温度和热驯化对胡氏大生熊虫运动行为的影响

The beneficial acclimation hypothesis (BAH) predicts that animals acclimated to a particular temperature have enhanced performance or fitness at that temperature in comparison with animals acclimated to other temperatures. The BAH has been tested by a variety of empirical examinations, and was rejected by some of them. In order to provide new evidences for the BAH, the effects of acute and acclimation temperature (AT) on locomotor performance of Macrobiotus hufelandi (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) were investigated. The tardigrades were collected from Nanwutai, Qinling Mountains which traverse from west to east in central China. The subjects were acclimated to either 2℃ or 22℃ for 2 weeks. The animal was transferred onto a frosted slide and allowed to walk freely at the performance temperature (PT) 2℃ or 22℃. Only one individual was tested per test bout, which lasted from three to five minutes. To avoid occurrence of thermal acclimation effect, the standard adaptation time was limited to 1.5 min. Each subject was tested for once at the same PT, and was tested only at one PT. A total of 25 individuals were tested and measured at the same PT. The locomotor performance of the animals was recorded with a digital video camera mounted on a microscope at 4×10 amplification and replayed on a PC. Every subject was identified. Walking speed (WS) and percentage of time moving (PTM) at both PTs (2℃ or 22℃) were selected as the rate parameters of locomotor performance. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA with a significance level of α= 0.05 and Duncan multiple range test were used to analyze the data. WS of the animals acclimated to and tested at the same temperatures was significantly faster than that for animals acclimated to and tested at the different temperatures, similarly, PTM of the animals acclimated to 22℃ and tested at 22℃ was significantly greater than PTM of animals acclimated to 22℃ and tested at 2℃, which indicated that the animals acclimated to a particular temperature have enhanced locomotor performance in that temperature relative to the animals acclimated to that temperature in other thermal environment. WS of the animals acclimated to 22℃ and tested at 22℃ was significantly faster than WS of animals acclimated to 2℃ and tested at 22℃, PTM of the animals acclimated to 22℃ and tested at 22℃ was significantly greater than PTM of animals acclimated to 2℃ and tested at 22℃. These results supported the BAH. It could be concluded that the PT and thermal acclimation as well as the interaction between the PT and AT significantly influence the locomotor performance of M.hufelandi, and that, despite the existence of a few results of this study that don’t support the BAH, some results of this study support for this hypothesis, and that the animals acclimated to a particular temperature have enhanced locomotor performance in that temperature relative to the animals acclimated to that temperature in other thermal environment, implying that any performance temperature that deviates from the acclimation temperature could cause the reduction of the walking speed which is closely related to the fitness of the M.hufelandi.

The Impact of New Standard of Financial Instruments on Commercial Banks- A Case Study of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China

In July 2014,《International Financial Reporting Standard 9:Financial Instruments》(Referred to IFRS 9)was formally published. Compared to the former standard,《International Accounting Standard 39: Financial Instruments》(Referred to IAS 39), rules of two main aspects, the classification and measurement of financial assets and the impairment model of financial assets have been changed in IFRS 9. Taking ICBC as an example, this paper studies the impact of changes in financial instruments on commercial banks. The study shows three impacts on commercial banks’ financial report. Firstly, the changes of the classification and measurement of financial assets will have limited impacts on commercial banks. Secondly, the expected-loss model will significantly increase the loan loss reserves under the new standard, thus reducing the net asset and net profit. Thirdly, the change in the measurement way of the equity instruments of available-for-sale securities will increase the fluctuation of the net profit. This study shows investors and regulators the impact of the new standard of financial instruments on commercial banks.

Lessons Learned from Practical Independent Verification and Validation Based on IEEE 1012

IEEE 1012 [1] describes the SDLC phase activities for software independent verification and validation (IV & V) for nuclear power plant in truly general and conceptual manner, which requires the upward and/or downward tailoring on its interpretation for practical IV & V. It contains crucial and encompassing check points and guidelines to analyze the design integrity, without addressing the formalized and the specific criteria for IV & V activities confirming the technical integrity. It is necessary to list up the inspection viewpoint via interpretation of the standard that is practical review points checking design consistency. For fruitful IV & V of Control Element Driving Mechanism Control System (CEDMCS) software for Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant unit 3 & 4, the specific viewpoints and approach are necessary based on the guidelines of IEEE 1012 to enhance the system quality by considering the level of implementation of the theoretical and the practical IV & V. Additionally IV & V guideline of IEEE 1012 does not specifically provide the concrete measure considering the system characteristics of CEDMCS. This paper provides the seven (7) characteristic criteria for CEDMCS IV & V, and by applying these viewpoints, the design analysis such as function, performance, interface and exception, backward and forward requirement traceability analysis has been conducted. The requirement, design, implementation, and test phase were only considered for IV & V in this project. This article also provides the translation of code to map theoretical verification and validation into practical verification and validation. This paper emphasizes the necessity of the intensive design inspection and walkthrough for requirement phase to resolve the design faults because the IV & V of early phase of SDLC obviously contributes to find out most of critical design inconsistency. Especially for test phase IV & V, it is strongly recommended to prepare the test plan document which is going to be the basis for the test coverage selection and test strategy. This test plan document should be based on the critical characteristics of function and performance of CEDMCS. Also to guarantee the independency of V & V organization participating in this project, and to acquire the full package of design details for IV & V, the systematic approach and efforts with an aspect of management is highlighted among the participants.

Challenges of the Performance Standards of the International Finance Corporation in Financing the African Integrated High-Speed Railway Network and the Way Forward: The Case of Standard Gauge Railway in Tanzania

Financing of the African Integrated High-Speed Railway Network (AIHSRN) through Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) Projects is very expensive. As a result, most of the African countries seek financial supports from the International Financial Institutions (IFIs). However, conditions provided by the IFIs through the Performance Standards (PS) of the International Financial Corporation (IFC) increase cost of the projects and thus, it becomes a burden to most of the African countries. This study aimed to explore the causes of IFC-PS through the SGR Projects that escalate costs and how to address them. The Tanzania SGR Lot 1 Project that covered 205 km from Dar es Salaam to Morogoro was selected as a case study. The methods used for data collection involved literature review, focus group discussions and interviews. The results and findings show a gap between the IFC-PS and the National Laws and Regulations that escalates costs of the projects if funds from the IFIs were to be secured. To bridge the gap, it is recommended that the African countries should engage into negotiations with the IFIs to agree to waive IFC-PS conditions that escalate costs provided they are adequately covered in the national laws and regulations;engagement of locally established national and regional financial institutions;and the responsible government institutions in the African countries should sit together for assessment and review of the IFC-PS against the national laws and regulations.

Vibration and acoustic radiation of bogie area under random excitation in high-speed trains

Based on the experiments on a platform with real vehicle structure and finite element simulation, the vibration and interior acoustic radiation under random excitations of high-speed trains’ bogie area were studied. Firstly, combined with line tests, a vehicle body with a length of 7 m was used as the research object. By comparing the results of experiment and simulation, the accuracy of the finite element model was verified. Secondly, the power spectral density curves at typical measuring points in bogie area were obtained by processing and calculating the line test data, which was measured when the vehicle ran at high speeds, and the standard vibration spectrum of the bogie area was obtained by the extreme envelope method. Furthermore, the random vibration test and simulation prediction analysis of the real vehicle structure were carried out to further verify the accuracy of the noise and vibration prediction model. Finally, according to the vibration and acoustic radiation theory, the indirect boundary element method was adopted to predict the acoustic response of the real vehicle. The analysis shows that the simulated power spectral density curves of acceleration and sound pressure level are highly consistent with the experimental ones, and the error between the simulated prediction and the experimental result is within the allowable range of 3 dB.

φ38~φ42mm三刃形钎头应逐步成为我国小直径凿岩用锥体连接钎头的主导产品

采掘业是国民经济基础产业,凿岩技术是采掘业的先导。我国是火药和冲击凿井术("顿钻")的发明国,鸦片战争前夕的1835年,凿成了世界上第一口超千米深井(四川自贡燊海井深1001.42米,为国家重点保护文物),谱写了人类冲击凿岩技术的辉煌历史。由于晚清的政治腐败和民国以来的社会动乱,从1840年到1949年的109年,我国的凿岩技术基本上仍停留在铁锤+实心钢钎的时代。我国凿岩技术和凿岩机具工业的现代化建设,是新中国成立后从学习苏联技术开始的。经过六十年特别是改革开放三十多年来,全国钎钢钎具、凿岩机械以及钢铁和硬质合金等超硬材料工作者的共同努力,我国钎钢钎具、凿岩机械、硬质合金工业已拥有众多创新技术,国产凿岩钎具和凿岩机械的质量、品种与性价比指标大幅提升,不少产品已经可以和世界名牌公司的同类产品一争高下。我们长期面对的全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)、全液压凿岩钻车,以及钻车凿岩用重型钎杆和硬质合金整体钎子等长钎具"瓶颈",也已经或即将取得重要突破,正向着建设世界头号钢铁、硬质合金、凿岩机械、钎钢钎具生产强国的目标迈进。高效低耗凿岩也正成为全世界凿岩工程科技界与产业界,共同追求的永无止境的目标。本文就我国采掘工程钻爆法施工中占很大比重的小直径凿岩技术存在的问题和努力方向,提出了一些分析和建议。

Φ38~Φ42mm三刃形钎头应逐步成为我国小直径凿岩用锥体连接钎头的主导产品(续)

采掘业是国民经济基础产业,凿岩技术是采掘业的先导。我国是火药和冲击凿井术("顿钻")的发明国,鸦片战争前夕的1835年,凿成了世界上第一口超千米深井(四川自贡燊海井深1001.42米,为国家重点保护文物),谱写了人类冲击凿岩技术的辉煌历史。由于晚清的政治腐败和民国以来的社会动乱,从1840年到1949年的109年,我国的凿岩技术基本上仍停留在铁锤+实心钢钎的时代。我国凿岩技术和凿岩机具工业的现代化建设,是新中国成立后从学习苏联技术开始的。经过六十年特别是改革开放三十多年来,全国钎钢钎具、凿岩机械以及钢铁和硬质合金等超硬材料工作者的共同努力,我国钎钢钎具、凿岩机械、硬质合金工业已拥有众多创新技术,国产凿岩钎具和凿岩机械的质量、品种与性价比指标大幅提升,不少产品已经可以和世界名牌公司的同类产品一争高下。我们长期面对的全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)、全液压凿岩钻车,以及钻车凿岩用重型钎杆和硬质合金整体钎子等长钎具"瓶颈",也已经或即将取得重要突破,正向着建设世界头号钢铁、硬质合金、凿岩机械、钎钢钎具生产强国的目标迈进。高效低耗凿岩也正成为全世界凿岩工程科技界与产业界,共同追求的永无止境的目标。本文就我国采掘工程钻爆法施工中占很大比重的小直径凿岩技术存在的问题和努力方向,提出了一些分析和建议。

Modeling and Simulation Study of Space Data Link Protocol

This research paper describes the design and implementation of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards REF _Ref401069962 \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT [1] for Space Data Link Layer Protocol (SDLP). The primer focus is the telecommand (TC) part of the standard. The implementation of the standard was in the form of DLL functions using C++ programming language. The second objective of this paper was to use the DLL functions with OMNeT++ simulating environment to create a simulator in order to analyze the mean end-to-end Packet Delay, maximum achievable application layer throughput for a given fixed link capacity and normalized protocol overhead, defined as the total number of bytes transmitted on the link in a given period of time (e.g. per second) divided by the number of bytes of application data received at the application layer model data sink. In addition, the DLL was also integrated with Ground Support Equipment Operating System (GSEOS), a software system for space instruments and small spacecrafts especially suited for low budget missions. The SDLP is designed for rapid test system design and high flexibility for changing telemetry and command requirements. GSEOS can be seamlessly moved from EM/FM development (bench testing) to flight operations. It features the Python programming language as a configuration/scripting tool and can easily be extended to accommodate custom hardware interfaces. This paper also shows the results of the simulations and its analysis.

Phase-Transition Energies, New Characterization of Solid Materials and Anisotropy

Non-iterative analysis of indentation results allows for the detection of phase transitions under load and their transition energy. The closed algebraic equations have been deduced on the basis of the physically founded normal force ?depth3/2 relation. The precise transition onset position is obtained by linear regression of the FN = kh3/2 plot, where k is the penetration resistance, which also provides the axis cuts of both polymorphs of first order phase transitions. The phase changes can be endothermic or exothermic. They are normalized per μN or mN normal load. The analyses of indentation loading curves with self-similar diamond indenters are used as validity check of the loading curves, also from calibration standards that exhibit previously undetected phase-transitions and are thus incorrect. The phase-transition energies for fused quartz are determined from the loading curves from instrument provider handbooks. The anisotropic behavior of phase transition energies is studied for the first time. Quartz is a useful test object. The reasons for the packing-dependent differences are discussed on the basis of the local crystal structure under and around the inserting tip.

Flow Cytometer Performance Characterization, Standardization and Calibration against CD4 on T Lymphocytes Enables Quantification of Biomarker Expressions for Immunological Applications

There is an urgent need for developing a procedure for biomarker standardization and relative quantificationin clinical laboratories. Measuring the expression levels of cell antigens is critical for the diagnosis of many diseases, e.g. leukemia, lymphoma and immunodeficiency diseases. One of the most significant challenges in flow cytometry is obtaining inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory consistent and reproducible results across multiple cytometer platforms and locations longitudinally over time. To obtain measurement consistency, the target flow cytometer voltages should be optimized to segregate the negative population from the electronic noise, and to keep the brightest positive population within the dynamic range of each detector. Then target values should be determined and transferred to selected cytometers. In this study, we optimized a procedure for instrument standardization across three different flow cytometer platforms from the same vendor and in two different locations. The biomarker quantification was implemented on standardized instruments using CD4 expression on T lymphocytes with a known amount of antibody bound per cell as a quantification standard. Our results on blood cell subset typing and CD19 quantification demonstrated that consistent and reliable results could be accomplished between instruments using the developed procedure. Quantitating the expression levels of certain cell biomarkers relative to a known reference marker before, during, and after therapy would provide important information for monitoring antibody-based therapy and could be potentially used to adjust dosing. Presently, we are implementing this protocol to quantify critical disease biomarkers, and making necessary modifications to the procedure to include instruments from different instrument manufacturers.

国内外建筑围护结构风荷载规范对比研究

针对围护结构设计风荷载,分析了如下风荷载规范中的相关规定:中国GB 50009—2012、中国JGJ/T 481—2019、美国ASCE/SEI 7⁃16、日本AIJ⁃2015、澳大利亚/新西兰AS/NZS 1170.2:2021、欧洲BS EN 1991⁃1⁃4:2005、加拿大NBCC 2015。分析结果表明,国内外围护结构风荷载规范的理论基础主要包括准定常理论和风压极值理论,均将设计风荷载表示成设计风速与设计风压系数的乘积;设计风速的确定需要考虑地貌、局部地形、季节、风向、相邻建筑干扰等因素的影响,各国规范对这些因素考虑的详尽程度不一;设计风压系数则需要考虑来流湍流和特征湍流共同作用下风压的时间随机性和空间分布不均匀性、不同方向来流时建筑表面风压的差异性、建筑表面风压相关性等因素,各国规范均通过风压分区和面积折减较好地考虑了这些因素,不同之处在于不同规范所涵盖的建筑体型、考虑建筑几何参数影响的风压分区结果及面积折减的特征有所区别。

基于工具变量法的PM_(2.5)浓度对每日死亡影响的效应估计

目的大量环境流行病学研究表明PM_(2.5)浓度短期变化与人群每日死亡相关,但是大多数关于PM_(2.5)对每日死亡的急性效应的研究是通过回归来控制混杂因素,而通常可用的人群资料里仅包含少量测量的混杂因素,这就面临着大量未观测的混杂因素未纳入模型的问题从而导致估计有偏,而工具变量法可以较好地解决未观测混杂带来的效应估计问题,本文通过工具变量法估计PM_(2.5)对每日死亡的急性效应。方法收集中国某市2016—2019年PM_(2.5)日均浓度、气象数据及每日非意外死亡人数,采用边界层高度和风速作为工具变量,分析该地PM_(2.5)浓度对每日非意外死亡的影响;采用阴性暴露对照法检验工具变量假设;采用时间序列的bootstrap方法估计置信区间。并与广义相加模型的效应估计进行比较。结果工具变量法得出PM_(2.5)浓度与人群每日非意外死亡存在相关,PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m^(3),人群每日非意外死亡增加0.94%(95%CI:0.39%~1.55%);阴性暴露对照结果显示阴性暴露与人群日非意外死亡不相关(P=0.19),说明前述工具变量模型不受未测量且未控制混杂的影响。传统广义相加模型估计PM_(2.5)浓度每升高10μg/m^(3),人群每日非意外死亡增加0.24%(95%CI:0.01%~0.47%)。结论经工具变量法估计,该地PM_(2.5)浓度与居民每日非意外死亡存在相关,边界层高度和风速可以作为工具变量估计PM_(2.5)浓度对人群每日非意外死亡的急性效应。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病相关性疲劳评估工具的系统评价

目的对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)相关性疲劳特异性评估工具进行系统评价,为今后临床选择和开发高质量工具提供依据。方法检索PubMed、Web of Science、CINAHL、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库和维普数据库中,所有关于COPD相关性疲劳特异性评估工具相关研究。检索时限为建库至2023年5月22日。使用“基于共识选择健康测量工具的标准(COSMIN)指南”对纳入工具的方法学及测量属性特征进行系统评价,综合评定证据等级并形成推荐意见。结果共纳入8个COPD相关性疲劳特异性评估量表,曼彻斯特COPD疲劳量表(MCFS)为A级推荐,修订版慢性病治疗功能评估—疲劳量表(MFACIT-F)、疲劳影响量表(FIS-25)、COPD和哮喘疲劳量表(CAFS)、疲劳评估工具(TFT)、中文修订版曼彻斯特COPD疲劳量表(MCFS-C)、中文修订版疲劳影响量表(FIS-C)、疲劳严重程度量表(FSS)为B级推荐。结论MCFS量表有高等证据支持内容效度、内部一致性和稳定性、中等证据支持结构效度,故暂被推荐使用,但适合我国的COPD相关性疲劳特异性评估工具仍有待进一步开发。

观察规范化疼痛干预对食管癌手术患者睡眠质量的效果

目的:探究规范化疼痛干预对食管癌(EC)手术患者睡眠质量的影响。方法:选取2023年1月至12月厦门大学附属第一医院肿瘤内科收治的行手术治疗的EC患者78例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组39例。对照组给予常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上给予规范化疼痛干预护理。采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)比较2组患者睡眠质量的差异,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)比较2组患者的疼痛程度,记录各组患者术后1周的每天平均入睡时间与每天平均睡眠时长。结果:术后12 h、术后1 d及术后3 d,观察组VAS评分、PSQI评分均显著低于对照组,观察组每天平均入睡时间短于对照组,每天平均睡眠时长长于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:对EC手术患者予以规范化疼痛干预,可减轻疼痛程度,改善睡眠质量,加快入睡速度,延长睡眠时间,存在较高的应用价值。

心理测试技术由仪器讯问向仪器测试的自然转变

心理测试技术经历了仪器讯问和仪器测试两个发展轨迹。仪器测试比仪器讯问有更多的优点和可操作性规范,仪器测试是世界各国心理测试技术发展的必然结果和科学归属。心理测试技术在中国近20多年的发展经历了较长时间的仪器讯问时期,这有其存在的实践背景和认识因素,目前中国心理测试技术正实现由仪器讯问向仪器测试的自然转变。中国心理测试技术作为一项刑事技术应该按照仪器测试的特性进行技术规范。

Managing Complexity and Speed of Processes in the Organizations—A Philosophical and Practical Approach

The business challenges of today are managing complexity and the speed of changes with processes and systems since there are continuously new requirements from market, consumers, suppliers, employees, government etc. For example, when product and service innovations are launched on the market, the relevant processes, policies, people, systems, and technologies should have been prepared and set up in advance. Depending on the business sector, the implementation of new processes and systems as well as their continuous improvement can be easy to very complex and of course very costly. Responding to those challenges, there are several methodologies and approaches like Continuous Improvement Process, Lean Management and Kaizen etc. On the other hand, the application of these methodologies to other industries like service and technology companies is not always successful since their conditions and requirements are different than those of manufacturing organizations. Because of these reasons, the management needs to find out （new） ways of working and to implement new solutions in order to master those challenges and problems. This is not always easy and successful. There are different types of solution options that can be applied situational in every organization. Philosophy can help essentially by asking and answering critical questions in order to provide with solution options to reduce the complexity and to increase the speed of processes. There are several proven and new governance concepts, frameworks, and tools which follow their philosophies. This paper demonstrates how those challenges can be responded and managed as well as how a philosophical approach can help primarily to provide with appropriate solutions.

考虑风速纵、横分量的列车气动载荷变化特性

为探索侧向环境风作用下列车气动载荷变化特性,对任意风向角下随车移动点处的风速纵、横分量进行建模,研究考虑风速纵、横分量的列车气动载荷计算方法,并分析在列车速度200~400 km/h、平均风速10~35 m/s及风向角30°~150°时的列车气动载荷特性.研究发现:在不同风向角下,考虑风速横向分量后,高速列车气动载荷波动变大,作用于列车上的瞬时气动载荷极值增大;风速横向分量主要影响列车气动载荷的标准差,且影响程度与风向角有关;随着风向角接近临界风向角,风速横向分量对列车气动载荷标准差的影响逐渐变小,随着风向角远离临界风向角,风速横向分量对列车气动载荷标准差的影响逐渐变大;列车气动载荷的标准差/均值主要与侧偏角有关,且在风向角为30°及150°时较大,其次是风向角60°和120°,而在风向角90°时则较小.

Value of High-Frequency Relic Gravitational Wave (HFRGW) Detection to Astrophysics and Fabrication and Utilization of the Li-Baker HFRGW Detector

Up to the present time gravitational-wave detectors, such as LIGO and Virgo, have been sensitive to frequencies on the order of a few thousand to a small fraction of an Hz. They have been most effective in the study of black-hole mergers. We suggest that high-frequency relic gravitational wave (HFRGW) detectors be developed, especially the Li-Baker HFRGW detector, in the gigahertz and higher frequency range. We believe collecting cosmological, primordial observational data especially generated during the first few seconds after the beginning of our Universe is extremely important. One motivation for this paper is, therefore, that we are confident that observation of relic gravitational waves will provide vital information about the birth of our Universe and its early dynamical evolution. Other astrophysical applications of HFRGW detectors involve the entropy growth of the early Universe, an ability to study alternatives to inflation and to provide clues about the symmetries underlying new physics at the highest energies. A working hypothesis or theory, based upon the rollout of our Universe from infinitesimal Planck Length and Planck Time is presented. This theory involves the rapid motion of time and matter during that early time having frequencies on the order of trillions of cycles per second or more. Several alternative HFRGW detectors are described and the proposed Li-Baker HFRGW detector, which is theoretically sensitive to GW amplitudes, A, as small as 10-32, is discussed in detail. Such sensitivity may provide a means for verifying or falsifying the rollout of our Universe working hypothesis. Essentially a combination of theory and experimentation is presented. It is recommended that plans and detailed specifications for the Li-Baker HFRGW detector be prepared in order to expedite its fabrication.

Construction of the standardized efficiency evaluation system for the opening and sharing of valuable instruments and equipment

In terms of the problem of the evaluation of the utilization efficiency of the opening and sharing of the expensive instruments and equipment in colleges and universities, combined with the Internet plus management mode of the whole process of the valuable instruments, based on the idea of ＂full opening and sharing＂, the author of this paper established the opening and sharing mechanisms of the instruments and equipment, to promote their effective allocation and improve their utilization efficiency. In this paper, the author carries out the thinking and discussion of the construction of a standardized evaluation system of the performance evaluation the valuable instruments and equipment.

关于安全仪表系统标准几个重要论题的辨析

IEC61511标准中关于安全仪表系统的某些术语定义和条文的欠妥造成阅读和理解上的困难,等同采用的GB/T21109的一些翻译错误更造成了释义和参考过程中的迷惑和问题。对照石化行业、仪表专业和工程设计的技术,分析IEC615111的原文和GB/T21109.1的译文,列举安全仪表系统的几个重要术语、控制系统与控制设备的关系、安全仪表系统与过程控制系统的区别、安全逻辑控制器、失效率概念等几个典型问题,取其精华、去其糟粕,讨论安全仪表系统工程应用中的一些概念、方法,对其中的疑惑提出质疑,并提出建议。