Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evoluti...Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evolution,shale oil occurrence,and pore/fracture evolution mechanism.In conjunction with a substantial amount of oil testing and production data,the Gulong shale oil enrichment layers are evaluated and the production behaviors and decline law are analyzed.The results are drawn in four aspects.First,the Gulong shales are in the stage of extensive hydrocarbon expulsion when R_(0) is 1.0%-1.2%,with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of 49.5%approximately.In the low-medium maturity stage,shale oil migrates from kerogen to rocks and organic pores/fractures.In the medium-high maturity stage,shale oil transforms from adsorbed state to free state.Second,the clay mineral intergranular pores/fractures,dissolution pores,and organic pores make up the majority of the pore structure.During the transformation,clay minerals undergo significant intergranular pore/fracture development between the minerals such as illite and illite/smectite mixed layer.A network of pores/fractures is formed by organic matter cracking.Third,free hydrocarbon content,effective porosity,total porosity,and brittle mineral content are the core indicators for the evaluation of shale oil enrichment layers.Class-I layers are defined as free hydrocarbon content equal or greater than 6.0 mg/g,effective porosity equal or greater than 3.5%,total porosity equal or greater than 8.0%,and brittle mineral content equal or greater than 50%.It is believed that the favourable oil layers are Q2-Q3 and Q8-Q9.Fourth,the horizontal wells in the core area of the light oil zone exhibit a high cumulative production in the first year,and present a hyperbolic production decline pattern,with the decline index of 0.85-0.95,the first-year decline rate of 14.5%-26.5%,and the single-well estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)greater than 2.0×10^(4)t.In practical exploration and production,more efforts will be devoted to the clarification of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion mechanisms,accurate testing of porosity and hydrocarbon content/phase of shale under formation conditions,precise delineation of the boundary of enrichment area,relationship between mechanical properties and stimulated reservoir volume,and enhanced oil recovery,in order to improve the EUR and achieve a large-scale,efficient development of shale oil.展开更多
In order to establish the immune procedure for Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and to determine the date for the first immunization on piglets, the growth and decline law of A. pleuropneumonia material antibodies in th...In order to establish the immune procedure for Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and to determine the date for the first immunization on piglets, the growth and decline law of A. pleuropneumonia material antibodies in the piglets borne by cows inoculated with A. pleuropneumonia vaccines （type I, II, and VII） before delivery was detected. The results showed that type I, II, and VII maternal antibodies in piglets decreased gradually with the age growing overall, and was at the critical protection value at the ages of 42-50 days （type I） and 28 days （type VII）, lower than the quantification rate; and the antibodies all turned to be negative until the ages of 70 days （type I）, 60 days （type VII） and 35 days （type II）. The first immunization should be carried out at the age of 42-50 days using type I A. pleuropneumonia vaccine, and at the age of 28 days using type VII A. pleuropneumonia vaccine. However, type II A. pleuropneumonia maternal antibody had lower level and positive rate and could not well protect piglets, so the various A. pleuropneumonia vaccines differed in the date for the first immunization. In order to achieve a better immunization effect, A. pleuropneumonia vaccines with different valences should be further researched and developed.展开更多
AIM:To Introduce a new specialized visual acuity chart for amblyopic children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:The new visual acuity chart and notations were designed based on Weber-Fechner law...AIM:To Introduce a new specialized visual acuity chart for amblyopic children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:The new visual acuity chart and notations were designed based on Weber-Fechner law.The optotypes were red against a white background and were specially shaped four basic geometric symbols:circle,square,triangle,and cross.A regular geometric progression of the optotype sizes and distribution was employed to arrange in 14 lines.The progression rate of the optotype size between two lines was 1.2589 and the testing distance was 3m.Visual acuity score could be recorded as logMAR notation or decimal notation.Agestratified diagnostic criteria for amblyopia established by consensus statement on diagnosis of amblyopia(2011)among members of the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group,Ophthalmology Society,Chinese Medical Association(SPOGOSCMA)were illustrated in the new visual acuity chart.RESULTS:When assessing visual acuity in children aged 3-5 years old,this new visual acuity chart that consists of four symmetrical shapes(triangle,square,cross,and circle)overcame an inability to recognize the letters of the alphabet and difficulties in designating the direction of black abstract symbols such as the tumbling’E’or Landolt’C’,which the subjects were prone to lose interest in.The visual acuity score may be recorded indifferent notations:decimal acuity and logMAR.These two notations can be easily converted each other in the new eye chart.The measurements of this new chart not only showed a significant correlation and a good consistency with the international standard logarithmic visual acuity chart(r=0.932,P【0.01),but also indicated a high test-retest reliability(89%of retest scores were within 0.1 logMAR units of the initial test score).CONCLUSION:The results of this study support the validity and reliability of distance visual acuity measurements using the new eye chart in children aged3 to 5 years over a wide range of visual acuities,and the new eye chart is great for early detection of amblyopia.It can be applied in various clinical settings.展开更多
AIM:To introduce a new near-vision chart for children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:Thenewnear-visionchartwhichcombined the Bailey-Lovie layout with a newly devised set of symmetry symbols w...AIM:To introduce a new near-vision chart for children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:Thenewnear-visionchartwhichcombined the Bailey-Lovie layout with a newly devised set of symmetry symbols was designed based on WeberFechner law.It consists of 15 rows of symmetry symbols,corresponding to a visual acuity range from 1.3 to 0.1logMAR.The optotypes were red against a white background and were specially shaped four basic geometric symbols:circle,square,triangle,and cross,which matched the preschool children’s cognitive level.A regular geometric progression of the optotype sizes and distribution was employed to arrange in 15 lines.The progression rate of the optotype size between two lines was 1.2589 and two smaller groups of optotypes ranging from 0.7 to-0.1 logMAR were included for repetitive testing.A near visual acuity was recorded in logMAR or decimal,and the testing distance was 25 cm.RESULTS:This new near-vision chart with pediatric acuity test optotypes which consists of 4 different symbols(triangle,square,cross,and circle)met the national and international eye chart design guidelines.When performing the near visual acuity assessment in preschoolers(3-5y old).It overcame an inability to recognize the letters of the alphabet and difficulties in designating the direction of black abstract symbols such as the tumbling’E’or Landolt’C’,which the subjects were prone to lose interest in.Near vision may be recorded in different notations:decimal acuity and logMAR.These two notations can be easily convertedeach other in the new near-vision chart.The measurements of this new chart not only showed a significant correlation and a good consistency with the Chinese national standard logarithmic near-vision chart(r=0.932,P【0.01),but also indicated good test-retest reliability(89%of retest scores were within 0.1 logMAR units of the initial test score)and a high response rate.CONCLUSION:The results of this study support the validity and reliability of near visual acuity measurements using the new near-vision chart in children aged 3-5y over a wide range of visual acuities,and the new eye chart was especially suitable for the detection of amblyopia risk factors and low vision examination in children(3-5y of age).It can be applied in routine clinical practice.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Project(42090020,42090025)Strategic Research of Oil and Gas Development Major Project of Ministry of Science and TechnologyPetroChina Scientific Research and Technological Development Project(2019E2601).
文摘Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evolution,shale oil occurrence,and pore/fracture evolution mechanism.In conjunction with a substantial amount of oil testing and production data,the Gulong shale oil enrichment layers are evaluated and the production behaviors and decline law are analyzed.The results are drawn in four aspects.First,the Gulong shales are in the stage of extensive hydrocarbon expulsion when R_(0) is 1.0%-1.2%,with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of 49.5%approximately.In the low-medium maturity stage,shale oil migrates from kerogen to rocks and organic pores/fractures.In the medium-high maturity stage,shale oil transforms from adsorbed state to free state.Second,the clay mineral intergranular pores/fractures,dissolution pores,and organic pores make up the majority of the pore structure.During the transformation,clay minerals undergo significant intergranular pore/fracture development between the minerals such as illite and illite/smectite mixed layer.A network of pores/fractures is formed by organic matter cracking.Third,free hydrocarbon content,effective porosity,total porosity,and brittle mineral content are the core indicators for the evaluation of shale oil enrichment layers.Class-I layers are defined as free hydrocarbon content equal or greater than 6.0 mg/g,effective porosity equal or greater than 3.5%,total porosity equal or greater than 8.0%,and brittle mineral content equal or greater than 50%.It is believed that the favourable oil layers are Q2-Q3 and Q8-Q9.Fourth,the horizontal wells in the core area of the light oil zone exhibit a high cumulative production in the first year,and present a hyperbolic production decline pattern,with the decline index of 0.85-0.95,the first-year decline rate of 14.5%-26.5%,and the single-well estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)greater than 2.0×10^(4)t.In practical exploration and production,more efforts will be devoted to the clarification of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion mechanisms,accurate testing of porosity and hydrocarbon content/phase of shale under formation conditions,precise delineation of the boundary of enrichment area,relationship between mechanical properties and stimulated reservoir volume,and enhanced oil recovery,in order to improve the EUR and achieve a large-scale,efficient development of shale oil.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560696)Development Fund for Scientific Research Institutes in Hainan Province(KYYS-2014-32)Special Fund for Integration of Production,Learning and Research of Hainan Province(cxy20150008)
文摘In order to establish the immune procedure for Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and to determine the date for the first immunization on piglets, the growth and decline law of A. pleuropneumonia material antibodies in the piglets borne by cows inoculated with A. pleuropneumonia vaccines （type I, II, and VII） before delivery was detected. The results showed that type I, II, and VII maternal antibodies in piglets decreased gradually with the age growing overall, and was at the critical protection value at the ages of 42-50 days （type I） and 28 days （type VII）, lower than the quantification rate; and the antibodies all turned to be negative until the ages of 70 days （type I）, 60 days （type VII） and 35 days （type II）. The first immunization should be carried out at the age of 42-50 days using type I A. pleuropneumonia vaccine, and at the age of 28 days using type VII A. pleuropneumonia vaccine. However, type II A. pleuropneumonia maternal antibody had lower level and positive rate and could not well protect piglets, so the various A. pleuropneumonia vaccines differed in the date for the first immunization. In order to achieve a better immunization effect, A. pleuropneumonia vaccines with different valences should be further researched and developed.
文摘AIM:To Introduce a new specialized visual acuity chart for amblyopic children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:The new visual acuity chart and notations were designed based on Weber-Fechner law.The optotypes were red against a white background and were specially shaped four basic geometric symbols:circle,square,triangle,and cross.A regular geometric progression of the optotype sizes and distribution was employed to arrange in 14 lines.The progression rate of the optotype size between two lines was 1.2589 and the testing distance was 3m.Visual acuity score could be recorded as logMAR notation or decimal notation.Agestratified diagnostic criteria for amblyopia established by consensus statement on diagnosis of amblyopia(2011)among members of the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group,Ophthalmology Society,Chinese Medical Association(SPOGOSCMA)were illustrated in the new visual acuity chart.RESULTS:When assessing visual acuity in children aged 3-5 years old,this new visual acuity chart that consists of four symmetrical shapes(triangle,square,cross,and circle)overcame an inability to recognize the letters of the alphabet and difficulties in designating the direction of black abstract symbols such as the tumbling’E’or Landolt’C’,which the subjects were prone to lose interest in.The visual acuity score may be recorded indifferent notations:decimal acuity and logMAR.These two notations can be easily converted each other in the new eye chart.The measurements of this new chart not only showed a significant correlation and a good consistency with the international standard logarithmic visual acuity chart(r=0.932,P【0.01),but also indicated a high test-retest reliability(89%of retest scores were within 0.1 logMAR units of the initial test score).CONCLUSION:The results of this study support the validity and reliability of distance visual acuity measurements using the new eye chart in children aged3 to 5 years over a wide range of visual acuities,and the new eye chart is great for early detection of amblyopia.It can be applied in various clinical settings.
文摘AIM:To introduce a new near-vision chart for children aged 3-5 years old and its clinical applications.METHODS:Thenewnear-visionchartwhichcombined the Bailey-Lovie layout with a newly devised set of symmetry symbols was designed based on WeberFechner law.It consists of 15 rows of symmetry symbols,corresponding to a visual acuity range from 1.3 to 0.1logMAR.The optotypes were red against a white background and were specially shaped four basic geometric symbols:circle,square,triangle,and cross,which matched the preschool children’s cognitive level.A regular geometric progression of the optotype sizes and distribution was employed to arrange in 15 lines.The progression rate of the optotype size between two lines was 1.2589 and two smaller groups of optotypes ranging from 0.7 to-0.1 logMAR were included for repetitive testing.A near visual acuity was recorded in logMAR or decimal,and the testing distance was 25 cm.RESULTS:This new near-vision chart with pediatric acuity test optotypes which consists of 4 different symbols(triangle,square,cross,and circle)met the national and international eye chart design guidelines.When performing the near visual acuity assessment in preschoolers(3-5y old).It overcame an inability to recognize the letters of the alphabet and difficulties in designating the direction of black abstract symbols such as the tumbling’E’or Landolt’C’,which the subjects were prone to lose interest in.Near vision may be recorded in different notations:decimal acuity and logMAR.These two notations can be easily convertedeach other in the new near-vision chart.The measurements of this new chart not only showed a significant correlation and a good consistency with the Chinese national standard logarithmic near-vision chart(r=0.932,P【0.01),but also indicated good test-retest reliability(89%of retest scores were within 0.1 logMAR units of the initial test score)and a high response rate.CONCLUSION:The results of this study support the validity and reliability of near visual acuity measurements using the new near-vision chart in children aged 3-5y over a wide range of visual acuities,and the new eye chart was especially suitable for the detection of amblyopia risk factors and low vision examination in children(3-5y of age).It can be applied in routine clinical practice.
