A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

Experimental Investigation of Laser Surface Hardening of AISI 4340 Steel Using Different Laser Scanning Patterns

Laser surface transformation hardening becomes one of the most modern processes used to improve fatigue and wear properties of steel surfaces. In this process, the material properties and the heating parameters are the factors that present the most significant effects on the hardened surface attributes. The control of these factors using predictive modeling approaches to achieve desired surface properties leads to conclusive results. However, when the dimensions of the surface to be treated are larger than the cross-section of the laser beam, various laser-scanning patterns are involved. This paper presents an experimental investigation of laser surface hardening of AISI 4340 steel using different laser scanning patterns. This investigation is based on a structured experimental design using the Taguchi method and improved statistical analysis tools. Experiments are carried out using a 3 kW Nd: YAG laser source in order to evaluate the effects of the heating parameters and patterns design parameters on the physical and geometrical characteristics of the hardened surface. Laser power, scanning speed and scanning patterns (linear, sinusoidal, triangular and trochoid) are the factors used to evaluate the hardened depth and the hardened width variations and to identify the possible relationship between these factors and the hardened zone attributes. Various statistical tools such as ANOVA, correlations analysis and response surfaces are applied in order to examine the effects of the experimental factors on the hardened surface characteristics. The results reveal that the scanning patterns do not modify the nature of the laser parameters’ effects on the hardened depth and the hardened width. But they can accentuate or reduce these effects depending on the type of the considered pattern. The results show also that the sinusoidal and the triangular patterns are relevant when a maximum hardened width with an acceptable hardened depth is desired.

APPLICATION OF MAP AND FILE INFORMATIONVISUALIZATION SYSTEM TO COMPREHENSIVEDIVISION OF NATURAL DISASTERS- Takingthe ChangjiangValleg as an Example

ABSTRACT: This paper generalizes the makeup and forming dynamic mechanism of natural disaster systems, principles and methods of comprehensive division of natural disasters, as well as structure, function and up-build routes of map and file information visualization system (MFIVS). Taking the Changjiang(Yangtze) Valley as an example, on the basis of revealing up the integrated mechanism on the formations of its natural disasters and its distributing law, thereafter, the paper relies on the MFIVS technique, adopts two top-down and bottom-up approaches to study a comprehensive division of natural disasters. It is relatively objective and precise that the required division results include three natural disaster sections and nine natural disaster sub-sections, which can not only provide a scientific basis for utilizing natural resources and controlling natural disaster and environmental degradation, but also be illuminated to a concise, practical and effective technique on comprehensive division.

Study of Spatial Characteristics of Streets and Alleys in Traditional Villages:Taking Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Area as an Example

Taking the traditional residential street space in Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Area as an example,the factors influencing the formation and development of lane space and the distribution characteristics of lanes were analyzed in this paper.Subsequently,an analysis was conducted on the scale and proportion of street and lane space enclosed in the settlement,the experiential aspects of street and lane space,as well as the node space.Lastly,a systematic summary of the street space characteristics in the settlements of Pingtan Island and Dongxiang Island is presented.

The Looped Light of the Triple-Slit Real Experiment as a Confirmation for the Extra Dimensions of Quantum Spacetime and the Reality of Dark Energy

Looped light in a recent sophisticated real three-slit experiment is interpreted as a strong justification of the old theoretical Peano-Hilbert spacetime model of Ord and El Naschie. This in turn entails the existence of extra fractal dimensions and consequently of real dark energy density in full agreement with previous analysis as well as accurate measurements and observations of COBE, WMAP, and the type 1a supernova.

棉田抗雹灾多熟种植模式及其综合效益分析

2002—2003年在阿克苏地区阿瓦提县构建出一种“冬小麦||菠菜/棉花—大豆(或西瓜)”多熟种植模式。结果表明,该种植模式综合效益明显高于小麦复种和单作棉花受灾后补救的效益。平均年光能利用率达0.54%,比大田单作棉花光能利用率提高了184.2%;且可利用日照时数、可利用太阳辐射量、可利用生理辐射量均比大田单作棉田提高71.6%以上;生长期利用率比大田单作棉田提高了71.3%。在棉田受到较严重的冰雹灾害情况下,年平均总产值18998.7元·hm2,不仅高于未受雹灾的单作棉田12.5%,比受灾单作棉田高145.9%,平均纯收入为7632.3元·hm2,虽然比未受灾单作棉田的纯收入低20.2%,但远远高于受雹灾的单作棉田以及受灾严重又复播玉米田的纯收入,平均增收8144元·hm2。

早期养育经验与母子依恋水平的相关研究

运用沃特期-迪因儿童依恋行为分类卡片的相关条目,评估81名寄宿制幼儿园幼儿与母亲的依恋水平,并用自编问卷回溯幼儿三岁前的养育经验及相关基本信息。结果显示:幼儿与母亲的依恋总体上都处于比较积极的状态;主要照料者非保姆的、母亲产后复工时间在三个月内的、母亲主观陪伴愿望强的、与母亲分离增多始于2岁半及以上的、母亲从未威胁抛弃的,母子依恋总分较高;女孩、主要照料者非保姆的、母亲主观陪伴愿望强的、与母亲分离增多始于2岁半及以上的、母亲从未威胁抛弃的,与母亲直接相关的依恋分数都较高;高年级及母亲从未威胁抛弃的,一般行为倾向上表现更为积极;断奶和母亲产后复工时间在三个月内的、母亲无暇或不能全心全意陪伴的、母亲从未威胁抛弃的,对陌生人的兴趣和接近性更强;而喂养方式、母亲实际陪伴孩子时间的多少、及早期与母亲的分离经验,未发现对各依恋指标的显著性影响。提示:早期养育中,母亲对孩子的主观感情倾向和相处质量,更有利于增进母子依恋及相关积极行为;了解孩子心理的阶段性发展特点也具重要意义。

Value of a comprehensive geriatric assessment for predicting one-year outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results from the CGA-TAVI multicentre registry

Background In a three-month report from the CGA-TAVI registry, we found the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) to be of value for predicting short-term outcomes in elderly patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). In the present analysis, we examined the association of these tools with outcomes up to one year post-TAVI. Methods CGA-TAVI is an international, observational registry of geriatric patients undergoing TAVI. Patients were assessed using the MPI and SPPB. Efficacy of baseline values and any postoperative change for predicting outcome were established using logistic regression. Kaplan- Meier analysis was carried out for each comprehensive geriatric assessment tool, with survival stratified by risk category. Results One year after TAVI, 14.1% of patients deceased, while 17.4% met the combined endpoint of death and/or non-fatal stroke, and 37.7% the combined endpoint of death and/or hospitalisation and/or non-fatal stroke. A high-risk MPI score was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (aOR = 36.13, 95% CI: 2.77–470.78, P = 0.006) and death and/or non-fatal stroke (aOR = 10.10, 95% CI: 1.48–68.75, P = 0.018). No significant associations were found between a high-risk SPPB score and mortality or two main combined endpoints. In contrast to a worsening SPPB, an aggravating MPI score at three months post-TAVI was associated with an increased risk of death and/or non-fatal stoke at one year (aOR = 95.16, 95% CI: 3.41–2657.01). Conclusions The MPI showed value for predicting the likelihood of death and a combination of death and/or non-fatal stroke by one year after TAVI in elderly patients.

Comprehensive Disaster Risk Prevention of "the Belt and Road Initiative":Important Significance,Catastrophe Risk,International Cooperation and Strategic Countermeasure

"The Belt and Road Initiative"is major decision proposed by the CPC Central Committee with comrade Xi Jinping as the core co-ordinating the domestic and international overall situations,and concerns peaceful rise of China and extension of the strategic opportunity period of modernization construction.It needs multi-faceted safeguards to successfully impel"the Belt and Road Initiative",in which disaster risk identification and its effective prevention and control are indispensable links.By integrating geogeographic and atmospheric environmental factors,countries along"the Belt and Road Initiative"belong to frequent occurrence region of major natural disasters.It restricts not only the economic and social development of relevant countries but also implementation effect of"the Belt and Road Initiative"construction,and is also related to the success or failure of Chinese enterprises going out to a certain extent.It should enhance disaster prevention and mitigation and ensure safety of major infrastructure construction related to interconnection of"the Belt and Road Initiative"by disaster identification and prevention,which is the key of successfully impelling strategy implementation and major need for guaranteeing the people s livelihood of the countries along the line.The work of disaster prevention and mitigation in the countries along the line is generally weak,and it is urgent to raise the level of disaster prevention as a whole by promoting the disaster prevention and mitigation cooperation in the"the Belt and Road Initiative"area;improve the coverage and level of disaster risk insurance;enhance construction in monitoring and early warning capability of natural disaster;strengthen structural adjustment of economy,industry and land use responding to climate change risks;establish a comprehensive disaster reduction forum of"the Belt and Road Initiative",and contain relevant content in"the Belt and Road Initiative"series of high-end forum topics.

Are Invasive Genotypes Superior? An Experimental Approach Using Native and Invasive Genotypes of the Invasive Grass <i>Phalaris Arundinacea</i>

The admixture and recombination of individuals from the native range into a new range may lead to the production of invasive genotypes that have higher fitness and wider climatic tolerances than the native genotypes. In this paper, we compare the survival and growth of native EU and invasive NA genotypes when planted back into the native EU range near where the EU genotypes were collected. We test this hypothesis using the invasive wetland grass Phalaris arundinacea. If invasive genotypes have evolved to have higher survival and growth, then they should outperform the native EU genotypes under field conditions that are better suited to the EU genotypes. Individual plants of the wetland grass, Phalaris arundinacea collected from native Europe (Czech Republic (CZ) and France (FR)) and North America (Vermont (VT) and North Carolina (NC)) were planted into common gardens in Trebon, Czech Republic (49.0042&deg;N, 14.7721&deg;E) and Moussac, France (43.9808&deg;N, 4.2241&deg;E). Invasive genotypes from North Carolina (NC) survived as well or better than native genotypes in both the Trebon and Moussac garden. Additionally, invasive NC genotypes suffered higher herbivore damage than native genotypes but their growth and survival were not significantly different than genotypes from the other re-gions. A companion field experiment that simulated biomass removal through grazing indicated that invasive NC genotypes recovered faster following grazing than genotypes from other regions. Our results suggest that not all invasive genotypes are superior and regional differences in aggressiveness between invasive genotypes are as great as differences between individuals from native and invasive populations. Introduction of genotypes leading to invasion depends upon the environmental conditions and the suitability of the climate for the introduced individuals.

房地产业与相关产业关联度分析

目的分析房地产业与相关产业的关联程度和排序,为制定合理的房地产业及相关产业发展政策和战略提供参考.方法运用灰色系统理论和方法建立灰色综合评判模型,并结合特尔菲法计算出房地产业与相关产业的关联度系数,对房地产业与相关产业的关联度进行定量分析.结果房地产业与建筑业关联度最大,关联系数为0 65.此外,房地产业与金融、保险业、制造业、电力、煤气及水的生产和供应业、社会服务业、交通运输、仓储及邮电通信业、批发和零售贸易、餐饮业等也有很高的关联度,其关联系数分别为0 51、0 48、0 47、0 41、0 33、0 30.结论房地产业是高关联度的产业,房地产业成为国民经济支柱产业是必然的.

土壤pH对镉存在形态影响的模拟实验研究

通过模拟实验,研究了土壤pH对水稻土、紫色土和黄壤的水溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量的影响。结果表明:在中碱性条件下,水溶态Cd质量分数比值小于3%,但pH<6.5时,水溶态Cd含量随着pH 减小迅速增加, pH 为4. 57 时,水稻土水溶态Cd 质量分数比值最高达48 39%;可交换态Cd含量在碱性条件下,随着土壤pH值增大迅速下降,在酸性区域内,可交换态Cd含量随pH增加呈上升趋势;碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态Cd含量随土壤pH增大而增加;有机结合态Cd含量随土壤pH增加而增大,但变化幅度不大。对Cd污染的土壤进行治理时,控制土壤pH大于6.5以及增施有机肥等是减少Cd对生态系统危害的关键。

A Reanalysis of the Two Swimmers Problem, as Frequent Model of Michelson’s Interferometric Experiment Demonstrating that Transversal Path Is Not an Isosceles but a Right Triangle and the Race Will End in a Tie

The article initially reviews various works describing the physical model (PM) of Michelson’s interferometric experiment (ME), represented by the race between two swimmers Sw1, Sw2 (or boats, or planes, or sound signals, etc.). The two swimmers must each swim the same distance, but Sw1 will swim along the river flow, and Sw2 will swim perpendicularly to this direction. In all such works, it is considered that Sw2’s path will require less time and that it will reach the start point first. However, in this work, it has been determined that in order to make this possible, Sw2 must not observe the orthogonality rule of his start direction. This action would be deceitful to the arbiters and thus considered as non-fair-play towards Sw1. The article proves by swimming times calculus, that if the fair-play rules are observed, then the correct crosswise path (in water reference frame) is a right triangle instead of the isosceles triangle considered by Michelson. Consequently, the two times shall be perfectly equal and the race ends in a tie, and the myth of Sw2 as the race winner shall be debunked. Note that the same result shall also be applicable to Michelson’s interferometric experiment (ME) as well as to any similar experiment. Therefore, utilising the isosceles triangle as the transversal path in PM and also in ME is an erroneous act.

超细Sr_2CeO_4粉体微乳液鄄高温法制备条件的正交试验及其发光性能研究

本文首先利用正交试验确定了微乳液鄄高温法合成蓝色发光Sr2CeO4超细粉体的最佳制备条件。接着研究了最佳条件下制备的Sr2CeO4超细粉体的性能。场发射扫描电镜(FE鄄SEM)显示,在850℃、900℃、1000℃或者更高温度下退火4h制备的粉体的形状分别呈球状、梭状和球状,平均粒径分别在100nm左右和1μm以内。X射线粉末衍射数据分析表明,该超细粉体属于正交晶系。室温下的光致发光光谱显示,该粉体的激发光谱有3个激发峰,主峰分别位于262nm、281nm和341nm,而其发射光谱只呈现出1个发射峰,主峰位于约470nm。与高温固相制备方法相比,微乳液鄄高温法可以在较低温度下制备出超细的粉体,而且它不但在262nm处出现了一个新的激发峰,主激发峰和发射峰的位置也分别蓝移了大约30nm和12nm。

犬、猪转移因子对犬淋巴细胞体外转化增殖影响的比较研究

无菌采取犬抗凝血,分离淋巴细胞并制备成不同浓度。应用正交试验,探讨不同浓度淋巴细胞、植物血凝素P(PHA-P)、犊牛血清(FCS)对淋巴细胞增殖的影响。在此基础上,研究不同浓度犬、猪转移因子(transferfactor,TF)对犬淋巴细胞增殖的影响,增殖的结果用MTT法测定。结果表明,当犬淋巴细胞浓度为5×106个/ml,PHA-P为12.5μg/ml,FCS为10%时,淋巴细胞增殖效果最佳。在最佳培养条件下,犬、猪TF浓度在0.195￣25mg/ml时,对淋巴细胞转化增殖均有促进作用,但犬、猪TF单独或与PHA-P共同作用时对淋巴细胞增殖的最佳刺激浓度均为1.56mg/ml,且犬、猪TF单独作用于淋巴细胞的效应明显优于与PHA-P的协同作用。结果证实,同源或异源TF对犬淋巴细胞增殖有良好的刺激效果,同时研究结果为异源TF在临床上应用于犬病毒性疾病的防治提供了实验依据。

东营凹陷前古近系构造综合地球物理反演

以地质、重磁、地震、测井、岩石物性及分析测试资料为基础,建立了东营凹陷前古近系深层密度的空间变化模式并进行了地球物理反演。结果表明,东营凹陷前古近系沉积主要受北西向构造的控制,太古界构成东营凹陷的结晶基底,是一个北东转近东西向的北陡南缓的断陷,最深处位于现河、辛镇一带,可达12000m;下古生界奥陶系构造具有很强的继承性,其构造格局与太古界有很强的一致性;中生界宏观上继承了下古生界的构造形态,但填平补齐和局部改造比较明显,凹陷范围明显缩小。东营凹陷前古近系断裂构造总体格局为向北东撒开、向西南收敛的束状构造,且可以分为高青博兴断陷区、利津草桥断陷区、东营王家岗断陷区3个断块。东营凹陷边部的隆起地带发育有3条火成岩带。与钻遇井深度比较,中生界和下古生界深层构造的反演精度分别达到91.14%和88.17%。

Effects of hurricane forward speed and approach angle on storm surges: an idealized numerical experiment

The effects of hurricane forward speed(V)and approach angle(θ)on storm surge are important and a systematic investigation covering possible and continuous ranges of these parameters has not been done before.Here we present such a study with a numerical experiment using the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model(FVCOM).The hurricane track is simplified as a straight line,such that V andθfully define the motion of the hurricane.The maximum surge is contributed by both free waves and a forced storm surge wave moving with the hurricane.Among the free waves,Kelvin-type waves can only propagate in the down-coast direction.Simulations show that those waves can only have a significant positive storm surge when the hurricane velocity has a down-coast component.The optimal values of V andθthat maximize the storm surge in an idealized semi-circular ocean basin are functions of the bathymetry.For a constant bathymetry,the maximum surge occurs when the hurricane approaches the coast from the normal direction when the free wave generation is minimal;for a stepped bathymetry,the maximum surge occurs at a certain acute approach angle which maximizes the duration of persistent wind forcing;a step-like bathymetry with a sloped shelf is similar to the stepped bathymetry,with the added possibility of landfall resonance when the free and forced waves are moving at about the same velocity.For other cases,the storm surge is smaller,given other parameters(hurricane size,maximum wind speed,etc.)unchanged.

拟康氏木霉液态发酵条件的研究

采用单因素和正交试验对筛选出的一株有潜力的生物防治菌——拟康氏木霉Trichoderma pseudokoningii的液态发酵条件进行优化,并进行100L发酵罐中试放大试验的研究。优化后的拟康氏木霉发酵控制参数为:培养基配方为麸皮40g/L,马铃薯50g/L,蔗糖20g/L,KH2PO4 0.5 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g/L,CaCl2 0.25g/L;摇瓶发酵培养时间为6d,培养基的初始pH值为6.0- 7.0,发酵温度为28±1℃。通过对拟康氏木霉生长曲线的测定,确定其在发酵罐中培养的时间60h为宜,此时所获得的菌丝体干重为1.2694g/100ml发酵液。本研究结果为高效率、低成本、工业化生产具有生防作用的拟康氏木霉菌丝制剂提供了科学依据。

综合心理干预对独生子女新兵个性和应对能力的影响

目的探讨综合心理干预对独生子女新兵的个性特点和应对紧急突发事件的能力状况的影响。方法将某部集训独生子女新兵126名随机分为干预组和非干预组,并设立84名非独生子女新兵为对照组(非独生子女组)。应用第四军医大学航空航天心理教研室研制的多功能心理测量仪(DXCⅣ)对三组同时进行艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和数字搜索能力测验(FST)测试,在系统综合心理干预3个月后进行相同项目的随访。结果心理干预前与非独生子女组比较,干预组EPQ结果N量表分(43.4±8.9,52.3±10.7)明显偏高,L量表分(49.2±9.6,41.6±6.3)偏低(P<0.01);FST结果总分(5.3±1.8,3.5±2.3)偏低(P<0.05);干预组和非干预组FST总分及EPQ各因子分间均无显著性差异。与心理干预前比较,干预组EPQ的N、P量表分均明显降低,而L量表分和FST总分升高(P<0.01);非干预组EPQ的N量表分降低(P<0.05),其余各因子变化不明显;非独生子女组EPQ和FSR测试变化不明显。心理干预后干预组,与非干预组比较EPQ的N量表分(42.5±8.8,46.7±10.3)偏低,而L量表分和FST总分偏高(P<0.01);与非独生子女组比较FST总分偏高(P<0.05)。结论独生子女新兵虽存在一定的心理弱点,针对性心理干预可以提高其心理素质及应对能力。

内蒙古克什克腾旗小东沟斑岩型钼矿床成岩成矿机制探讨

本文选取内蒙古克什克腾旗的小东沟斑岩型钼矿区作为研究区,它位于西拉沐伦钼矿带的西南部。对小东沟岩体进行了主微量元素、SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年等地球化学方面的研究;对岩体中的钾长石和含矿矿物辉钼矿进行了普通铅同位素分析。小东沟岩体具有高硅富钾、REE含量低、Zr含量高、无负铕异常、高ε_(Nd)(t)、低Sr_i等特点,指示岩浆起源于加厚新生下地壳的熔融,同时具有高温、快速熔融、快速析离逃离源区的特点;小东沟岩体的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果为142±2Ma,对应140Ma左右主应力场由南北向转为东西向的构造体制大转折时期,这个时期大兴安岭处于伸展的构造环境下,底侵作用发育,地幔物质可以添加到下地壳熔融形成的岩浆中;对岩体钾长石和辉钼矿进行的普通铅同位素分析显示前者具有从造山带-地幔过渡的特征,后者则显示有地幔特征,说明成岩、成矿物质来自两个不同的源区,下地壳的岩浆和地幔含矿流体发生了混合。通过以上的分析,结合水-岩浆物理反应的实验结果,本文提出小东沟斑岩型钼矿床的成矿模式:大兴安岭地区在早白垩世伸展的构造背景下,地幔含矿流体加入受底侵作用加热的下地壳中使之熔融形成岩浆,随后更多的地幔含矿流体进入岩浆房,促使其迅速析离逃逸出源区,二者一起上升侵位。在岩浆温度较高时,地幔含矿流体和岩浆大致以较稳定的液态不混溶的状态共存;当岩浆和流体侵位到较浅深度时,压力下降,温度降低,晶体增多,流体-岩浆体系变得不稳定,岩浆被流体分割成许多很小的岩浆团。流体中H^+、K^+和各种成矿元素的存在使之必然会和岩浆或冷却后形成的岩石发生蚀变反应,并晶出成矿矿物,形成现在我们看到的具有浸染状矿化现象的小东沟斑岩型钼矿床。