Identification of the anomaly component using BEMD combined with PCA from element concentrations in the Tengchong tin belt, SW China

Concentration of elements or element groups in a geological body is the result of multiple stages of rockforming and ore-forming geological processes.An ore-forming element group can be identified by PCA(principal component analysis)and be separated into two components using BEMD(bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition):(1)a high background component which represents the ore-forming background developed in rocks through various geological processes favorable for mineralization(i.e.magmatism,sedimentation and/or metamorphism);(2)the anomaly component which reflects the oreforming anomaly that is overprinted on the high background component developed during mineralization.Anomaly components are used to identify ore-finding targets more effectively than ore-forming element groups.Three steps of data analytical procedures are described in this paper;firstly,the application of PCA to establish the ore-forming element group;secondly,using BEMD on the o re-forming element group to identify the anomaly components created by different types of mineralization processes;and finally,identifying ore-finding targets based on the anomaly components.This method is applied to the Tengchong tin-polymetallic belt to delineate ore-finding targets,where four targets for Sn(W)and three targets for Pb-Zn-Ag-Fe polymetallic mineralization are identified and defined as new areas for further prospecting.It is shown that BEMD combined with PCA can be applied not only in extracting the anomaly component for delineating the ore-finding target,but also in extracting the residual component for identifying its high background zone favorable for mineralization from its oreforming element group.

Structural Controls and Predictive Mapping of Tin, Niobium and Tantalum Mineralization Associated with the Mayo Darlé Stanniferous Granitoids;Contributions of Geostatistics

The aim of this study of the spatial dispersion of tin, niobium and tantalum mineralization associated with the Mayo Darlé granitoids was to produce prospecting guides through predictive maps of Sn, Nb and Ta in the region. It was based on a database (in appendix) obtained after analysis of rock samples (greisens and quartz veins) collected in the field, using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Two approaches were used: 1) structural studies in the field using the directions of veins and fractures 2) the use of variographic maps, an essential element in geostatistics for determining directional anisotropies. A joint synthesis of the modelling results shows that tin, tantalum and niobium mineralization at Mayo Darlé is concentrated along strike intervals N315E to N320E, with mineralization also occurring along strike N35E for high-grade Sn, medium-grade Ta and low-grade Nb. In short, mineral concentrations disperse progressively in space: positively from east to west for tantalum and niobium, and inversely for tin.

An Analysis of Brick in Cat on the Hot Tin Roof

Tennessee Williams is a prominent American dramatist and Poet Laureate after Eugene O’Neil.Cat on the Hot Tin Roof is praised as the pinnacle of his plays,awarded Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Drama Critics Award in 1955.With the background of southern American family,the play consists of light and shade clues:the former centers on brothers’fighting for property;the latter focuses on hero Brick’s homosexual problem.The analysis of the convert of Brick’s role and thought aims at comprehending to a deep degree how Williams,a homosexual,exposes hideous humanity and hypocrisy society more thoroughly as well as shows his profound thinking of life value.

Optimization of Tin-Doped Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskites are a category of materials with a unique crystal structure that allows them to absorb sunlight efficiently. This efficiency is particularly high in the case of CH3NH3Pb1-xSnxI3 mixed perovskites. The combination of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) in this matrix provides a broad spectrum of sunlight absorption, enabling the generation of a larger voltage and, subsequently, increased power. The primary objective in solar cell development is to maximize the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Mixed perovskites like CH3NH3Pb1-xSnxI3 have demonstrated significant potential in this regard. Their tunable bandgap, courtesy of varying the Pb: Sn ratio, allows for the optimization of sunlight absorption. The result is solar cells that surpass many conventional counterparts in terms of energy efficiency. Another significant advantage of these mixed perovskite solar cells is their cost-effectiveness. They can be manufactured using solution-based processes, which are less expensive than the high-vacuum methods required for traditional silicon solar cells. While the prospects for mixed perovskite solar cells are undeniably promising, there are concerns about the toxicity of lead, a key component of these cells. Lead is known to have harmful effects on the environment and health. The aim of our work is to reduce or eliminate lead toxicity in the perovskite cell while maintaining its efficiency. Thus, in a theoretical and experimental approach, we obtained following efficiencies of samples: CH3NH3PbI3 (22.49%) CH3NH3Pb0.75Sn0.25I3 (22.72%), CH3NH3Pb0.5Sn0.5I3 (23.00%) CH3NH3Pb0.25Sn0.75I3 (22.61%), CH3NH3SnI3 (22.38%). Doping with 50% tin gives the highest result (23.00%). By replacing a fraction of the lead with tin, the research aims to reduce the environmental footprint of the cells while maintaining their high performance. However, the challenge is to achieve a balance that does not compromise performance while reducing toxicity. .

Forming Stages of Polycrystalline TiN Films Depending on the Nitrogen Concentration in Mixed Gas

The influence of nitrogen concentration in mixed gas on temperature conditions, structure and phase composition of the TiN film deposited by arc spraying has been investigated. By electron microscopic investigations and X-ray diffraction phase analysis was recognized forming stages and structuring process of the film with main cubic phase (111) TiN. It was discovered that forming stages and process of structuring of ion-plasma TiN films are affected by both film temperature and its rate of heating.

铸造Al-Si合金表面气相沉积TiN薄膜的耐磨性能

采用多弧离子镀技术,对铸造Al-Si合金表面气相沉积TiN薄膜的耐磨性能进行了研究。结果表明,镀有TiN薄膜的铸造Al-Si合金具有比未镀膜铸造Al-Si合金更优异的耐磨性。在相同的磨损条件下,未镀膜试样表面由于发生磨粒磨损,在磨损过程中出现严重的微观切削现象;TiN涂层表面以粘着磨损为主,其磨痕存在剥落,并且随着磨损时间的延长,磨损机制由粘着磨损转为磨粒磨损,未镀膜试样的磨痕宽度几乎是TiN磨痕的2倍。

Interface microstructure and properties of submerged arc brazing tin-based babbit

The submerged arc brazing method was used to connect the tin-based babbit alloy with the steel matrix.The microstructure of the submerged arc brazed Babbitt interface layer on the surface of Q235B steel was analyzed by OM,SEM and EDS and the hardness properties of the joint interface layer were tested by MH-5 microhardness tester.the result of research shows that a layer of canine-shaped intermetallic compound with uneven thickness is formed at the interface,and the thickness is 10–20μm.The interface layer includes two kinds of compound layers,namely the FeSn layer near the side of the steel substrate and FeSn2 layer near the side of the babbit.During the interfacial reaction process,Fe atoms in the steel matrix dissolve into the liquid babbit alloy and form a certain concentration gradient at the interface.The farther from the interface,the lower the Fe atom concentration.The growth of Gibbs free energy of FeSn is lower when the temperature is above 780.15 K,and the temperature during the welding process is much higher than 780.15 K,moreover the precipitation temperature of FeSn is higher.Therefore,in the subsequent cooling process,FeSn is first precipitated from the interface near the side of steel matrix and then FeSn2 is precipitated from the interface near the side of babbit alloy.Microhardness test showed that the intermetallic compound at the interface layer significantly improved the hardness properties.

Degradation mechanism of tin phosphide as Na-ion battery negative electrode

The degradation mechanism of an Sn_4P_3 electrode as Na-ion battery anode was investigated by using a transmission electron microscopic observation. At the first desodiation, we confirmed that Sn nanoparticles with 6 nm in size were dispersed in an amorphous-like P matrix.Compared to this, we observed aggregated Sn particles with sizes exceeding 50 nm after the drastic capacity fading. The capacity fading mechanism was for the first time confirmed to be Sn aggregation. To improve the capacity decay, we carried out the two kinds of chargeàdischarge cycling tests under the reduced volume changes of Sn particles and P matrix by limiting desodiation reactions of Nae Sn and Na3P, respectively. The Sn_4P_3 electrode exhibited an excellent cyclability with the discharge capacity of 500 mA hg^(-1) for 420 cycles under the limited desodiation, whereas the capacity decay was accelerated under the limited sodiation. The results suggest that the Sn aggregation can be improved by the reduced volume change of the P matrix, and that it is very effective for improving anode performance of Sn_4P_3 electrode.

Influence of defect states on the performances of planar tin halide perovskite solar cells

Although tin halide perovskite has shown excellent photoelectric performance, its efficiency of solar cell is low compared with that of lead halide. In order to enhance the efficiency of tin halide perovskite solar cell, a deep understanding of the role of the defects in the perovskite absorption layer and at the electron transport layer(ETL)/absorber or absorber/hole transport layer(HTL) interface is very necessary. In this work, the planar heterojunction-based CH_3NH_3SnI_3 perovskite solar cells were simulated with the SCAPS-1D program. Simulation results revealed a great dependence of device efficiency on defect density and interface quality of the perovskite absorber. The defect density at the front interface is critical for high efficiency, and the polarity of the interface charge has a different impact on the device efficiency. Strikingly, an efficiency over 29% was obtained under the moderate simulation conditions.

Features of the formation and nanostructure of the film with the basic hexagonal phase TiN_0.3by arc evaporation

Forming and nanostructuring processes of TiN film by electric arc evaporation under the conditions of the reactive nitrogen gas deficit in the gas mixture (30%) have been investigated. The results of a technological experiment, electron microscopic examination, X-ray diffraction phase analysis and mechanical testing of the film revealed that a significant increase in ion density and mobility leads to deterioration of the formation temperature conditions, structural and phase changes in TiN film and change of the main cubic phase (111)TiN on a hexagonal (101)TiN0.3. In the end repeated decrease of the the film microhardness with (101)TiN0.3 was caused not only by erosion of the film, but also because of change in the processes of its formation and nanostructuring in comparison with similar processes of the film with (111)TiN.

顾及特征线和三角形形态最优的TIN三角网构建算法

传统三角形剖分方法只考虑三角网的形态最优,忽略了地形特征线的影响,导致构建的地形模型不能真实反映地形特征。文章提出既顾及特征线又满足三角形形态最优的TIN模型的构建方法。在研究了有关三角形形态理论的基础上,设计了数据结构,对如何利用该方法进行三角形剖分做了具体研究。实例证明,利用该方法进行三角形剖分,构建的TIN三角网模型既能满足三角形形态最优,又能避免特征线穿越三角形,能够真实反映地形特征。该三角形剖分方法对于地形较复杂区域的TIN模型构建具有很好的适用性。

Antifriction and wear resistance of tin diffusion coating on brass

After brass is coated with tin, heat treatment makes the coating metal Sn and the substrate metallic elements Cu and Zn diffuse with each other. This causes the coating composition to be changed and the interface to be strengthened. The diffusion coating with a multiphase structure formed by this process has excellent properties of antifriction and wear resistance. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy, electronic probe microanalysis and X ray diffraction, the mechanism of the properties is discussed.

PCVD TiN膜的界面制备及性能

用TiCl4作为反应气体制备PCVDTiN镀层，对降低界面的氧含量，改善PCVDTiN镀层的界面性能进行了研究。在镀层制备过程中增加了界面制备过程，即采用氩离子轰击以及氢的反应使界面的氯含量降低，膜基界面得到改善。结果表明，与常规PCVD制备的TiN镀层相比，膜层的结合强度有大幅度的提高，耐磨性和耐蚀性均有改善，特别是其耐蚀性达到甚至超过奥氏体不锈钢的水平。

Bonding Characteristics of TiC and TiN

Using ab initio density functional theory calculations, the electron localization function (ELF) of typical transition metal carbide TiC and nitride TiN were computed and analyzed to reveal their nature of the chemical bonds. The ELF approach was initially validated through typical examples of covalent-bonding Diamond (C) and ionic-bonding sodium chloride NaCl. Our results clearly demonstrate the dominantly ionic bonding characteristics of TiC and TiN. It is also suggested that the high mechanical hardness of TiC and TiN can be explained without evoking strong covalence.

Solder joint geometry of tin-lead alloy and its application in electronic packaging

By employing the minimum energy theorem, the Potential energy controlling equation, which consists of surface energy and gravitational energy for molten meniscus, was investigated. The soder joint geometry of molten tin-lead soder alloy for chip component and thin quad flat package were simulated with finite element method. The simulation results 0f solder joint geometry are coincident well with the experimental results. The solder joint geometry was applied to study the solder joint reliability for chip component RC3216.The thermal cycling tests revealed that the solder joint geometry plays an important ro1e in solder joint reliability.

Effect of Environmental Conditions on Tin (Sn) Whisker Growth

This research focuses on tin whisker growth under two different environmental conditions namely hygrothermal and a salt solution. Tin coated brass coupons were used for this study to analyze the growth of tin whiskers over time. Their growth rates were examined periodically using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The physical characteristics of the tin whiskers were identified for each environmental condition. It was discovered that submersion of tin coated brass substrates in 5% salt solution considerably increased the density (number of whiskers per unit area), and the length of the whiskers. In addition, it was found that the geometry and aspect ratio of tin whiskers were different for each environment.

A Desperate Housewife in 1955——An Analysis of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,written by Tennessee Williams in 1955,is a brilliant play about a dysfunctional family.In this play,Williams uses his craft to entertain,enlighten and bare men's soul in morden society.By analyzing its major characters,themes and symbols,this paper tries to show this play's contemporary significance.

Estimation of Annual Effective Dose Due to Ingestion of Natural Radionuclides in Cattle in Tin Mining Area of Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Contamination of land could occur during the extraction and handling of materials containing high levels of naturally occurring radionuclide materials. These radionuclides find their ways into the food chain. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in heart, liver, kidney, lungs, spleen and beef of cattle slaughtered and consumed in a tin mining area of Jos Plateau, Nigeria were determined by gamma ray spectroscopy method. The activity concentration of 40K is the highest in all the samples. The annual effective dose to man through the ingestion of the radionuclides in the organs was estimated. The mean annual effective doses calculated are 35.35 ± 13.84, 57.89 ± 38.27 and 46.93 ± 10.28 μSv?y?1 for heart, liver and kidney, respectively. Those of lungs, spleen and meat are 28.44 ± 15.70, 48.34 ± 28.85 and 41.24 ± 3.56 μSv?y?1, respectively. These are of the order of two magnitudes higher than those obtained for food in Abeokuta, Nigeria.

基体随炉氮化提高PCVD TiN结合强度

本文用对滚实验方法，评定了基体与膜的动态结合强度。镀膜滚轮经过5×106周次循环之后，膜的剥落面积小于5％时的最大接触应力定义为膜基界面疲劳强度σc。钢基体经过喷砂处理后，PCVDTiN膜的结合强度有很大提高。如果工件的光洁度要求较高不能喷砂处理时，表面预氮化能够达到与喷砂处理同样的结合力。

TC4表面TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为研究及第一性原理计算

目的综合评估涂层性能、延长压气机叶片的使用寿命,进行TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为机制研究。方法进行了完整TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层300℃/120h的热腐蚀实验,腐蚀介质为95%(质量分数)Na_(2)SO_(4)+5%(质量分数)NaCl。冲蚀实验采用形状不规则的SiO_(2)颗粒,冲蚀角为45°,冲蚀速度为130 m/s,供砂速率为6.4 g/min。建立了完整TiN涂层、表面具有孔洞的TiN涂层及表面具有Ti液滴的TiN涂层3种第一性原理腐蚀计算模型。结果TiN/Ti涂层热腐蚀后,液滴处发生氧化并且变得疏松;样品切割边缘产生腐蚀锈迹,最终出现鼓包和裂纹;冲蚀后,涂层表面的完整性受到破坏,相较于未冲蚀区域,冲蚀坑周围更容易出现腐蚀。在热腐蚀过程中,SO_(4)^(2-)中的O和完整TiN涂层中的Ti以及液滴中的Ti电子云团接触,存在电荷转移及成键倾向,具体为Ti失电子、O得电子,腐蚀主要发生在SO_(4)^(2-)中的O与Ti之间。结论第一性原理计算结果与热腐蚀的实验结果相一致,第一性原理计算结果可以从微观上反映液滴和孔洞等缺陷对涂层热腐蚀行为的影响,能够为分析涂层的热腐蚀机制提供理论依据。