New U-Pb and Sm-Nd Data and REE Distribution in Sulphides of Paleoproterozoic PGE Layered Intrusions in the Arctic Part of the Fennoscandian Shield

The U-Pb (on zircon) and Sm-Nd analysis is a popular isotope-geochronological tool for estimating the age of rocks from PGE mafic-ultramafic intrusions. Sulphides can be used to study the geochronology of ore processes as well, since they should indicate the time of ore mineralization. Gabbronorite has been sampled from the Passivaara reef at the Penikat layered intrusion (Finland) for U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotope single zircon analyses in order to separate sulphide minerals. The Sm-Nd isotope age of gabbronorite has been dated at 2426 ± 36 Ma;eNd(T) = −1.4 ± 0.4. The Sm-Nd isotope age on sulphides and rock-forming minerals reflects the crystallization time of the ore-bearing gabbronorite from the Passivaara reef of the Penikat layered intrusion. The mass-spectrometer analytical environment and modes of operation have been adjusted to detect REE in sulphide minerals on example of pyrite from the PGE Penikat layered intrusion (Finland) and chalcopyrite from the Talnakh deposit (Norilsk area, Russia) has been estimated. The total REE content in pyrite is ca. 3.5 ppm, which is enough to define the Sm-Nd age of pyrite. The study shows how to use the mineral/chondrite spectra to evaluate the accuracy of the REE analytical results on example of State Standard Sample 2463 (Russia).

Sulphurization of the Electrochemically Deposited Indium Sulphide Oxide Thin Film and Its Photovoltaic Applications

The post-deposition heat treatment (annealing) for the electrochemically deposited thin film is often necessary in order to improve its crystallinity. In the present study, the electrochemically deposited indium sulfide oxide thin film was annealed in sulphure atmosphere for 60 min at 150℃ and 300℃. The impact of the annealing process on the composition, crystal structure, and surface morphology of the thin film was investigated. In addition, superstrate heterojunction solar cells based on the annealed film as a buffer layer and tin sulphide as an active layer were fabricated and characterized. They showed diode-like behavior under dark condition and a relatively small photovoltaic effect under AM1.5 illumination condition.

MOCVD of Molybdenum Sulphide Thin Film Via Single Solid Source Precursor Bis-(Morpholinodithioato-s,s’)-Mo

A single solid source precursor bis-(morpholinodithioato-s,s’)-Mo was prepared and molybdenum sulphide thin film was deposited on sodalime glass using Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) technique at deposition temperature of 420?C. The film was characterized using Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, Four point probe technique, Scanning Electron Mi-croscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). A direct optical band gap of 1.77 eV was obtained from the analysis of the absorption spectrum. The sheet resistance was found to be of the order of 10P–5P ΩP–1P?cmP–1P. SEM micrographs of the films showed the layered structure of the film with an estimated grain size that is less than 2 μm while XRD indicates parallel orientation of the basal plane to the substrate surface.

Free-standing ternary metallic sulphides/Ni/C-nanofiber anodes for high-performance lithium-ion capacitors

As a promising energy-storage device,the hybrid lithium-ion capacitor coupling with both a large energy density battery-type anode and a high power density capacitor-type cathode is attracting great attention.For the sake of improving the energy density of hybrid lithium-ion capacitor,the free-standing anodes with good electrochemical performance are essential.Herein,we design an effective electrospinning strategy to prepare free-standing MnS/Co4S3/Ni3S2/Ni/C-nanofibers(TMSs/Ni/C-NFs)film and firstly use it as a binder-free anode for hybrid lithium-ion capacitor.We find that the carbon nanofibers can availably prevent MnS/Co4S3/Ni3S2/Ni nanoparticles from aggregation as well as significantly improve the electrochemical performance.Therefore,the binder-free TMSs/Ni/C-NFs membrane displays an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 1246.9 m Ah g-1at 100 m A g-1,excellent rate capability(398 mAh g-1 at2000 mA g-1),and long-term cyclic endurance.Besides,we further assemble the hybrid lithium-ion capacitor,which exhibits a high energy density of 182.0 Wh kg-1at 121.1 W kg-1(19.0 Wh kg-1 at 3512.5 W kg-1)and remarkable cycle life.

Petrography and Mineralogy of the Quartz and Quartz-Feldspar Sulphide Veins in the Pan-African Syenitic Massif of Guider (North Cameroon)

In the syenitic pluton of Guider (593 ± 4 Ma) in the North-West Cameroon domain of Central African Fold Belt, mineralized N-S to NE-SW vertical or sub-vertical quartz and quartz feldspar veins has been recently identified. In this contribution, we present petrography and mineralogy of these veins, in order to constrain their genesis and emplacement mechanisms based on detailed field work, petrographic studies and chemical characterization of minerals by using an electron probe microanalyser (EPMA). Field observations and vein microstructures show that the emplacement of the veins has been controlled by the dextral N-S trending strike-slip shear zones related to the regional D2 deformation phase. The results of mineralogical analysis reveal the co-presence of silicates and metallic minerals that include magnetite, ilmenite, pyrite, bismuthite, galena (very rare) and sulphide complexes (BiPbS, BiAgPbS, FeBiPbCuS, BiFe(TeS), FeBiPbS, BiPbCuS). The gangue is represented by quartz (quartz 1, quartz 2 and quartz 3), feldspars, sericite, chlorite, yellowish brown clay minerals, and hematite. The textural relationships between sulphides, quartz and alteration products show that the mineralization is essentially syn- to late-D2 and suggest that syenitic country rock and dextral shear zones have played an important role in the metallogenesis of these veins. This mineralization shows characteristics for copper-bearing calc-alkaline deposits, but differs from these by its more extensive alteration and its abundance in hematite. Substitutions of Al(IV) by Si(IV) in sericite associated with the sulphide mineralization and cataclastic deformation suggest that the temperature of trapping of the fluids is between 230°C and 275°C.

IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF BREEDING-FIRE OF SULPHIDE ORE DUMPS

ＩＮＳＩＴＵＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＢＲＥＥＤＩＮＧＦＩＲＥＯＦＳＵＬＰＨＩＤＥＯＲＥＤＵＭＰＳ①ＷｕＣｈａｏ，ＷａｎｇＰｉｎｇｌｏｎｇ，ＭｅｎｇＴｉｎｇｒａｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓＥｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎＥｎｇｉｎｅｒｉｎ...

Massive Sulphide Deposits Related to the Volcano-Passive Continental Margin in the Altay Region

The Devonian volcano-passive continental margin in southern Altay is a significant volcanogenic massive sulphide metallogenic belt. Acidic volcanism has been dominant on the inner side of the volcano-passive continental margin, i.e., near the old land, resulting in a Pb-Zn metallogenic sub-belt, in which the ore deposits are hosted by sedimentary rocks in volcanic series, as represented by the large Koktal Pb-Zn deposits. In the central part of the margin far away from the old land, bimodal volcanic formations are well developed, forming volcanics-hosted Cu-Zn metallogenic sub-belts, e.g., the large-scale Ashele Cu-Zn deposit. The Qiaoxiahala sub-belt on the outer side of the margin near the ocean ridge is located at the spreading central trough, where ophiolite suites are developed. This type of deposits is rich in gold and copper, similar to the Cyprus-type Fe-Cu-Au metallogenic sub-belt in metallogenic environment (represented by the Qiaoxiahala medium-scale Fe-Cu-Au deposit). From the old land to the ocean, the mineralizing age becomes younger, i.e., from Early Devonian→Early and Middle Devonian→Middle Devonian, forming a complete metallogenic zoning series on the volcano-passive continental margin. Comparative studies show that the massive sulphide deposits distributed on the volcano-passive continental margin are different from those formed under a plate subduction regime and oceanic ridge environment; the former have their unique features and wide distributions, representing a new type of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits—the Altay type.

Hydrogen sulphide detection using near-infrared diode laser and compact dense-pattern multipass cell

Sub-ppmv level detection of hydrogen sulphide(H2 S) using a 1.578-μm distributed feedback tunable diode laser combining with wavelength modulation spectroscopy and second harmonic detection scheme is reported. A home-developed novel compact dense-pattern multipass gas cell with an effective optical path length of 29.37 m is used to improve sensitivity and reduce sample volume. Detection parameters are optimized, including modulation frequency and amplitude. The analysis of Allan variance shows that a minimum detectable concentration 60 ppbv is obtained with a lock-in time constant of 10 ms, and a detection limit of 13 ppbv can be achieved by average in 300 s. The demonstrated H2 S sensor has a strong penitential application in natural gas process for regulating and controlling H2 S concentration.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF SULPHIDE ORES DURING SPONTANEOUS COMBUST

ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＩＮＶＥＳＴＩＧＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＴＨＥＲＭＯＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＢＥＨＡＶＩＯＵＲＯＦＳＵＬＰＨＩＤＥＯＲＥＳＤＵＲＩＮＧＳＰＯＮＴＡＮＥＯＵＳＣＯＭＢＵＳＴＩＯＮＷｕＣｈａｏ，ＭｅｎｇＴｉｎｇｒａｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅ...

LEACHING OF PRECIOUS METALS FROM COMPLEX SULPHIDE ORES——2.DIRECT LEACHING OF Cu SULFIDE CONCENTRATE BY ACIDIC THIOUREA SOLUTIONS

Recovery of gold and silver from a sulphide concentrate by thiourea leaching was investigat-ed.The effects of various parameters on the process,such as oxidants,the initial concentrationof thiourea and acidity in solutions as well as reaction temperature,were systematically exam-ined.From the results it was confirmed that(a)oxidants had no significant influence on the dis-solution of gold and silver at a fixed initial concentration of thiourea;(b)the initial concentra-tion of thiourea and acidity affected the dissolution rate only in the earliest period of leaching;(c)the rate of the process was controlled by reagent diffusion.The optimum operations wereworked out for the thiourea leaching process of the concentrate.

Atmospheric oxygen-rich direct leaching behavior of zinc sulphide concentrate

The leaching behavior of main metallic sulphides in zinc concentrate under atmospheric oxygen-rich direct leaching conditions was studied through mineralogical analysis. The results show that the sulphides dissolve obviously except pyrite. Based on the relationship between elemental sulfur and the residual sulphides in the leaching residue, the dissolution of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, covellite and galena is assumed to follow the indirect oxidation reactions, where the acidic dissolution takes place firstly and then the released H2S transfers from the mineral surface into bulk solution and is further oxidized into elemental sulfur. The interface chemical reaction is further supposed as the controlling step in the leaching of these sulphides. The direct electrochemical oxidation reactions are assumed to contribute to the dissolution of pyrrhotite, which is controlled by the diffusion through elemental sulfur layer.

Electrochemical studies on interplay of mineralogical variation and particle size on bioleaching low grade complex sulphide ores

The interplay of mineralogical variation and mineral phase distribution within varying particle sizes on the dissolution behaviour of a low grade complex sulphide ore was investigated through bioleaching experiments and electrochemical technique. Investigations were carried out utilizing mineralogical data on the variations in mineral and phase distribution within particle sizes of <53μm,53-75μm,75-106μm and 106-150μm in mixed mesophilic cultures of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans.Electrochemical behaviour was studied using particulate electrodes from the four varying particle sizes and from massive electrodes prepared from the two major sulphide mineral rich phases(sphalerite-rich and galena-rich)and a complex mineralogical phase of the bulk ore.Bioleaching studies reveal the highest recoveries at a particle size of 75μm,while electrochemical investigations reveal the highest dissolution at particle size of 106μm.Electrochemical results show that sphalerite rich phase has the highest dissolution rate while galena-rich complex phase has the least.SEM studies confirm the highest bacterial attack at the sphalerite-rich phase.The discrepancies between the dissolutions within particle sizes obtained from bioleaching experiments and electrochemical studies are consistent with and attributed both to the physical and mineralogical influences.Electrochemical behaviour is influenced and controlled by galvanic interaction resulting from mineralogical variation, while bioleaching behaviour is influenced by mineralogical variation as well as physical effect of particle size.

Physical chemistry mechanisms of CDR system in sulphide mineral flotation

The flotation tests, zeta potential measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） analysis on galena, sphalerite, and pyrite were studied in a collecting-depressing-reactivating （CDR） system. In this system, sulphide minerals were first collected and acti- vated by the collector, and then depressed strongly by Ca（OH）2 in a strong alkaline solution. Finally, they were reactivated by H2SO4. The flotation tests of pure minerals showed that in the Ca（OH）2 depressing process sulphide minerals had similar flotation characteristics because they had already been influenced by the collector. Hence, the flotability differences between them were reduced. However, in the H2SO4 re- activating process considerable differences in the flotability between galena and sphalerite/pyrite were produced. That is to say, galena was relatively easy to be reactivated by H2SO4, but sphalerite and pyrite were not reactivated at pH 〉 11. The zeta potentials of sulfide minerals measured by the Zeta Plus presented irreversible characteristics on the change of pH values. The results of the FTIR spectra analysis indi- cated that the collectors already adsorbed on the mineral surface were removed partially by Ca（OH）〉

利用硫化碱废渣制备新型多功能悬浮型种衣剂的研究与应用(Ⅰ)——新型多功能悬浮型种衣剂的研究

本文研究了以工业硫化碱废渣与一类丰富的废弃矿物质等为原料,合成新型阴离子表面活性剂--矽力康复合肥在悬浮型种衣剂中的应用,探讨了矽力康复合肥、不同种类的阴离子、非离子表面活性剂对20%的悬浮型种衣剂稳定性的作用及相互作用,确定了最佳复配条件.结果表明:在使用单一组分中,使用矽力康复合肥比其他9种表面活性剂的稳定性高20.2%～141.2%(15 d);在复配体系中,50g/L矽力康复合肥与15g/L乳化剂A复配体系在90 d后的悬浮率仍达到90.4%,比50g/L十二烷基苯磺酸钠与40g/L乳化剂A的复配体系高29%;产品粘度为500～600mpa·s、对种子的包衣均匀度为95.3%,成膜时间为19min,包衣脱落率为7.42%,热贮稳定性均符合标准,并且产品本身还含有大量促进种子生长的必要元素.

Room Temperature Synthesis of Aminocaproic Acid-Capped Lead Sulphide Nanoparticles

Aminocaproic acid (ACA) mixed methanolic lead acetate-thiourea (PbAc-TU) complex as precursor for fabrication of lead sulphide (PbS) nanoparticles (NPs) has been explained. The size, structure and morphology of as-prepared ACA-capped PbS NPs were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron mi-croscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Uv-vis spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The obtained results show that the synthesized PbS NPs are nanocrystalline, size quantized and their agglomeration shows a mesoporous network of 8.7 nm in pore size. The binding nature of ACA molecules on PbS surface was studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) techniques. Results indicate that ACA acts as a soft template that restricts the growth of PbS NPs through its binding to Pb surface via nitrogen lone pair.

Kinetics of the Chlorination of Copper （I） Sulphide by Calcium Chloride in the Presence of Oxygen

The chemism of the chlorination of copper （I） sulphide by calcium chloride in the presence of oxygen has been determined based on the thermodynamic analysis in the Cu2S-CaCl2-O2 system as well as characterization of used raw materials and obtained products. The influence of temperature （from 473 to 773 K）, time （from 2 to 120 min）, oxygen flow （from 20 to 100 L/h） and calcium chloride quantity （from 5 to 40%） on the chlorination degree has been investigated. Kinetic analysis and the activation energy values of 20.89 kJ/mol showed that the chlorination of copper （I） sulphide by calcium chloride in the presence of oxygen is diffusion controlled.

Further evidence of endogenous hydrogen sulphide as a mediator of relaxation in human and rat bladder

We investigated the expression of hydrogen sulphide （H2S） in human and rat lower urinary tract （including bladder, prostate and urethra） tissues, and we sought to determine whether H2S induces relaxation of human and Sprague-Dawley （SD） rat bladder strips. Human normal lower urinary tract tissue was obtained for the evaluation of endogenous H2S productivity using a sulphide-sensitive electrode and for the analysis of the expression levels of all three synthases of endogenous H2S, cystathionine β-synthase （CBS）, cystathionine y lyase （CSE） and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphur transferase （MPST, as known as 3-MST） by Western blot assay. CBS, CSE and MPST were located in human sample slides by immunohistochemistry. Human and male adult SD rat bladder strips were tested for H2S function with a transducer and recorded. All experiments were repeated six times. The endogenous H2S productivity and the H2S synthases had various distributions in the human and rat lower urinary tract tissues and were located in both epithelial and stromal sections. L-cysteine （L-Cys, a substrate of CBS, CSE and MPST） elicited relaxation in a dose-dependent manner on human bladder strips ere-contracted by acetylcholine chloride. This effect could be diminished by the ATe-sensitive potassium ion （KATe） channel blocker glibenclamide （GLB）, the CSE inhibitor DL-propargylglycine （PEG） and the CBS inhibitor hydroxylamine （HA）. H2S and its three synthases were present in the human and rat lower urinary tract tissues and relaxed human and rat bladder strips, which implied that endogenous H2S might play a role in physiological function and pathological disorders of the lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS） or overactive bladder （OAB）.

Interaction effects of flotation reagents for SAG mill reject of copper sulphide ore using response surface methodology

Flotation reagents have a complex behaviour in the beneficiation of base minerals in clayey ores.Interaction effects of reagents on the efficiency of copper flotation for a highly clayey low-grade sulphide ore were investigated using a central composite design.Preliminary results showed that sodium-isopropyl-xanthate(SIPX)and O-isopropyl-N-ethyl-thionocarbamate(IPETC)were found to be the most efficient collectors in the presence of lime as the pH regulator.The effects of dosage of collectors(SIPX and IPETC)and the dosage of methyl-isobutyl-carbonyl(MIBC)as frother on the separation efficiency were evaluated at different pH levels.Based on the analysis of variance(ANOVA),the interaction effects of the collector−pH and collector−frother were significant for the separation efficiency.At the low level of collector dosage,increasing pH from 9 to 11 enhanced copper separation efficiency from 81%to 86%for IPETC and from 77%to 86%for SIPX.Results of ANOVA showed that the maximum copper separation efficiency(88.7%)was obtained at the dosages of 8.6 g/t SIPX,7 g/t IPETC and 20 g/t MIBC at pH 11.Finally,it was concluded that a mixture of SIPX and IPETC collectors was more suitable to treat highly clayey sulphide ores.

Effects of forced aeration on community dynamics of free and attached bacteria in copper sulphide ore bioleaching

Bacterial community dynamics and copper leaching with applied forced aeration were investigated during low-grade copper sulphide bioleaching to obtain better bioleaching efficiency.Results illustrated that appropriate aeration improved bacterial concentrations and leaching efficiencies.The highest bacterial concentration and Cu^(2+)concentration after 14-d leaching were 7.61×10^(7) cells·mL^(−1) and 704.9 mg·L^(−1),respectively,at aeration duration of 4 h·d^(−1).The attached bacteria played a significant role during bioleaching from 1 to 7 d.However,free bacteria dominated the bioleaching processes from 8 to 14 d.This phenomenon was mainly caused by the formation of passivation layer through Fe3+hydrolysis along with bioleaching,which inhibited the contact between the attached bacteria and ore.Meanwhile,16S rDNA analysis verified the effect of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans on the bioleaching process.The results demonstrate the importance of free and attached bacteria in bioleaching.

Single Step Solid-Solid Reaction Scheme for the Synthesis of Cobalt Sulphide-Oxide Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix

At present, there is considerable interest in polymer-metal chalcogenides/oxides based nano-composites on account of their tunable optical, magnetic, electronic and catalytic properties. Here in, we report a simple single step approach for the in-situ synthesis of combined cobalt sulphide/cobalt oxide in polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) polymer matrix. We have illustrated the suitability of this methodology by reacting commonly available cobalt precursors with engineering thermoplastic, PPS. The cobalt precursor was homogeneously mixed with PPS in the molar ratios of 1:1, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, respectively, followed by heating the mixtures obtained at the melting temperature of the polymer (285?C) for six hours. The resultant products were characterized by X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) technique and Fourier Transformation Infra red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Formation of mixed phases viz., sulphide and oxide of cobalt within modified PPS matrix was confirmed by XRD. The resultant nanoparticles of cobalt sulphide and cobalt oxide embedded in the PPS matrix showed crooked and chunk morphology. The optical properties of the resultant nanocomposites indicate the shift in the absorption hump due to nanoscale size effect.