Numerical investigation on detonation cell evolution in a channel with area-changing cross section

The two-dimensional cellular detonation propagating in a channel with area-changing cross section was numerically simulated with the dispersion-controlled dissipative scheme and a detailed chemical reaction model. Effects of the flow ex-pansion and compression on the cellular detonation cell were investigated to illus-trate the mechanism of the transverse wave development and the cellular detona-tion cell evolution. By examining gas composition variations behind the leading shock,the chemical reaction rate,the reaction zone length,and thermodynamic parameters,two kinds of the abnormal detonation waves were identified. To explore their development mechanism,chemical reactions,reflected shocks and rarefac-tion waves were discussed,which interact with each other and affect the cellular detonation in different ways.

Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.

Cyberattack Ramifications, The Hidden Cost of a Security Breach

In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.

A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

The Origins of Bosons and Fermions

This paper proposes that all Bosons and all Fermions originate from even more elementary constituents, which called Spin Angular Momentum Vacuum (SAMV). SAMV is filled with Primitive Spin Particles (PSP). The total square spin angular momentum of each PSP is negative, less than zero. Those PSP labeled by index ?of Casimir Operator, are called Vacuum Spin Particle (VSP), which could be contracted into so-called Vacuum Bubbles (VB). VB are identical bubbles, are 'sub-observable physical quantities'. VB are paired up into Vacuum Bubble Pair VBP. VSP ωj(or ω+,ω-) results from Self-identical vacuum bubble interaction ?through the zero order Phase Transition PT. When the 1st, 2nd, 3rd,... order PT of VBP occur, ?then VBP turn into Bosons and Fermions, excited out of sea level of SAMV ocean.

Stability of Operator-Valued Truncated Moment Problems

In this note a multidimensional Hausdorff truncated operator-valued moment problem, from the point of view of “stability concept” of the number of atoms of the obtained atomic, operator-valued representing measure for the terms of a finite, positively define kernel of operators, is studied. The notion of “stability of the dimension” in truncated, scalar moment problems was introduced in [1]. In this note, the concept of “stability” of the algebraic dimension of the obtained Hilbert space from the space of the polynomials of finite, total degree with respect to the null subspace of a unital square positive functional, in [1], is adapted to the concept of stability of the algebraic dimension of the Hilbert space obtained as the separated space of some space of vectorial functions with respect to the null subspace of a hermitian square positive functional attached to a positive definite kernel of operators. In connection with the stability of the dimension of such obtained Hilbert space, a Hausdorff truncated operator-valued moment problem and the stability of the number of atoms of the representing measure for the terms of the given operator kernel, in this note, is studied.

Evolution based on genome structure: the “diagonal genome universe”

The ratios of amino acid to the total amino acids and those of nucleotides to the total nucleotides in genes or genomes are suitable indexes to compare whole gene or genome characteristics based on the large number of nucleotides rather than their sequences. As these ratios are strictly calculated from nucleotide sequences, the values are independent of experimental errors. In the present mini-review, the following themes are approached according to the ratios of amino acids and nucleotides to their total numbers in the genome: prebiotic evolution, the chronological precedence of protein and codon formations, genome evolution, Chargaff’s second pa- rity rule, and the origins of life. Amino acid formation might have initially occurred during pre- biotic evolution, the “amino acid world”, and amino acid polymerization might chronologically precede codon formation at the end of prebiotic evolution. All nucleotide alterations occurred synchronously over the genome during biolo- gical evolution. After establishing primitive lives, all nucleotide alterations have been governed by linear formulae in nuclear and organelle genomes consisting of the double-stranded DNA. When the four nucleotide contents against each individual nucleotide content in organelles are expressed by four linear regression lines representing the diagonal lines of a 0.5 square – the “Diagonal Genome Universe”, evolution obeys Chargaff’s second parity rule. The fact that linear regression lines intersect at a single point su- ggests that all species originated from a single life source.

Diagenesis-porosity evolution and“sweet spot”distribution of low permeability reservoirs:A case study from Oligocene Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A sag,Pear River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea

The characteristics of low permeability reservoirs and distribution of sweet spots in the Oligocene Zhuhai Formation of Wenchang A sag, Pearl River Basin were investigated by core observation and thin section analysis. The study results show that there develop the fine, medium and coarse sandstone reservoirs of tidal flat–fan delta facies, which are of mostly low permeability and locally medium permeability. There are two kinds of pore evolution patterns: oil charging first and densification later, the reservoirs featuring this pattern are mainly in the third member of Zhuhai Formation between the south fault zone and the sixth fault zone, and the pattern of densification first and gas charging later is widespread across the study area. Strong compaction and local calcium cementation are the key factors causing low permeability of the reservoirs in the Zhuhai Formation. Thick and coarse grain sand sedimentary body is the precondition to form "sweet spot" reservoirs. Weak compaction and cementation, dissolution, early hydrocarbon filling and authigenic chlorite coating are the main factors controlling formation of "sweet spot" reservoir. It is predicted that there develop between the south fault and sixth fault zones the Class Ⅰ "sweet spot" in medium compaction zone, Class Ⅱ "sweet spot" in nearly strong compaction zone, Class Ⅲ "sweet spot" reservoir in the nearly strong to strong compaction zone with oil charging at early stage, and Class IV "sweet spot" reservoir in the strong compaction and authigenic chlorite coating protection zone in the sixth fault zone.

Exact Quasi-Classical Asymptotic beyond Maslov Canonical Operator and Quantum Jumps Nature

Exact quasi-classical asymptotic beyond WKB-theory and beyond Maslov canonical operator to the Colombeau solutions of the n-dimensional Schrodinger equation is presented. Quantum jumps nature is considered successfully. We pointed out that an explanation of quantum jumps can be found to result from Colombeau solutions of the Schrodinger equation alone without additional postulates.

Wigner function for squeezed negative binomial state and evolution of density operator for amplitude decay

Using the thermal-entangled state representation and the operator-ordering method, we investigate Wigner function(WF) for the squeezed negative binomial state(SNBS) and the analytical evolution law of density operator in the amplitude decay channel.The results show that the analytical WF is related to the square of the module of single-variable Hermite polynomials, which leads to a new two-variable special function and its generating function, and the parameters s and γplay opposite roles in the WF distributions.Besides, after undergoing this channel, the initial pure SNBS evolves into a new mixed state related to two operator Hermite polynomials within normal ordering, and fully loses its nonclassicality and decays to vacuum at long decay time.

西昆仑-塔西南坳陷晚古生代以来的沉积构造演化

自柯克亚深层油气勘探取得突破以来,塔西南坳陷一直受到各类地质学家的广泛关注,有关该盆地的形成和演化历史及其油气资源评价近年来更是成为人们的研究热点。本文在总结前人资料的基础上,探讨塔西南和西昆仑地区自晚古生代以来所经历的构造及沉积格架的演变过程,对塔西南坳陷性质及其演化阶段划分所存在的争议进行了归纳,分析了塔西南-西昆仑这一盆山体系形成和演化中的构造变形和沉积记录。总体来说,根据现有沉积和构造变形资料,中生代之前西昆仑和塔西南坳陷分别处于同一构造背景下的不同沉积单元;二者之间盆山体系的形成主要自晚侏罗世-早白垩世,中-上新世是造盆造山作用机制发生重大转折的时期,或者说早更新世末的构造运动基本上奠定了西昆仑-塔里木盆地南缘现今的盆-山构造格架。

"universe collapse model"and its roles in the unification of four fundamental forces and the origin and the evolution of the universe

To unify the four known fundamental forces and provide an explanation for the origin and the evolution of the universe are two long-term goals of theoretical physics. Here a “universe collapse model” has been proposed. The universe consists of Matter and No-matter. No-matter is the universal energy that constructs a consistent universe field, presenting a spiral wave motion at the speed of light at the small scale. The partial collapse of the universal energy forms the particles of the universal energy in a variety of sizes, which are called as the elementary particles. These elementary particles form atom and matter, which construct the galaxies. The collapse of the universe field induces the formation of the universe collapse potential (UCP) and universe collapse force (UCF), and the later is represented by four different aspects of the fundamental forces at the large or small scales. The mathematical equation and the derivation of UCP and UCF are described, and possible experimental tests are also suggested. Therefore, this new model may give a novel explanation for the unification of four fundamental forces and the origin and the evolution of the universe.

Higher Variations of the Monty Hall Problem (3.0, 4.0) and Empirical Definition of the Phenomenon of Mathematics, in Boole’s Footsteps, as Something the Brain Does

In Advances in Pure Mathematics (www.scirp.org/journal/apm), Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 2011), pp. 136-154, the mathematical structure of the much discussed problem of probability known as the Monty Hall problem was mapped in detail. It is styled here as Monty Hall 1.0. The proposed analysis was then generalized to related cases involving any number of doors (d), cars (c), and opened doors (o) (Monty Hall 2.0) and 1 specific case involving more than 1 picked door (p) (Monty Hall 3.0). In cognitive terms, this analysis was interpreted in function of the presumed digital nature of rational thought and language. In the present paper, Monty Hall 1.0 and 2.0 are briefly reviewed (§§2-3). Additional generalizations of the problem are then presented in §§4-7. They concern expansions of the problem to the following items: (1) to any number of picked doors, with p denoting the number of doors initially picked and q the number of doors picked when switching doors after doors have been opened to reveal goats (Monty Hall 3.0;see §4);(3) to the precise conditions under which one’s chances increase or decrease in instances of Monty Hall 3.0 (Monty Hall 3.2;see §6);and (4) to any number of switches of doors (s) (Monty Hall 4.0;see §7). The afore-mentioned article in APM, Vol. 1, No. 4 may serve as a useful introduction to the analysis of the higher variations of the Monty Hall problem offered in the present article. The body of the article is by Leo Depuydt. An appendix by Richard D. Gill (see §8) provides additional context by building a bridge to modern probability theory in its conventional notation and by pointing to the benefits of certain interesting and relevant tools of computation now available on the Internet. The cognitive component of the earlier investigation is extended in §9 by reflections on the foundations of mathematics. It will be proposed, in the footsteps of George Boole, that the phenomenon of mathematics needs to be defined in empirical terms as something that happens to the brain or something that the brain does. It is generally assumed that mathematics is a property of nature or reality or whatever one may call it. There is not the slightest intention in this paper to falsify this assumption because it cannot be falsified, just as it cannot be empirically or positively proven. But there is no way that this assumption can be a factual observation. It can be no more than an altogether reasonable, yet fully secondary, inference derived mainly from the fact that mathematics appears to work, even if some may deem the fact of this match to constitute proof. On the deepest empirical level, mathematics can only be directly observed and therefore directly analyzed as an activity of the brain. The study of mathematics therefore becomes an essential part of the study of cognition and human intelligence. The reflections on mathematics as a phenomenon offered in the present article will serve as a prelude to planned articles on how to redefine the foundations of probability as one type of mathematics in cognitive fashion and on how exactly Boole’s theory of probability subsumes, supersedes, and completes classical probability theory. §§2-7 combined, on the one hand, and §9, on the other hand, are both self-sufficient units and can be read independently from one another. The ultimate design of the larger project of which this paper is part remains the increase of digitalization of the analysis of rational thought and language, that is, of (rational, not emotional) human intelligence. To reach out to other disciplines, an effort is made to describe the mathematics more explicitly than is usual.

Uniformly Bounded Set-Valued Composition Operators in the Spaces of Functions of Bounded Variation in the Sense of Riesz

We show that the lateral regularizations of the generator of any uniformly bounded set-valued composition Nemytskij operator acting in the spaces of functions of bounded variation in the sense of Riesz, with nonempty bounded closed and convex values, are an affine function.

On Over-Relaxed Proximal Point Algorithms for Generalized Nonlinear Operator Equation with (A,η,m)-Monotonicity Framework

In this paper, a new class of over-relaxed proximal point algorithms for solving nonlinear operator equations with (A,η,m)-monotonicity framework in Hilbert spaces is introduced and studied. Further, by using the generalized resolvent operator technique associated with the (A,η,m)-monotone operators, the approximation solvability of the operator equation problems and the convergence of iterative sequences generated by the algorithm are discussed. Our results improve and generalize the corresponding results in the literature.

球蚜科分类概述

球蚜科是蚜虫类的一个重要类群,包括多种林业害虫和检疫害虫,本文从形态特征、生活史、寄主植物、地理分布,进化起源等方面对世界及中国球蚜物种进行了综合论述。结果表明,球蚜科具有较多原始的特征,是蚜虫中较为古老的一类;球蚜具有包括异寄主全周期、异寄主不全周期、同寄主不全周期等复杂的生活周期,形成虫瘿是其主要的为害特征;球蚜科物种专性寄生在松科植物上,主要包括云杉属Picea、松属Pinus、落叶松属Larix、冷杉属Abies等属的植物,在蚜虫物种和寄主植物之间存在着平行演化的现象;球蚜的分布与寄主植物的分布相一致,主要是北半球温带和亚热带高山。世界球蚜有8属5 9种,区系成分主要是新北区、古北区。中国球蚜科有6属2 0种,分布在黑龙江、云南、四川等地,主要是古北区成分。初步推测球蚜科可能首先在松属植物上起源。

Evolutionary Origin of Religions and Religious Evolution: Religious Neurosociology

The paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of religions is based on theory of mind as the product of interdependent division of labor between the forest specialist group (women and small children) and the woodland specialist group (men) in early hominins who lived in the mixed forest-woodland habitat. To complement each other’s work without interfering each other’s work, one specialist group had to recognize (imagine) that the other specialist group existed to think for themselves and to do different works. The result was theory of mind which is to recognize (imagine) that the others exist to think for themselves. (The forest-woodland groups became the hunter-gatherer groups for the Homo species in the savanna habitat.) Under existential pressure, hominins invented imaginary specialists as imaginary agents who existed to think for themselves and to do different works in imaginary division of labor to enhance survival chance. The result was religion with imaginary behaviors. Therefore, religion is defined as a set of beliefs and behaviors based on theory of mind that produces a shared imagination to enhance survival chance under existential pressure. This paper proposes that the religious evolution consists of the premodern imaginative religion for local society habitat starting from bipedalism, the modern rational imaginative religion for regional society habitat starting from the Axial Age, and the postmodern diverse rational imaginative religion for global society habitat starting from the Information Revolution. In conclusion, the religious brain is the imaginative brain, and the religious social behaviors are imaginary social behaviors. The religious evolution is the evolution of human imagination to enhance survival chance under existential pressure, such as the religious reinforcement of social bonds to enhance the survival chance of social group and the religious relief of stress and anxiety to enhance the survival chance of individuals.

Implicit Shape Reconstruction of Unorganized Points Using PDE-Based Deformable 3D Manifolds

In this work we consider the problem of shape reconstruction from an unorganized data set which has many important applications in medical imaging, scientific computing, reverse engineering and geometric modelling. The reconstructed surface is obtained by continuously deforming an initial surface following the Partial Differential Equation (PDE)-based diffusion model derived by a minimal volume-like variational formulation. The evolution is driven both by the distance from the data set and by the curvature analytically computed by it. The distance function is computed by implicit local interpolants defined in terms of radial basis functions. Space discretization of the PDE model is obtained by finite co-volume schemes and semi-implicit approach is used in time/scale. The use of a level set method for the numerical computation of the surface reconstruction allows us to handle complex geometry and even changing topology,without the need of user-interaction. Numerical examples demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to produce high quality reconstructions. Moreover, we show the effectiveness of the new approach to solve hole filling problems and Boolean operations between different data sets.

煤岩及泥炭成熟度热模拟研究——镜质组反射率演化特征及其地质意义

通过高温高压模拟实验,在20℃/h和2℃/h两种升温速率条件下,对沁水盆地山西组和太原组煤岩以及现代泥炭模拟固体产物镜质组反射率Ro演化特征进行了分析和研究.结果表明:1)在336.8～600℃的模拟温度区间,2℃/h和20℃/h两种升温速率条件下,模拟固体产物Ro值太原组煤岩分别为1.07%～4.50%和0.83%～3.97%,山西组煤岩分别为0.98%～4.51%和0.80%～4.05%,泥炭分别为0.96%～4.19%和0.72%～3.72%.2)随着实验温度的增高,煤岩以及泥炭的热模拟固体产物累积Ro值都呈直线增加,并且在实验温度区间范围内,2℃/h升温速率条件下的Ro值增长值都要高于20℃/h升温速率条件下的Ro值增长值,说明升温速率是影响有机质热成熟演化过程的重要因素.3)在2种升温速率条件下,煤岩以及泥炭固体产物的Ro值随温度的相对波动较为明显,这主要反映了Ro值热演化的阶段性特征,总体来说,煤岩与泥炭的固体产物镜质组反射率在演化阶段上具有较多的相似性.但是太原组煤岩固体产物的Ro值变化相对幅度较大,而山西组煤岩和泥炭则较小.4)在相同的升温速率条件下,同一温度不同样品之间模拟固体产物的累积Ro值不同,大部分温度点处太原组煤岩Ro值最高,山西组煤岩次之,泥炭最低,并且各个样品之间Ro值的相对变化显著。