Mapping of the lunar surface by average atomic number based on positron annihilation radiation from Chang'e-1

A map of the average atomic number of lunar rock and soil can be used to differentiate lithology and soil type on the lunar surface.This paper establishes a linear relationship between the average atomic number of lunar rock or soil and the flux of position annihilation radiation(0.512-Me V gamma-ray) from the lunar surface.The relationship is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation with data from lunar rock or soil samples collected by Luna(Russia) and Apollo(USA) missions.A map of the average atomic number of the lunar rock and soil on the lunar surface has been derived from the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer data collected by Chang'e-1,an unmanned Chinese lunar-orbiting spacecraft.In the map,the higher average atomic numbers(ZA > 12.5),which are related to different types of basalt,are in the maria region;the highest ZA(13.2) readings are associated with Sinus Aestuum.The middle ZA(~12.1) regions,in the shape of irregular oval rings,are in West Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Frigoris,which seems to be consistent with the distribution of potassium,rare earth elements,and phosphorus as a unique feature on the lunar surface.The lower average atomic numbers(ZA < 11.5)are found to be correlated with the anorthosite on the far side of the Moon.

The Essence of Optimism of The Economists and Investors with Regard to the Economy of Russia

The gross domestic product of Russia,expressed in US dollars,indicates problems in the Russian economy associated with the decline in oil prices on the world energy market and the consequences of the sanctions of the United States and the European Union against Russia.The crisis situation of the Russian economy has a negative impact on the income of the population of country,represented mainly by wages.However,an economist or investor may be optimistic about Russian economic development in the medium term.This optimism is related to the economic policy of the United States.The expansion of the United States economy within the global space,based on economic growth,requires maintaining inflation within the target level and weakening the US dollar.These tasks are solved with the help of soft monetary policy of the US Federal Reserve System.The reduction of interest rates by the US Federal Reserve System against the background of inflation of the target level and the devaluation of the US dollar will contribute to economic growth in the United States,because it will lead to the depreciation of public debt,lower consumption of imports,increase in exports and trade balance,growth of production,income,consumption.The economic policy of the United States,which contributes to the devaluation of the US dollar,will also reduce the US dollar against the ruble.The optimistic view of investors-economists on the Russian economy is due to a significant strengthening of the ruble against the US dollar.Consequently,in the medium term,the gross domestic product and wages of citizens of Russia,expressed in US dollars,will significantly increase,and the purchasing power of the national currency of the country will also increase.This growth may continue until the next election of a new President of the United States in november 2020.After the election of the new President of the United States,there is a high probability of sanctions against Russia and of decline in oil prices in the world energy market in accordance with the future economic policy of the United States–two main reasons for the sharp strengthening of the US dollar against the ruble,which will cause a deeper economic crisis in Russia in the medium and long term.

Fault Geometry and Departure of Precursors From the Epicenter

Different tectonic elements may play different roles and their deformation styles and types of anomalies are also different in the process of deformation.Such differences may be the cause of the phenomena of the departure from the region with obvious anomalies from the coming epicenter,which are called "departure of precursors from epicenter." From some new experimental and numerical modeling results,five types of deformation elements are identified according to their roles in the process of deformation in a region.They are the brake(or locked),slip,yield,sensitive,and valve elements.Spatial distribution of different elements,especially sensitive and slip elements,are discussed by taking the bend fault,extension,compression,and complex en-echelon faults as examples.These elements with different roles may overlap each other in some cases or be separated in other cases.It is obvious that for different fault geometry,the spatial layout of these elements is different and thus the position and style of

Optimizing Average Electric Power During the Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Through the Taguchi Method

In recent times, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used owing to their high energy density, extended cycle lifespan, and minimal self-discharge rate. The design of high-speed rechargeable lithium-ion batteries faces a significant challenge owing to the need to increase average electric power during charging. This challenge results from the direct influence of the power level on the rate of chemical reactions occurring in the battery electrodes. In this study, the Taguchi optimization method was used to enhance the average electric power during the charging process of lithium-ion batteries. The Taguchi technique is a statistical strategy that facilitates the systematic and efficient evaluation of numerous experimental variables. The proposed method involved varying seven input factors, including positive electrode thickness, positive electrode material, positive electrode active material volume fraction, negative electrode active material volume fraction, separator thickness, positive current collector thickness, and negative current collector thickness. Three levels were assigned to each control factor to identify the optimal conditions and maximize the average electric power during charging. Moreover, a variance assessment analysis was conducted to validate the results obtained from the Taguchi analysis. The results revealed that the Taguchi method was an eff ective approach for optimizing the average electric power during the charging of lithium-ion batteries. This indicates that the positive electrode material, followed by the separator thickness and the negative electrode active material volume fraction, was key factors significantly infl uencing the average electric power during the charging of lithium-ion batteries response. The identification of optimal conditions resulted in the improved performance of lithium-ion batteries, extending their potential in various applications. Particularly, lithium-ion batteries with average electric power of 16 W and 17 W during charging were designed and simulated in the range of 0-12000 s using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This study efficiently employs the Taguchi optimization technique to develop lithium-ion batteries capable of storing a predetermined average electric power during the charging phase. Therefore, this method enables the battery to achieve complete charging within a specific timeframe tailored to a specificapplication. The implementation of this method can save costs, time, and materials compared with other alternative methods, such as the trial-and-error approach.

Reducing Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of a Turbo Coded OFDM

Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is defined as the instantaneous power (maximum value) to the average power ratio. PAPR is considered to be a major problem in OFDM systems. This problem can cause radical unexpected behavior of the signal fluctuation. This fluctuation is constituted by a large number of power states. The enormous number of these states leads to an additional complexity of ADCs and DACs. This research addresses the previous problem in OFDM systems utilizing Turbo Codes. μLaCP technique is employed for the purpose of decreasing PAPR. Moreover, our OFDM system was simulated in the presence of an AWGN channel with four types of codes (without the presence of ADCs and DACs). These were constituted of PCCC (typical and new), SCCC, and Convolutional Codes. Our Turbo Coded OFDM exhibited unchanged BER performance before and after the use of μLaCP technique. This was accomplished by modifying our previous PAPR reduction technique without sacrificing greatly its attributes.

Necessary Conditions for the Application of Moving Average Process of Order Three

Invertibility is one of the desirable properties of moving average processes. This study derives consequences of the invertibility condition on the parameters of a moving average process of order three. The study also establishes the intervals for the first three autocorrelation coefficients of the moving average process of order three for the purpose of distinguishing between the process and any other process (linear or nonlinear) with similar autocorrelation structure. For an invertible moving average process of order three, the intervals obtained are , -0.5ρ2ρ1<0.5.

Average Secrecy Capacity of the Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Integrated Satellite Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Relay Networks

Integrated satellite unmanned aerial vehicle relay networks(ISUAVRNs)have become a prominent topic in recent years.This paper investigates the average secrecy capacity(ASC)for reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-enabled ISUAVRNs.Especially,an eve is considered to intercept the legitimate information from the considered secrecy system.Besides,we get detailed expressions for the ASC of the regarded secrecy system with the aid of the reconfigurable intelligent.Furthermore,to gain insightful results of the major parameters on the ASC in high signalto-noise ratio regime,the approximate investigations are further gotten,which give an efficient method to value the secrecy analysis.At last,some representative computer results are obtained to prove the theoretical findings.

Microtopography driven plant species composition in alpine region: a fine-scale study from Southern Norway

This study explores the relationship between the species composition of lichen and vascular plant species with microtopography at fine scale. We conducted our study in Hardengervidda National Park, Norway. Specifically, we aim to test whether the species richness of different plant lifeforms peaks at middle of the microtopography gradient, and then explain the observed patterns with an aid of snow cover gradient along microtopography and snow cover. We sampled 69 species of vascular plants and lichens in 151 plots of 4 m^2 along 23 transects during summer on Tronsbu, Sandhaug and Besso. Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) was performed to explore how microtopographical gradient was related to the variation in the species composition. One-way ANOVA was performed to test the microtopographic variability in species richness.Afterwards, generalized linear model(GLM) was used to reveal species richness patterns along the snow cover gradient. The first axis in DCA represents the complex gradient from snow free ridge to wet snowbed habitats and the second axis represents a gradient from acidic to calcareous sites. Lichen’s species richness is greater in ridge than in snowbeds, while all other life forms follow the opposite trend. Species richness for total plant species, vascular plant species and herbaceous plant species increased with increase in weighted average snow indicator value(WASI), whilst species richness for lichen species declined substantially towards the maximum WASI value. In contrast, species richness for dwarf shrub species showed a unimodal relationship with WASI. This study shows that liquid water availability provides a good potential explanation for species composition and richness in mountains, which is controlled by snow cover and prevalent wind direction.

Wigner Function:from Ensemble Average of Density Operator to Its One Matrix Element in Entangled Pure States

We show that the Wigner function W = Tr(△ρ) (an ensemble average of the density operator ρ, △ is theWigner operator) can be expressed as a matrix element of ρ in the entangled pure states. In doing so, converting fromquantum master equations to time-evolution equation of the Wigner functions seems direct and concise. The entangledstates are defined in the enlarged Fock space with a fictitious freedom.

(S,T)-WEAK TRACTABILITY OF MULTIVARIATE LINEAR PROBLEMS IN THE AVERAGE CASE SETTING

The purpose of this article is to investigate (s, t)-weak tractability of multivariate linear problems in the average case set ting. The considered algorithms use finitely many evaluations of arbitrary linear functionals. Generally, we obtained matching necessary and sufficient conditions for (s,t)-weak tractability in terms of the corresponding non-increasing sequence of eigenvalues. Specifically, we discussed (s, t)-weak tractability of linear tensor product problems and obtained necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the corresponding one-dimensional problem. As an example of applications, we discussed also (s,t)-weak tractability of a multivariate approximation problem.

Average recurrence intervals of strong earthquakes and potential risky segments along the Taiyuan-Linfen portion of the Shanxi graben system

Since the great 1303 Hongtong, Shanxi, earthquake of magnitude 8, 700 years have elapsed. To analyze the long-term seismic potential, this paper divides the Taiyuan-Linfen portion of the Shanxi graben system into 5 seismogenic segments. Based on data of historical earthquakes and GPS observation, the authors estimate mean seismic-moment rates and average recurrence intervals of strong earthquakes for the individual segments, and further analyze relative levels of current stress cumulation on the segments based on mapping b-values along the graben system by using the network seismic data for the recent over 30 years. The main result shows that the Linfen basin segment has an estimated mean seismic-moment rate of 2.21×1016 N·m/a to 3.03×1016 N·m/a, and its average recurrence interval for M=7.5 earthquake is estimated to be between 1 560 and 2 140 years. For the Lingshi-Hongtong segment, the estimated average recurrence interval for M=8 earthquakes is between 4 300 and 5 100 years, equivalent to having a mean moment-rate of 2.58×1016 N·m/a to 3.10×1016 N·m/a. The contour map of b-values shows that the two segments of Lingshi-Hongtong and Linfen basin have been being at low or relatively low stress levels, reflecting that since the 1303 M=8 and the 1695 M=7.5 earthquake ruptures, the fault-plane's strengths of the both segments have not been resumed yet. And the other two segments, the Houma and the Jiexiu-Fenyang, have relatively high stress levels, and have been already identified as potential risky segments for the coming earthquakes from the analysis combining with the estimated average recurrence intervals of earthquakes on the both segments.

Wind Power Potential in Interior Alaska from a Micrometeorological Perspective

The wind power potential in Interior Alaska is evaluated from a micrometeorological perspective. Based on the local balance equation of momentum and the equation of continuity we derive the local balance equation of kinetic energy for macroscopic and turbulent systems, and in a further step, Bernoulli’s equation and integral equations that customarily serve as the key equations in momentum theory and blade-element analysis, where the Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky limit, Glauert’s optimum actuator disk, and the results of the blade-element analysis by Okulov and Sorensen are exemplarily illustrated. The wind power potential at three different sites in Interior Alaska (Delta Junction, Eva Creek, and Poker Flat) is assessed by considering the results of wind field predictions for the winter period from October 1, 2008, to April 1, 2009 provided by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to avoid time-consuming and expensive tall-tower observations in Interior Alaska which is characterized by a relatively low degree of infrastructure outside of the city of Fairbanks. To predict the average power output we use the Weibull distributions derived from the predicted wind fields for these three different sites and the power curves of five different propeller-type wind turbines with rated powers ranging from 2 MW to 2.5 MW. These power curves are represented by general logistic functions. The predicted power capacity for the Eva Creek site is compared with that of the Eva Creek wind farm established in 2012. The results of our predictions for the winter period 2008/2009 are nearly 20 percent lower than those of the Eva Creek wind farm for the period from January to September 2013.

Average Rainfall Estimation: Methods Performance Comparison in the Brazilian Semi-Arid

Considering the rainfall’s importance in hydrological modeling, the objective of this study was the performance comparison, in convergence terms, of techniques often used to estimate the average rainfall over an area: Thiessen Polygon (TP) Method;Reciprocal Distance Squared (RDS) Method;Kriging Method (KM) and Multiquadric Equations (ME) Method. The comparison was done indirectly, using GORE and BALANCE index to assess the convergence results from each method by increasing the rain gauges density in a region, through six scenarios. The Coremas/Mae D’água Watershed employed as study area, with an area of 8385 km2, is situated on Brazilian semi-arid. The results showed the TP, as RDS and ME techniques to be employed successfully to obtain the average rainfall over an area, highlighting the MEM. On the other hand, KM, using two variograms models, had an unstable behavior, pointing the prior study of data and variogram’s choice as a need to practical applying.

An Information Theory Approach to the Data Compression and Imaging System for Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR）

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High Accuracy Arithmetic Average Discretization for Non-Linear Two Point Boundary Value Problems with a Source Function in Integral Form

In this article, we report the derivation of high accuracy finite difference method based on arithmetic average discretization for the solution of Un=F(x,u,u′)+∫K(x,s)ds , 0 x s < 1 subject to natural boundary conditions on a non-uniform mesh. The proposed variable mesh approximation is directly applicable to the integro-differential equation with singular coefficients. We need not require any special discretization to obtain the solution near the singular point. The convergence analysis of a difference scheme for the diffusion convection equation is briefly discussed. The presented variable mesh strategy is applicable when the internal grid points of the solution space are both even and odd in number as compared to the method discussed by authors in their previous work in which the internal grid points are strictly odd in number. The advantage of using this new variable mesh strategy is highlighted computationally.

Quantum Atmospheric Biophysics: A Comparison of Four Weather Stations in India on Average Monthly Temperatures Since 1892 and Forecasts to 2150

The identification method revealed asymmetric wavelets of dynamics, as fractal quanta of the behavior of the surface air layer at a height of 2 m, according to the average monthly temperature at four weather stations in India (Srinagar, Jolhpur, New Delhi and Guvahati). For Srinagar station, the maximum for all years is observed in July, for Jolhpur and New Delhi stations it shifts to June, and for Guvahati it shifts to August. With a high correlation coefficient of 0.9659, 0.8640 and 0.8687, a three-factor model of the form was obtained. The altitude, longitude and latitude of the station are given sequentially. The hottest month for Srinagar over a period of 130 years is in July. At the same time, the temperature increased from 23.4 °C to 24.2 °C (by 3.31%). A noticeable decrease in the intensity of heat flows in June occurred at Jolhpur (over 125 years, a decrease from 36.2 °C to 33.3 °C, or by 8.71%) and New Delhi (over 90 years, a decrease from 35.1 °C to 32.4 °C, or by 7.69%). For almost 120 years, Guvahati has experienced complex climate changes: In 1902, the hottest month was July, but in 2021 it has shifted to August. The increase in temperature at various stations is considered. At Srinagar station in 2021, compared to 1892, temperatures increased in June, September and October. Guvahati has a 120-year increase in December, January, March and April. Temperatures have risen in February, March and April at Jolhpur in 125 years, but have risen in February and March at New Delhi Station in 90 years. Despite the presence of tropical evergreen forests, the area around Guvahati Station is expected to experience strong warming.

Using Mathematical Models in Decision Making Methodologies to Find Key Nodes in the Noordin Dark Network

A Dark Network is a network that cannot be accessed through tradition means. Once uncovered, to any degree, dark network analysis can be accomplished using the SNA software. The output of SNA software includes many measures and metrics. For each of these measures and metric, the output in ORA additionally provides the ability to obtain a rank ordering of the nodes in terms of these measures. We might use this information in decision making concerning best methods to disrupt or deceive a given dark network. In the Noordin Dark network, different nodes were identified as key nodes based upon the metric used. Our goal in this paper is to use methodologies to identify the key players or nodes in a Dark Network in a similar manner as we previously proposed in social networks. We apply two multi-attribute decision making methods, a hybrid AHP & TOPSIS and an average weighted ranks scheme, to analyze these outputs to find the most influential nodes as a function of the decision makers’ inputs. We compare these methods by illustration using the Noordin Dark Network with seventy-nine nodes. We discuss sensitivity analysis that is applied to the criteria weights in order to measure the change in the ranking of the nodes.

A Semi-Analytical Method for the PDFs of A Ship Rolling in Random Oblique Waves

The PDFs(probability density functions) and probability of a ship rolling under the random parametric and forced excitations were studied by a semi-analytical method. The rolling motion equation of the ship in random oblique waves was established. The righting arm obtained by the numerical simulation was approximately fitted by an analytical function. The irregular waves were decomposed into two Gauss stationary random processes, and the CARMA(2, 1) model was used to fit the spectral density function of parametric and forced excitations. The stochastic energy envelope averaging method was used to solve the PDFs and the probability. The validity of the semi-analytical method was verified by the Monte Carlo method. The C11 ship was taken as an example, and the influences of the system parameters on the PDFs and probability were analyzed. The results show that the probability of ship rolling is affected by the characteristic wave height, wave length, and the heading angle. In order to provide proper advice for the ship's manoeuvring, the parametric excitations should be considered appropriately when the ship navigates in the oblique seas.

Movement and Heat Transfer of Particles in Inhomogeneous and Nonisothermal Rapidly Oscillating Fluid Flow

Based on the Krylov-Bogolyubov method of averaging the closed system of equations for particle motion and temperature in inhomogeneous rapidly oscillating velocity and temperature of fluid phase is derived. It is shown that the particle movement in a rapidly oscillating fluid velocity field occurs not only under the force of gravity and resistance, but also under force of migration. The migration force is the result of particle inertia and in homogeneity of oscillation of velocity field of the carrier phase. Effects of dynamic and thermal relaxation times of particle and gravity force have been studied. It is shown possibilities of accumulation of particles under the combined action of gravity and migration forces. For a linear dependence of the amplitude of velocity and temperature fluctuations of the fluid an analytical solution was presented. The analytical solutions have been found in good agreement with the results of numerical solution of system of equations of motion and heat transfer of particle.