Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Sequence Stratigraphy of South China

In South China four depositional sequences are recognized in the upper part of Upper Devonian and Tournaisian. They are named SQ0 SQ1, SQ2 and SQ3 in ascending order. SQ0 is Strunian (uppermost Devonian), and the other three Tournaisian in age. These four depositional sequences appear to correlate fairly well with the four sequence recognized in Europe, North America and other areas. This may suggest that these sequences are synchronous depos- its resulted from the eustatic changes. The present study on sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and event stratigraphy indicates that in neritic facies areas of South China, the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary, matching the boundary between Siphonodella praesulcata zone and S. sulcata zone in pelagic facies areas, is not only higher than the top of the Cystophrentis zone, but also higher than the top of the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary event bed. In neritic facies areas, the Devonian-Carbonifrerous boundary is marked by the most distinct transgressive surface within the Cystophrentiseudouralina interval zone, i. e. at the base of the TST of the SQ1. This boundary coincides with the top surface of the event bed resulted from the eustatic fall, and approximately corresponds to the basal part of Rseudouralina assemblage zone.

Devonian Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Change Cycles in South China

The Devonian is well developed in South China and has drawn a great attention from the geologists both at domestic and abroad. On the basis of study on the sequence stratigraphy in more than 10 sections in Guizhou, Guangxi, Longmenshan and Southern Qinling within South China we have identified 21 sequences and T-R cycles that correspond to third-order sea level changes. These sea level change cycles were controlled by autorhythm(Pragian,Eifelian), allorhythm(Lochkovian,Emsian,Givetian) and coupling rhythm mechanisms (frasian, Famennian and F-F boundary).

On the Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary in Neritic Facies Areas of South China:A Viewpoint of Integrated StratigraPhy

Biostratigraphical data indicate that in the neritic facies areas of South China, the Devonian -Carboniferous boundary (DCB), matching the boundary between conodont Siphonodella praesulcata zone and S. sulcata zone, should be drawn between rugose coral Cystophrentis zone and Pseudouralina zone, i.e. the Cystophrentis\ Pseudouralina inter val-zone. The top of the sea level fall event bed near the DCB is lower than the boundary between S. praesulcata and S. sulcata zones, but higher than the top of the Cysto phrentis zone. Sequence stratigraphical study shows that the sea level fall event bed near the DCB constitutes the shelf margin system tract (SMST) of a depositional sequence (SQ1) in both neritic and pelagic facies areas. The top surfaces of SMST of SQ1 is slightly lower than the base of S. sulcata zone in the pelagic facies areas. In neritic facies areas of South China, therefore, the Devonian - Carboniferous boundary is marked by the most distinct transgressive surface within the Cystophrentis\ Pseudouralina interval-zone, i.e. the base of the TST of SQ1. This boundary coincides with the top surface of the event bed resulted from the eustatic fall, and approximately corresponds to the base of Pseudouralina assemblage zone.

Devonian Sea-Level Change Rhythms in South China and Coupling Relationships Among the Earth-spheres

Twenty orthosequences and their corresponding sea-level change (SLC) cycles have been recognized in the Devonian overlying the Caledonian unconformity, of which 9, 5.5 and 5.5 occurred in the Lower, Middle and Upper Devonian respectively. They can be grouped into 4 orthosequence sets, in which the maximum flooding surfaces lie in the sulcutus Zone (D12), perbonus Zone (D13), Middle and Upper varcus Zone (D22) and gigas Zone (D21) respectively. Four instant palaeogeographical reconstructions of South China have been made in the Emsian and Givetian. Devonian sea-level change rhythms of South China can be divided into 3 categories: the autorhythmic, the worldwide and regional allorhythmic, and the coupling-rhythmic. They developed respectively in the Famennian, Pragian, Eifelian, Lochkovian, Emsian, Givetian, Frasnian and the F / F (between the Frasnian and Famennian) event. The cause of the worldwide allorhythmic SLC of the Pragian and Eifelian under comparatively dry, warm and tranquil conditions may be related to the pulsating expanding and contracting of the oceanic basin volume or the earth volume pulsation, rather than the common glaciation and plate tectonism. The coupling-rhythmic SLC related to the F/ F event is a sensitive indicator of the interaction between terrestrial and extraterrestrial factors, and coordinated action among the earth-spheres.

Extensional structures of the Nan'an Basin in the rifting tip of the South China Sea: Implication for tectonic evolution of the southwestern continental margin

Nan'an Basin is a giant hydrocarbon basin,but its tectonic division scheme and associated fault systems has not been well understood.Based on newly acquired seismic data from the southwestern margin of the South China Sea,this study analyzed the structural units,tectonic feature and geodynamics of the sedimentary basin.The new data suggests that the Nan0 an Basin is a rift basin oriented in the NE-SW direction,rather than a pull-apart basin induced by strike-slip faults along the western margin.The basin is a continuation of the rifts in the southwest South China Sea since the late Cretaceous.It continued rifting until the middle Miocene,even though oceanic crust occurred in the Southwest Subbasin.However,it had no transfer surface at the end of spreading,where it was characterized by a late middle Miocene unconformity(reflector T3).The Nan'an Basin can be divided into eight structural units by a series of NE-striking faults.This study provides evidences to confirm the relative importance and interplay between regional strike-slips and orthogonal displacement during basin development and deformation.The NE-SW-striking dominant rift basin indicates that the geodynamic drivers of tectonic evolution in the western margin of the South China Sea did not have a large strike-slip mechanism.Therefore,we conclude that a large strike-slip fault system did not exist in the western margin of the South China Sea.

Facies-succession and architecture of the third-order sequences and their stratigraphic framework of the Devonian in Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area,South China

The Caledonian orogeny at the end of the Silurian resulted in great changes in the palaeogeography in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area of South China; the continental area of the Early Paleozoic evolved into the extensive Dian-Qian-Gui Sea in the Late Paleo-zoic. Early in the Devonian, as a result of a major transgression, seawater encroached gradually from the south to the north and clastic facies were deposited. Carbonate deposition was then established in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area, with a palaeogeography marked by attached platforms, isolated platforms and narrow basins. As a result of the Ziyun movement towards the end of the Devonian, the Upper Devonian strata are regressive and thin out from the open-sea to the land areas. A study of the nature and distribution of sedimentary facies in space and time recognises 13 third-order sequences in the Devonian strata in Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area, and these form two second-order sequences. The strata of the Lower Devonian comprise 5 third-order sequences (SQ1 to SQ5 ), which are dominated by transgressive clastics. 4 third-order sequences (SQ6 to SQ9 ) in the Middle Devonian are characterized by alternations of transgressive clastics and highstand carbonates. In the Upper Devonian, carbonates constitute 4 third-order sequences (SQ10 to SQ13 ), which are generally marked by the transgressive limestones and highstand dolomites. On the basis of earlier biostratigraphic studies, sea-level changes represented by the third-order sequences with their different facies successions are explored, and the sequence stratigraphic framework is established. There-fore, the Devonian strata in the study area provide an example for further understanding of depositional trends within the sequence-stratigraphic framework.

Biostratigraphical significance of the Devonian Sinoleperditiini(Ostracoda)

The Tribe Sinoleperditiini (Ostracoda), which is mainly distributed in South China and its adjacent areas, is a single natural group of the Leperditiidae, characterized by the development of a trailing chevron muscle scar. This tribe is known only from the Devonian and ranges through most of the Devonian. The evolutionary trends within the Sinoleperditiini have been well documented and are exemplified by changes in the trailing chevron muscle scar. The main evolutionary change is a tendency of the trailing chevron muscle scar to extend ventrally through time, as demonstrated by the increasing ratio (th/ah) of the vertical height of the trailing chevron muscle scar (th) to that of the adductor muscle scar (ah). The recent discovery of a sinoleperditiine assemblage (th/ah values available) in the middle-upper Lower Emsian Shanglun Formation allows to propose a sinoleperditiine biostratigraphical sequence for the Devonian. This sequence contains 11 assemblages (th/ah value available for each assemblage), which cover all the 7 Devonian stages and some substages. This sequence is particularly useful for correlating and dating Devonian rocks in the littoral clastic, lagoonal and restricted or semirestricted car-bonate platform facies where these ostracodes are most abundant and other fossils are un-common.

海南岛周邻新生代沉积盆地构造与差异性演化特征

海南岛周邻发育有4个重要的新生代沉积盆地,即莺歌海盆地、北部湾盆地、琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地珠三凹陷。根据最新的地球物理数据,重新厘定这些盆地的构造与沉积演化及其与海南岛陆上构造的关联。这些盆地发育NE和NW向断裂构造,但存在极大差异性。前者受红河哀牢山断裂构造影响,表现为张扭性的拉分盆地。而后三个盆地则总体表现为裂陷盆地,夹于江绍-博白断裂与丽水-南澳断裂南段之间。伸展始于古新世,具有四次裂陷作用,并发育NW向走滑伸展断层。晚期岩浆对沉积盆地具有一定改造作用,表现岩浆喷发、热流值高。我们厘定了这些NE向断裂在海南岛延伸,滨海断裂可能延至海南岛东南缘,并表现出明显的地震活动性,推断海南岛新生代构造演化与南海北部陆缘演化具有一致性。

黔桂地区泥盆系层序地层格架及相对海平面变化

志留纪末期的加里东运动 ,使黔桂地区的古地理格局发生了重大变化 ,早古生代的滇黔桂古陆演变为晚古生代的滇黔桂海。泥盆纪初期 ,海水由南而北逐渐海侵超覆 ,在泥盆系的底部形成一套海侵碎屑岩系地层 ;早泥盆世晚期的大规模海侵事件造成了明显的相分异 ,在习称的滇黔桂盆地中发育了若干孤立碳酸盐台地 ,这种“台—盆—丘—槽”的格局一直延续到晚泥盆世早期 ;而泥盆纪末期的紫云运动所造成的地壳抬升 ,又使晚泥盆世地层产生海退尖灭。因此 ,该地区的泥盆系构成一个二级构造层序 ,其中包含 13个三级沉积层序。在前人大量生物地层学研究的基础上 ,追索和对比不同沉积背景中的三级沉积层序的相序组构特征以及由其所代表的相对海平面变化 ,即可建立黔桂地区泥盆系的层序地层格架。层序地层格架较为充分地表现出三级沉积层序的两大特征——空间上相序的有序性和时间上环境变化的同步性 ,同时也明显地显示出地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性。

滇中新元古代裂谷盆地充填序列及演化模式:对Rodinia超大陆裂解的响应

以滇中新元古代裂谷盆地沉积充填为研究对象,开展了系统的沉积学和盆地分析研究。结果表明,滇中新元古代裂谷盆地具有4个充填序列,分别代表盆地的4个发展阶段。其中,序列I为柳坝塘组及陆良组下段,沉积时限为820~800 Ma,属低密度浊流和深水饥饿沉积,代表裂谷盆地的快速沉降阶段;序列II为澄江组、陆良组上段及牛头山组,沉积时限为800~725 Ma,属扇三角洲—湖泊沉积,代表裂谷盆地的成熟发展阶段;序列III为南沱组,沉积时限可能为725~635 Ma,属大陆冰川沉积,代表裂谷盆地开始向被动大陆边缘盆地转换的阶段;序列IV主要为陡山沱组,沉积时限为635~551 Ma,属潮坪沉积,为裂谷盖地层。进一步研究揭示,滇中新元古代裂谷盆地由幼年期分布局限的小型同向半地堑盆地群演化为成熟期统一的大型半地堑盆地,属上叠滑脱盆地。综合研究证实,滇中新元古代裂谷盆地应为陆内裂谷盆地,是Rodinia超大陆裂解的产物。

华南浅海相泥盆系吉维特阶和弗拉阶四射珊瑚组合特征

中泥盆世吉维特晚期(更精确的说是在中吉维特期末)发生的生物更替事件使大量的头贝、全部的泡沫珊瑚亚目以及大多数的绳珊瑚科和内板珊瑚科惨遭灭绝。晚泥盆世弗拉期出现了许多新生分子,诸如Micto-phyllum,Wapitiphyllum,Pseudozaphrentis,Peneckiella等。根据珊瑚的不同组合特征可以鉴别出它们的地质时代。华南自上而下可划分出4个四射珊瑚组合,分别为上泥盆统弗拉阶(Frasnian):4)Disphyllum-Wapitiphyl-lum组合(牙形类gigas或rhenana带和hassi-jamieae带),3)Mictophyllum-Pseudozaphrentis组合(牙形类asymmetricus带);中泥盆统吉维特阶(Givetian):2)Endophyllum-Sunophyllum组合(牙形类varcus带的中部和下部之上段),1)Stringophyllum-Paramixogonaria组合(牙形类hemiansatus带-varcus带最下部)。

黔桂地区泥盆纪层序地层和台内裂陷槽的形成演化

黔桂地区是泥盆纪时期南华海盆内裂陷活动作用初始且十分显著的地区。本文结合区域构造和盆地格局分析，通过典型剖面研究，将黔桂稳定型滨岸一台地相区的泥盆系划分为２１个３级海平面变化控制的层序。根据南丹罗富、大厂裂陷槽盆地泥盆系层序地层研究和与相邻稳定型泥盆系层序地层对比及层序地层格架分析，揭示了裂陷槽盆地的形成演化过程。指出构造幕式沉降是裂陷槽盆地层序发育和层序构成的主控因素。

华南板块泥盆纪层序地层及海平面变化

华南板块在泥盆纪时期属东亚古特提斯泛大洋中华夏古陆群的一部分，它和冈瓦那大陆与北方大陆群（北美、东欧、西伯利亚等）处于不同的构造背景下。华南泥盆系分布广泛、发育齐全，可以作为东亚泥盆系的典型地区。本文根据华南黔桂、龙门山及南秦岭泥盆系１０余条部面层序地层划分和对比，识别出２１个与二级海平面变化响应的层序和Ｔ—Ｒ旋回，并与Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ（１９８５，１９９２）和Ｒｏｓｓ（１９８８）以欧美大陆为代表的泥盆纪的Ｔ—Ｒ旋回进行了对比，并讨论二者之间的异同及其控制因素。

华南泥盆系法门阶浅海相四射珊瑚的组合序列

晚泥盆世弗拉期末F-F的生物灭绝事件,导致珊瑚以及许多浅海底栖生物灭绝,几乎整个法门期珊瑚群都处于残存阶段,华南地区目前只在湖南的个别地方发现少量的Smithiphyllum。直到法门期末珊瑚和其它一些造礁底栖生物开始复苏,出现了不少与典型泥盆纪珊瑚存在很大差别的新分子。华南泥盆纪最晚期(Strunian)的珊瑚可划分成上、下两个组合:上部Cystophrentis组合;下部Eocaninophyllum组合。泥盆—石炭纪之交的另一次生物灭绝事件,使新生的泥盆纪最晚期的珊瑚又遭灭绝。

华南泥盆纪海平面变化节律及圈层耦合关系

在加里东不整合面之上的华南纪盆系中，可识别出２０个正层序和相对应的海平面变化旋回，其中下泥盆统９个，中泥盆弦５．５个，上泥盆统５．５个。它们可归并为４个正层序组，最大海泛面分别位于ｓｕｌｃａｔｕｓ带，ｐｅｒｂｏｎｕｓ带（Ｄ＾３１），中、上ｖａｒｃｕｓ带（Ｄ＾２２）和ｇｉｇａｓ带。

华南上泥盆统和下石炭统层序地层学

本文把华南法门阶上部和杜内阶分为４个层序，自下而上依次命名为ＳＱ０、ＳＱ１、ＳＱ２和ＳＱ３。其中ＳＱ０属斯图年阶（Ｓｔｒｕｎｉａｎ）（泥盆系最顶部），其余３个层序归杜内阶。这４个层序可以与欧美等地同期的层序进行对比，表明当时的海平面升降变化及其由此而产生的沉积层序具有全球的一致性。层序地层学、生物地层学和事件地层学综合研究表明，华南浅海相区与Ｓｉｐｈｏｎｏｄｅｌａｐｒａｅｓｕｌｃａｔａ－Ｓ．ｓｕｌｃａｔａ界线一致的泥盆－石炭系界线不仅高于Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓ带顶界，而且还应高于引起Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓ绝灭的海退事件层的顶界。因此建议以Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓ－Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｕｒａｌｉｎａ间隔带中最明显的一个海进面，即ＳＱ１的海进体系域的底界作为华南浅海相区泥盆－石炭系界线。这条界线与泥盆－石炭纪之交海退事件层的顶界正好一致。

华南中泥盆世艾菲尔期浅海相四射珊瑚的组合特征和古生物地理区系

虽然在华南中泥盆世艾菲尔期(Eifelian)较深水或斜坡相地层中产有许多国际标准的牙形类带化石,但在广阔的浅海相地层中却很难寻觅到其踪影。华南浅海相沉积地区是否缺失艾菲尔阶?在野外众多剖面的实地考察中表明,从下泥盆统埃姆斯阶到中泥盆统吉维特阶都是连续沉积,中间并没有发现地层的缺失或间断现象。浅海相的艾菲尔阶与其上覆的吉维特阶和下伏的埃姆斯阶都是连续沉积,说明可能是由于海水太浅,不太适合那些国际标准分子的生存而已。艾菲尔期中期末发生一次生物灭绝事件(Mid-Eifelian event),favositids,heliolitids和许多古老类型的珊瑚在地球上灭绝。华南艾菲尔期四射珊瑚可以划分成下、上两个完全不同的组合:1)Utara-tuiasinen sis-Sociop hyllum minor组合(牙形类partitus带—costatus带);2)Columnaria spinosa-Dendrostella praerhenana组合(牙形类australis带—kocklianus带)。

华南泥盆系层序地层与岩石、年代地层界线间相关性探讨

以广西六景，象州大乐，桂林塘家湾及贵州独山与贵阳东北郊乌当剖面为例，在已有的地层，古生物，沉积相研究的基础上，开展了层序地层学研究，通过这项研究，认为那高岭组与莲花山组的界线是一年代地层，岩石地层及层序地层合一的界面；论证了大乐冲面应堂组的古琶段与贵州独山剖面的龙洞水组属于下泥盆统的可行性，总结了吉维特阶与艾菲尔阶间多处存在沉积间断面或沉积停滞面的客观事实。

中沙海槽盆地构造与沉积作用及其对远端裂陷盆地演化的启示

深水远端裂陷盆地演化是大陆边缘构造研究的热点.中沙海槽盆地位于西北次海盆和西南次海盆之间,是一个临近洋盆的裂陷盆地.根据最新的地球物理资料,揭示了该盆地的沉积层序和构造演化.中沙海槽盆地裂开后期地层厚度约为200~1500 m,可划分为6个地震层序.古近系分布局限,仅限于中沙海槽盆地和中沙南盆地的深凹部位;新近系一般厚为200~1100 m;第四系厚度薄且变化小.中沙海槽盆地主要特征如下:(1)岩浆活动强烈,岩体数量较多,遍布整个盆地,地震剖面上的反射特征表明有侵入型和喷出型两类岩石.重磁异常综合解释表明火成岩成分为中-酸性和中-基性两类;(2)裂陷盆地位于拆离的磁性基底隆起之上,磁性基底北深南浅,埋深在6.0~10.4 km之间;(3)莫霍面埋深在15~24 km之间,地壳由陆向海逐渐减薄、由盆地到岛礁逐渐变厚.中沙海槽盆地通常以犁式正断层为边界断层,其构造变形以伸展构造为主,断层走向主要有NE-SW向和NW-SE向,其中NE-SW向控制了新生代沉积坳陷的发育.