurity attack detection,in this paper,a new clustering detection method is designed for air traffic control network security attacks.The feature set for ATC cybersecurity attacks is constructed by setting the feature states,adding recursive features,and determining the feature criticality.The expected information gain and entropy of the feature data are computed to determine the information gain of the feature data and reduce the interference of similar feature data.An autoencoder is introduced into the AI(artificial intelligence)algorithm to encode and decode the characteristics of ATC network security attack behavior to reduce the dimensionality of the ATC network security attack behavior data.Based on the above processing,an unsupervised learning algorithm for clustering detection of ATC network security attacks is designed.First,determine the distance between the clustering clusters of ATC network security attack behavior characteristics,calculate the clustering threshold,and construct the initial clustering center.Then,the new average value of all feature objects in each cluster is recalculated as the new cluster center.Second,it traverses all objects in a cluster of ATC network security attack behavior feature data.Finally,the cluster detection of ATC network security attack behavior is completed by the computation of objective functions.The experiment took three groups of experimental attack behavior data sets as the test object,and took the detection rate,false detection rate and recall rate as the test indicators,and selected three similar methods for comparative test.The experimental results show that the detection rate of this method is about 98%,the false positive rate is below 1%,and the recall rate is above 97%.Research shows that this method can improve the detection performance of security attacks in air traffic control network.

Modeling of 3-D Air Traffic Complexity Based on Route Structure Constraints

It is an important issue to assess traffic situation complexity for air traffic management.There is a lack of systematic review of the existing air traffic complexity assessment methods,and there is no consideration of the role of airspace and traffic coordination mechanism.A new 3-D airspace complexity measurement method is proposed based on route structure constraints to evaluate the air traffic complexity objectively.Firstly,the model of the impact on horizontal and vertical direction for“aircraft pair”is established based on the route guidance.After that,the coupled complexity model for 3-D airspace is given according to the modification on the model in terms of flight standardization.Finally,the global model of the airspace traffic complexity is established.It is proved by the experimental data from the actual operation in airspace that the proposed model can reflect the space coupling situation and complexity of aircraft.At the same time,it can precisely describe the actual operation of civil aviation in China.

SESAR:The Past,Present,and Future of European Air Traffic Management Research

The Single European Sky Air Traffic management(ATM)Research(SESAR)project is the technological pillar of the European Commission’s Single European Sky Initiative to modernize ATM.Here,we describe the process of establishing SESAR and the main parts of the project:the research and development(R&D)part,which is led by the SESAR Joint Undertaking;the deployment part,which is managed by the SESAR Deployment Manager;and the European ATM Master Plan,which collects and lays out both the R&D and deployment needs.The latest European ATM Master Plan was adopted just prior to the current pandemic.The huge loss in air traffic due to the pandemic,and the speed of the recovery of the aviation industry will require reprioritization,but the main elements that have been established-particularly those in support of the environment-remain valid.

Review on artificial intelligence techniques for improving representative air traffic management capability

The use of artificial intelligence(AI)has increased since the middle of the 20th century,as evidenced by its applications to a wide range of engineering and science problems.Air traffic management(ATM)is becoming increasingly automated and autonomous,making it lucrative for AI applications.This paper presents a systematic review of studies that employ AI techniques for improving ATM capability.A brief account of the history,structure,and advantages of these methods is provided,followed by the description of their applications to several representative ATM tasks,such as air traffic services(ATS),airspace management(AM),air traffic flow management(ATFM),and flight operations(FO).The major contribution of the current review is the professional survey of the AI application to ATM alongside with the description of their specific advantages:(i)these methods provide alternative approaches to conventional physical modeling techniques,(ii)these methods do not require knowing relevant internal system parameters,(iii)these methods are computationally more efficient,and(iv)these methods offer compact solutions to multivariable problems.In addition,this review offers a fresh outlook on future research.One is providing a clear rationale for the model type and structure selection for a given ATM mission.Another is to understand what makes a specific architecture or algorithm effective for a given ATM mission.These are among the most important issues that will continue to attract the attention of the AI research community and ATM work teams in the future.

En-route Sector Complexity Control Strategies in Air Traffic Management

Along with the rapid development of air traffic, the contradiction between conventional air traffic management(ATM)and the increasingly complex air traffic situations is more severe,which essentially reduces the operational efficiency of air transport systems. Thus,objectively measuring the air traffic situation complexity becomes a concern in the field of ATM. Most existing studies focus on air traffic complexity assessment,and rarely on the scientific guidance of complex traffic situations. According to the projected time of aircraft arriving at the target sector boundary,we formulated two control strategies to reduce the air traffic complexity. The strategy of entry time optimization was applied to the controllable flights in the adjacent upstream sectors. In contrast,the strategy of flying dynamic speed optimization was applied to the flights in the target sector. During the process of solving complexity control models,we introduced a physical programming method. We transformed the multi-objective optimization problem involving complexity and delay to single-objective optimization problems by designing different preference function. Actual data validated the two complexity control strategies can eliminate the high-complexity situations in reality. The control strategy based on the entry time optimization was more efficient than that based on the speed dynamic optimization. A basic framework for studying air traffic complexity management was preliminarily established. Our findings will help the implementation of a complexity-based ATM.

Traffic Characteristics Based Dynamic Radio Resource Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

The traffic with tidal phenomenon in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks(HWNs)has radically increased the complexity of radio resource management and its performance analysis.In this paper,a Simplified Dynamic Hierarchy Resource Management(SDHRM)algorithm exploiting the resources dynamically and intelligently is proposed with the consideration of tidal traffic.In network-level resource allocation,the proposed algorithm first adopts wavelet neural network to forecast the traffic of each sub-area and then allocates the resources to those sub-areas to maximise the network utility.In connection-level network selection,based on the above resource allocation and the pre-defined QoS requirement,three typical network selection policies are provided to assign traffic flow to the most appropriate network.Furthermore,based on multidimensional Markov model,we analyse the performance of SDHRM in HWNs with heavy tailed traffic.Numerical results show that our theoretical values coincide with the simulation results and the SDHRM can improve the resource utilization.

Evolution of Air Traffic Management Concept of Operations and Its Impact on the System Architecture

The air traffic management system(ATM)has the task of ensuring safe,orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.The ATM system architecture is very much dependent on the concept of operations(ConOps).Over the years the evolution in ConOps has resulted in changes in the ATM′s physical architecture,improving its physical infrastructure,increasing the levels of automation and making operational changes to improve air traffic flow,to cope with increasing demand for air travel.However,what is less clear is the impact of such changes in ConOps on the ATM′s functional architecture.This is vital for ensuring optimality in the implementation of the physical architecture components to support the ATM functions.This paper reviews the changes in the ConOps over the years,proposes a temporally invariant ATM functional model,and discusses some of the main key technologies expected to make significant improvements to the ATM system.

基于移动代理的宽带电力线通信网络管理模型研究

随着宽带电力线通信网络的不断扩大和普及,宽带电力线通信网络管理的研究已成为新的问题。该文首先简要分析宽带电力线通信网络管理范围以及宽带电力线通信网络系统中网元类型和所具有的特性,然后对几种新型的网络管理方式进行了比较,根据移动代理技术和Web 技术的思想以及其在网络管理的应用,采用了基于移动代理的网管平台,使用了三种不同的Agent,即常驻代理(Stationary Agent)和信使代理(MessengerAgent) 及负责激活Stationary Agent和调度Messenger Agent 的网管中心Agent,给出了基于Agent 平台的网管系统结构,并在此基础上提出了基于Web和移动代理的宽带电力线通信网络管理结构模型,并且从响应时间和流量两个方面分析并验证了该模型相对于传统的SNMP 模型在性能上的优越性。所设计的模型提高了宽带电力线网络的性能,增强了网管功能的灵活性,为电力线宽带网络管理系统设计提供了技术支持和依据。

Human Resource Management:A Case Study of the Air Traffic Controller Strike in 1981

The article discusses several hemispheres of human resource management based on a typical case review. The study presents the main problems of the case from both employees and organizations; the issued problems involve compensations and benefits,restructuring,job design,and training. Based on the analysis of the case,two alternative solutions state that the potential routes for the organizations to avoid serious negative results. The study introduces a number of recommendations that can be used as a reference for other organizations to avoid similar risks.

Ontology-Based Approach for Human Competency Gap Analysis in Air Traffic Management:A Case Study of Georgia

The Global Air Navigation Plan is a flexible global engineering approach that allows all States to advance their Air Navigation capacities based on their specific operational requirements.Aviation professionals have an essential role in the transition to,and successful implementation of the GANP.The research work is focused on the creation of methodology for the partial automation of the comparison competences of Air Traffic Management(ATM)personal and synthesis of training courses and modules,using a formal,ontology-based approach as a tool to solve these problems.One of the problems in the implementation of the GANP is that,on the one hand,there are currently no unified requirements for all categories of ATM personnel,and on the other hand,the development of ATM technologies is far ahead of the pace of training of personnel of appropriate qualifications.This problem becomes even more noticeable in countries that have just started an active modernization of ATC systems and do not have enough experience in this field.The paper describes the general methodological approach based on the education ontology modelling for human competency gap analysis in ATM and for gap analysis between the university curricula outcomes and the ATM requirements.The ontology of key personnel competencies issues for the design and integration of large-scale future ATM programmes is proposed.

Neural Network-Powered License Plate Recognition System Design

The development of scientific inquiry and research has yielded numerous benefits in the realm of intelligent traffic control systems, particularly in the realm of automatic license plate recognition for vehicles. The design of license plate recognition algorithms has undergone digitalization through the utilization of neural networks. In contemporary times, there is a growing demand for vehicle surveillance due to the need for efficient vehicle processing and traffic management. The design, development, and implementation of a license plate recognition system hold significant social, economic, and academic importance. The study aims to present contemporary methodologies and empirical findings pertaining to automated license plate recognition. The primary focus of the automatic license plate recognition algorithm was on image extraction, character segmentation, and recognition. The task of character segmentation has been identified as the most challenging function based on my observations. The license plate recognition project that we designed demonstrated the effectiveness of this method across various observed conditions. Particularly in low-light environments, such as during periods of limited illumination or inclement weather characterized by precipitation. The method has been subjected to testing using a sample size of fifty images, resulting in a 100% accuracy rate. The findings of this study demonstrate the project’s ability to effectively determine the optimal outcomes of simulations.

Influential Node Ranking and Invulnerability of Air Traffic Cyber Physical System

To ensure flight safety,the complex network method is used to study the influence and invulnerability of air traffic cyber physical system(CPS)nodes.According to the rules of air traffic management,the logical coupling relationship between routes and sectors is analyzed,an air traffic CPS network model is constructed,and the indicators of node influence and invulnerability are established.The K-shell algorithm is improved to identify node influence,and the invulnerability is analyzed under random and selective attacks.Taking Airspace in Eastern China as an example,its influential nodes are sorted by degree,namely,K-shell,the improved K-shell(IKS)and betweenness centrality.The invulnerability of air traffic CPS under different attacks is analyzed.Results show that IKS can effectively identify the influential nodes in the air traffic CPS network,and IKS and betweenness centrality are the two key indicators that affect the invulnerability of air traffic CPS.

Air Route Network Generation Based on Traffic Assignment

Air route network is the carrier of air traffic flow,and traffic assignment is a method to verify the rationality of air route network structure.Therefore,air route network generation based on traffic assignment has been becoming the research focus of airspace programming technology.Based on link prediction technology and optimization theory,a bi-level programming model is established in the paper.The model includes an upper level of air route network generation model and a lower level of traffic assignment model.The air route network structure generation incorporates network topology generation algorithm based on link prediction technology and optimal path search algorithm based on preference,and the traffic assignment adopts NSGA-Ⅲalgorithm.Based on the Python platform NetworkX complex network analysis library,a network of 57 airports,383 nodes,and 635 segments within China Airspace Beijing and Shanghai Flight Information Regions and 187975 sorties of traffic are used to simulate the bilevel model.Compared with the existing air route network,the proposed air route network can decrease the cost by 50.624%,lower the flight conflict coefficient by 33.564%,and reduce dynamic non-linear coefficient by 7.830%.

Stochastic Air Traffic Flow Management for Demand and Capacity Balancing Under Capacity Uncertainty

This paper introduces an innovative approach to the synchronized demand-capacity balance with special focus on sector capacity uncertainty within a centrally controlled collaborative air traffic flow management(ATFM)framework.Further with previous study,the uncertainty in capacity is considered as a non-negligible issue regarding multiple reasons,like the impact of weather,the strike of air traffic controllers(ATCOs),the military use of airspace and the spatiotemporal distribution of nonscheduled flights,etc.These recessive factors affect the outcome of traffic flow optimization.In this research,the focus is placed on the impact of sector capacity uncertainty on demand and capacity balancing(DCB)optimization and ATFM,and multiple options,such as delay assignment and rerouting,are intended for regulating the traffic flow.A scenario optimization method for sector capacity in the presence of uncertainties is used to find the approximately optimal solution.The results show that the proposed approach can achieve better demand and capacity balancing and determine perfect integer solutions to ATFM problems,solving large-scale instances(24 h on seven capacity scenarios,with 6255 flights and 8949 trajectories)in 5-15 min.To the best of our knowledge,our experiment is the first to tackle large-scale instances of stochastic ATFM problems within the collaborative ATFM framework.

OPTIMAL FLOW CONTROL PROBLEM IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL:PARTⅠ

The fundamental case is considered in which flights from many destinations must be scheduled for arrival at a single congested airport having limited capacities.An air traffic control(ATC)model is developed in this case.A new and efficient algorithm for the optimal solution of ground holding strategy problem(GHSP)is put forward and verified by a numerical example.

Multipath Routing Mathematical Model to Solve the Traffic Engineering in Multi-Protocol Label Switching Network

Multipath Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a routing mechanism (technology) used in modern telecommunication networks, which is built as a multi-service network with a certain Quality of Service (QoS). To maintain the required QoS in such complicated networks, the Traffic Engineering (TE) should be equipped with optimum traffic management, routing mechanism, and switching operations, which are what this paper tackles, where the TE is identified as the optimal distribution of flows in the existing network. In this paper, an effective multipath routing mathematical model is developed based on several previous mechanisms to ensure the guaranteed desired QoS and loading balance according to the Telecommunication Network Systems (TCS) resources, to achieve the optimum TE, and hence improving the network usage efficiency. Moreover, the obtained mathematical optimization algorithm results are provided through the relative equations. Indeed the developed routing mathematical model in this paper is suitable for the dynamic distribution of information flows, which is the main improvement in the TE achieved in this work.