Infection and Colonization of Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium proliferatum in Rice Spikelet Rot Disease

Rice spikelet rot disease(RSRD), caused by Fusarium proliferatum, is an emerging disease. So far, the effects of diseased rice floral organs as well as the primary infection sites and stages of this pathogen are not determined. We investigated changes in the floral organs, along with the infection processes of the pathogen in plants inoculated with F. proliferatum and labelled with a green fluorescent protein during different growth stages of rice. The results showed that RSRD is not a systemic infectious disease, which has negative effects on the fertility of the infected rice. F. proliferatum caused brown colored anthers, crinkled pistils and ovaries, pollen grain deformities and anther indehiscence. The number of pollen grains on the stigmas decreased significantly in the infected spikelets, and the anther dehiscence and seed-setting rate successively declined by 69% and 73%, respectively, as a result of the infection. The initial infection stage occurred at the pollen cell maturity stage, and the primary invasion sites were determined to be the anthers of rice. It was noted that the pathogen mainly damaged the pollen cells, and with the exception of the filaments, proceeded to colonize the pistils and endosperm.

C-reactive protein,procalcitonin,interleukin-6,vascular endothelial growth factor and oxidative metabolites in diagnosis of infection and staging in patients with gastric cancer

AIM:The current study was to determine the serum/pLasma levels of VEGF,IL-6,malondialdehyde (MDA),nitric oxide (NO),PCT and CRP in gastric carcinoma and correlation with the stages of the disease and accompanying infection. METHODS:We examined the levels of serum VEGF,IL-6, PCT,CRP and plasma MDA,NO in 42 preoperative gastric cancer patients and 23 healthy subjects.There were infection anamneses that had no definite origin in 19 cancer patients. RESULTS:The VEGF levels (mean±SD; pg/mL) were 478.05±178.29 and 473.85±131.24 in gastric cancer patients with and without infection,respectively,and these values were not significantly different (P>0.05).The levels of VEGF, CRP,PCT,It-6,MDA and NO in cancer patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls and the levels of CRP,PCT,It-6,MDA and NO were statistically increased in infection group when compared with non- infection group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION:Although serum VEGF concentrations were increased in gastric cancer,this increase might not be related to infection.CRP,PCT,IL-6,MDA and NO have obvious drawbacks in the diagnosis of infections in cancer patients. These markers may not help to identify infections in the primary evaluation of cancer patients and hence to avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatments as well as hospitalization. According to the results of this study,IL-6,MDA,NO and especially VEGF can be used as useful parameters to diagnose and grade gastric cancer.

Medical errors, infection-control breaches and the use of adulterated and misbranded medical devices

Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within the past few years,resulting in the notification of approximately 20 000 patients.These medical errors,the specific infection-control standards they breached,and assessments of the risk of infection associated with each are discussed.Other topics discussed include the Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA)regulation of medical devices and infection-control products;the use of adulterated,misbranded,and investigational devices;consent decrees and associated Certificates of Medical Necessity;and informed patient consent.Focus is placed on liquid chemical sterilization,its history,and the FDA’s recent censure and discontinuation of a medical device labeled with this claim,namely,the STERIS System 1 processor.Recommendations are provided for healthcare facilities,regulatory agencies,manufacturers of reusable medical devices,and professional healthcare organizations and administrations to improve public health and prevent healthcareassociated infections.

COVID-19 Coronavirus: Is Infection along with <i>Mycoplasma</i>or Other Bacteria Linked to Progression to a Lethal Outcome?

Most patients with COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus recover from this infection, but a significant fraction progress to a fatal outcome. As with some other RNA viruses, co-infection or activation of latent bacterial infections along with pre-existing health conditions in COVID-19 disease may be important in determining a fatal disease course. Mycoplasma spp. (M. pneumonaie, M. fermentans, etc.) have been routinely found as co-infections in a wide number of clinical conditions, and in some cases this has progressed to a fatal disease. Although preliminary, Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been identified in COVID-19 disease, and the severity of some signs and symptoms in progressive COVID-19 patients could be due, in part, to Mycoplasma or other bacterial infections. Moreover, the presence of pathogenic Mycoplasma species or other pathogenic bacteria in COVID-19 disease may confer a perfect storm of cytokine and hemodynamic dysfunction, autoimmune activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and other complications that together cannot be easily corrected in patients with pre-existing health conditions. The positive responses of only some COVID-19 patients to antibiotic and anti-malaria therapy could have been the result of suppression of Mycoplasma species and other bacterial co-infections in subsets of patients. Thus it may be useful to use molecular tests to determine the presence of pathogenic Mycoplasma species and other pathogenic bacteria that are commonly found in atypical pneumonia in all hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and when positive results are obtained, these patients should treated accordingly in order to improve clinical responses and patient outcomes.

Recurrent surgical site infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A case report

BACKGROUND Surgical site infections following anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)reconstruction are an uncommon but potentially devastating complication.In this study,we present an unusual case of recurrent infection of the knee after an ACL reconstruction,and discuss the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate management,including the issue of graft preservation versus removal.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old gentleman underwent ACL reconstruction using a hamstring tendon autograft with suspensory Endobutton fixation to the distal femur and an interference screw fixation to the proximal tibia.Four years after ACL reconstruction,he developed an abscess over the proximal tibia and underwent incision and drainage.Remnant suture material was found at the base of the abscess and was removed.Five years later,he re-presented with a lateral distal thigh abscess that encroached the femoral tunnel.He underwent incision and drainage of the abscess which was later complicated by a chronic discharging sinus.Repeated magnetic resonance imaging revealed a fistulous communication between the lateral thigh wound extending toward the femoral tunnel with suggestion of osteomyelitis.Decision was made for a second surgery and the patient was counselled about the need for graft removal should there be intraarticular involvement.Knee arthroscopy revealed the graft to be intact with no evidence of intra-articular involvement.As such,the decision was made to retain the ACL graft.Re-debridement,excision of the sinus tract and removal of Endobutton was also performed in the same setting.Joint fluid cultures did not grow bacteria.However,tissue cultures from the femoral tunnel abscess grew Enterobacter cloacae complex,similar to what grew in tissue cultures from the tibial abscess five years earlier.In view of the recurrent and indolent nature of the infection,antibiotic therapy was escalated from Clindamycin to Ertapenem.He completed a six-week course of intravenous antibiotics and has been well for six months since surgery,with excellent knee function and no evidence of any further infection.CONCLUSION Prompt and accurate diagnosis of surgical site infection following ACL reconstruction,including the exclusion of intra-articular involvement,is important for timely and appropriate treatment.Arthroscopic debridement and removal of implant with graft preservation,together with a course of antibiotics,is a suitable treatment option for extra-articular knee infections following ACL reconstruction.

A 10 Years Comparative Study to Assess Trends in Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections among Blood Donors at Gwalior, India

Introduction: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) threaten safety of the recipients and the community as a whole and are the subject of real concern worldwide. Aims and Objectives: To know the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections amongst the blood donors, to evaluate the changing trends of TTIs and to compare these observations within the study as well as with the other relevant studies. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India, from January 2004 to December 2013 (ten years). Materials and Methods: In this study 122,006 voluntary and replacement donations were screened for TTIs;HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis, Malaria and their seroprevalence was calculated. Further study was divided in Group “A” (from 2004 to 2008) and Group “B” (from 2009 to 2013) to compare the results. Results: Out of total 122,006 blood units collected, 79,750 (65.3%) were voluntary and 42,256 (34.7%) were replacement donors. The seropositivity of TTIs in the entire study, in group “A” and in Group “B” was 3.26% (3985/122,006) (p = 0.000005), 2.25% (1238/54,874) (p = 0.000005) and 4.09% (2747/67,123) (p = 0.000005) respectively. In Group “A” and “B” seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria was 0.29%, 1.16%, 0.61%, 0.06%, 0.11% and 0.13%, 3.15%, 0.24%, 0.17%, 0.03% respectively. Conclusion: Our study concluded that there was significant increase in seroprevalence of HBV and syphilis whereas decreasing pattern in HIV, HCV and Malaria was observed in last five years as compared to previous five years among the blood donors.

Role of genetic polymorphisms in hepatitis C virus chronic infection

AIM: To analyze the host genetics factors influencing the clinical course and the response to antiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C(CHC).METHODS: We conducted an electronic search on the Pub Med and MEDLINE(2000-2014) databases and Cochrane library(2000-2014). A total of 73 articles were retrieved and their data were extensively evaluated and discussed by the authors and then analyzed in this review article.RESULTS: Several studies associated polymorphisms in the interleukin 28 B gene on chromosome 19(19q13.13) with a spontaneous viral clearance in acute hepatitis C and with the response to pegylated interferon(PegIFN)-based treatment in chronic hepatitis C patients. Other investigations demonstrated that inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase genetic variants protect hepatitis C virus-genotype-1 CHC patients from ribavirin-induced anemia, and other studies that a polymorphism in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 was associated with hepatic steatosis in CHC patients. Although not conclusive, some investigations suggested that the vitamin D-associated polymorphisms play an important role in the achievement of sustained virologic response in CHC patients treated with Peg-IFN-based antiviral therapy. Several other polymorphisms have been investigated to ascertain their possible impact on the natural history and on the response to treatment in patients with CHC, but the data are preliminary and warrant confirmation. CONCLUSION: Several genetic polymorphisms seem to influence the clinical course and the response to antiviral treatment in patients with CHC, suggesting individualized follow up and treatment strategies.

鸭病毒性肠炎病毒强毒在人工感染鸭体内形态结构和发生学的电镜观察

为研究鸭病毒性肠炎病毒(DEV)CH强毒株在感染鸭体内的分布和形态学发生规律,应用透射电镜和超薄切片技术对人工感染DEV的成年鸭各组织器官进行观察。结果表明:感染后12 h在脾脏和法氏囊首先观察到少量的DEV出现,24 h后在脾、胸腺和法氏囊以及死亡鸭的肝、肠和胰中均观察到具有典型的疱疹病毒粒子及其核衣壳形态的DEV。DEV病毒核衣壳有空心型、致密核心型、双环型和内壁附有颗粒型4 种形态,存在胞核和胞浆两种装配方式。病毒成熟有两种方式:一为细胞核内核衣壳在核内获得皮层,通过核内膜获得囊膜成为成熟病毒;二为核内核衣壳通过内外核膜进入胞浆,核内和胞浆内的核衣壳在细胞浆中获得皮层,然后在各种质膜上获得囊膜,最后成熟病毒通过细胞破裂或其他方式释放到细胞外。伴随着病毒的复制、装配和成熟,细胞中出现多种核内和胞浆包涵体、核内致密颗粒、核内微管和中空短管、胞浆电子致密小体等结构。

Hepatitis C virus: Morphogenesis, infection and therapy

Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 3% of the world population is infected with HCV. Thus, HCV infection is considered a public healthy challenge. It is worth mentioning, that the HCV prevalence is dependent on the countries with infection rates around 20% in high endemic countries. The review summarizes recent data on HCV molecular biology, the physiopathology of infection(immune-mediated liver damage, liver fibrosis and lipid metabolism), virus diagnostic and treatment. In addition, currently available in vitro, ex vivo and animal models to study the virus life cycle, virus pathogenesis and therapy are described. Understanding of both host and viral factors may in the future lead to creation of new approaches in generation of an efficient therapeutic vaccine.

自然感染兔脑炎原虫獭兔肾上皮细胞凋亡的研究

运用透射电镜术、原位末端标记技术(TUNEL)和流式细胞术对11只自然感染兔脑炎原虫獭兔的肾脏进行了细胞凋亡研究,5只健康长耳白兔用作对照。结果表明,凋亡细胞多见于远曲小管和集合管的上皮细胞。用透射电镜观察,初期的凋亡细胞,其细胞核的染色质高度凝集,边缘化,粗面内质网增多、扩张呈泡状;后期的凋亡细胞,其细胞质浓缩,细胞膜起泡,细胞核分裂成块状,最后形成膜包裹的凋亡小体。TUNEL法检测,病变轻微的细胞,胞核微缩,胞膜增厚;病变严重的细胞,其胞核体积明显缩小,胞膜皱缩,最后形成膜包裹的凋亡小体。流式细胞术检测,病兔可呈现明显的亚“G1”峰,凋亡细胞百分比与对照兔相比差异极显著(P=0101),且病兔肾细胞的周期也有所改变。结果表明,3种方法检测的病兔肾上皮细胞凋亡数均高于对照兔。

青海东部农业区春小麦赤霉病初侵染来源的研究

连续3年对青海东部农业区6县小麦赤霉病发生的初侵染来源进行了系统研究,结果表明:青海东部农业区,小麦赤霉病初侵染来源因地理条件和种植作物种类不同而异。其主要来源可分为2种情况:民和、乐都县有玉米种植的部分乡镇,初侵染来源主要是玉米根茬和秸秆上产生的子囊壳和子囊孢子;其余各县(乡)赤霉病初侵染来源是麦茬、带病种子。不同作物根茬分离结果是:玉米根茬赤霉菌为禾谷镰孢菌[FusariumgraminearumSchwabe],麦茬上分离到燕麦镰孢菌[Fusariumavenaceum(Fr)Sacc]和锐顶镰孢菌(FusariumacuminatumElf.et.Ev),豌豆根茬上分离到三隔镰孢菌[Fusariumtricinctum(Corda)sacc],油菜根茬上分离到燕麦镰菌[Fusariumavenaceum(Pr.)Sacc],均属于小麦赤霉病的致病菌。回接试验证明,小麦穗部和根茬分离的赤霉菌及玉米根茬分离赤霉菌均可致病,而油菜、蚕豆根茬赤霉菌对小麦致病性弱或无致病性。

TT virus and hepatitis G virus infections in Korean blood donors and patients with chronic liver disease

AIM:To determine the prevalences of TTV and HGV infections among blood donors and patients with chronic liver disease in Korea,to investigate the association of TTV and HGV infections with blood transfusion,and to assess the correlation between TTV and HGV viremia and hepatic damage. METHODS:A total of 391 serum samples were examined in this study.Samples were obtained from healthy blood donors(n=110),hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)-positive donors(n=112),anti-hepatitis C virus(anti-HCV)-positive donors(n=69),patients with type B chronic liver disease (n=81),and patients with type C chronic liver disease(n=19). Trv DNA was detected using the hemi-nested PCR.HGV RNA was tested using RT-PCR.A history of blood transfusion and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)were also determined. RESULTS:TTV DNA was detected in 8.2%of healthy blood donors,16.1%of HBsAg-positive donors,20.3%of anti- HCV-positive donors,21.0%of patients with type B chronic liver disease,and 21.1%of patients with type C chronic liver disease.HGV RNA was detected in 1.8%of healthy blood donors,1.8%of HBsAg-positive donors,17.4%of anti-HCV-positive donors,13.6%of patients with type B chronic liver disease,and 10.5%of patients with type C chronic liver disease.The prevalence of TTV and HGV infections in HBV- or HCV-positive donors and patients was significantly higher than in healthy blood donors(P<0.05), except for the detection rate of HGV in HBsAg-positive donors which was the same as for healthy donors.There was a history of transfusion in 66.7%of TTV DNA-positive patients and 76.9%of HGV RNA-positive patients(P<0.05).No significant increase in serum ALT and AST was detected in the TTV or HGV-positive donors and patients. CONCLUSION:TTV and HGV infections are more frequently found in donors and patients infected with HBV or HCV than in healthy blood donors.However,there is no significant association between TTV or HGV infections and liver injury.

盆炎宁对混合菌液致大鼠慢性盆腔炎的治疗作用的实验研究

目的观察盆炎宁对混合菌液致大鼠慢性盆腔炎的治疗作用。方法采用混合菌悬液注入划伤的子宫内造成大鼠慢性盆腔炎。结果造模30天,灌胃给药28天,模型组大鼠子宫粘膜上皮明显坏死变性,肌层和固有层均有明显结缔组织增生和炎细胞浸润,管腔有一定粘连阻塞,浆膜层有散在炎细胞浸润;血液流变学指标显著升高;体外血栓的长度、湿重和干重显著增加。盆炎宁片可不同程度改善上述子宫病理改变,可使子宫粘膜上皮细胞坏死变性及固有层、肌层结缔组织增生的例数显著减少,病变程度明显减轻,未见浆膜层炎细胞浸润及管腔粘连阻塞;并使部分血液流变学指标显著改善,血栓长度显著减小。结论采用混合菌悬液注入划伤的子宫内可造成大鼠慢性盆腔炎模型。盆炎宁对混合菌悬液致大鼠慢性盆腔炎有显著的治疗作用。

Follow-up study of hepatitis C virus infection in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis for 30 months

INTRODUCTIONA high prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus(HCV)(range from 3.3%-80%)has beenreported in hemodialysis(HD)patients,andworrisome as it often becomes chronic and induceschronic liver disease,therefore thenephrologists face a major challenge of how toprevent it.The main route of HCV transmission

异体骨植骨重建在髋关节置换感染二期翻修中的应用

[目的]总结髋置换后感染二期翻修中采用异体骨嵌压植骨技术重建骨缺损的病例,分析临床及X线片结果,探讨异体骨植骨重建在髋关节感染二期翻修中应用的安全性及有效性。[方法]本组共4例5髋采用异体骨嵌压植骨重建感染的髋关节,平均随访14.5个月,对临床结果进行Harris评分,并对X线片进行分析。[结果]截至最后1次随访,所有病人均无感染迹象。Harris评分术前平均25.75分,术后平均82.75分,平均改善57分,肢体长度平均矫正3.1cm,术后优良率为50%。所有病例正侧位X线片上均未见假体移位、下沉,无透光线,股骨侧无股骨距处骨吸收。3例病人发生并发症,包括股骨假体穿出、脱位和外展肌无力。[结论]在髋置换感染的二期翻修中采用异体骨植骨重建是一种比较安全和可行的方法,能够获得较满意的感染控制结果和功能结果,但是该方法技术要求高,并发症发生率高,需要医生有丰富的经验和较长期的学习过程。

Risk Factors, Clinical Features, Baseline Alanine Aminotransferase and CD4+ Count of Children with HIV Co-Infection with Hepatitis B and C at a Tertiary Hospital in Southwest Nigeria

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses are endemic in sub- Saharan African countries including Nigeria. Researchers have studied the burden of co-infection of HIV with hepatitis B and hepatitis C but the risk factors and clinical presentation have not been much addressed especially in children. Methodology: This was a prospective cross sectional study that determined the prevalence, risk factors, clinical features, baseline CD4+ count, CD4+ percentage, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of newly diagnosed, HAART na?ve HIV co-infection among children who were managed at a Tertiary Hospital in Ilorin, Nigeria. Result: Of the 60 HIV- infected children recruited, 11.7% had HIV co-infection with HBV or HCV. Children with co-infec- tions (mean age 8.43 ± 2.37 years) were significantly older than their HIV mono-infected counterparts (mean age 5.25 ± 3.96 years) (p = 0.011). There was no significant difference between HIV monoinfection and HIV co-infection with respect to gender (p = 0.758), ethnicity (p = 0.707), religion of parents (p = 0.436), family type (p = 0.184), social class (p = 0.535), previous transfusion (p = 0.053), scarification (p = 0.612), female genital mutilation (p = 0.778), and sharing of clippers (p = 0.806). The mean BMI, immunological staging (p = 0.535), baseline ALT (p = 0.940), and mean baseline CD4+ count (p = 0.928) were comparable. However, the body mass index of HIV co-infec- ted children decreased with age up till age 10 years. Conclusion: There were no risk factors, nor clinical features predictive of co-infection identified in this study. Co-infection did not negatively impact baseline, CD4+ count and ALT.

Mycoplasma infections and different human carcinomas

AIM: To explore relationships between human carcinomas and mycoplasma infection. METHODS: Monoclonal antibody PD4, which specifically recognizes a distinct protein from mycoplasma hyorhinis, was used to detect mycoplasma infection in different paraffin embedded carcinoma tissues with immunohistochemistry. PCR was applied to amplify the mycoplasma DNA from the positive samples for confirming immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Fifty of 90 cases (56%) of gastric carcinoma were positive for mycoplasma hyorhinis. In other gastric diseases, the mycoplasma infection ratio was 28% (18/49) in chronic superficial gastritis, 30% (14/46) in gastric ulcer and 37% (18/49) in intestinal metaplasia. The difference is significant with gastric cancer (chi(2) = 12.06, P 【 0.05). In colon carcinoma, the mycoplasma infection ratio was 55.1% (32/58),but it was 20.9% (10/49)in adenomarous polyp (chi(2)=13.46, P 【 0.005). Gastric and colon cancers with high differentiation had a higher mycoplasma infection ratio than those with low differentiation (P 【 0.05). Mycoplasma infection in esophageal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and glioma was 50.9% (27/53), 52.6% (31/59), 39.7% (25/63) and 41% (38/91), respectively. The mycoplasma DNA was successfully amplified with the DNA extracted from the cancer tissues that were positive for mycoplasma infection (detected with antibody PD4). CONCLUSION: There was high correlation between mycoplasma infection and different cancers, which suggests the possibility of an association between the two. The mechanism involved in oncogenesis by mycoplasma remains unknown.

Hepatitis B virus infection:defective surface antigen expression and pathogenesis

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is a global public health concern. HBV causes chronic infection in patients and can lead to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other severe liver diseases. Thus, understanding HBV-related pathogenesis is of particular importance for prevention and clinical intervention. HBV surface antigens are indispensable for HBV virion formation and are useful viral markers for diagnosis and clinical assessment. During chronic HBV infection, HBV genomes may acquire and accumulate mutations and deletions, leading to the expression of defective HBV surface antigens. These defective HBV surface antigens have been found to play important roles in the progression of HBV-associated liver diseases. In this review, we focus our discussion on the nature of defective HBV surface antigen mutations and their contribution to the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis B. The relationship between defective surface antigens and occult HBV infection are also discussed.

三联疗法抗幽门螺杆菌感染对儿童肠道菌群状态的影响

目的 探讨抗幽门螺杆菌治疗对儿童肠道菌群状态的影响。方法 分别称取18例幽门螺杆菌感染儿童治疗前后新鲜粪便1.0 g,对肠道菌群中最有代表性的3种需氧菌(肠杆菌、肠球菌和酵母菌)和4种厌氧菌(双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、类杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌) ,分别进行需氧和厌氧培养,菌落计数,同时计算B/ E值来代表定植抗力。结果 抗Hp治疗后,双歧杆菌、乳杆菌和类杆菌较治疗前明显降低( P<0 .0 5 ) ,B/ E值明显下降( P<0 .0 1) ,肠杆菌数量明显增加( P<0 .0 5 ) ,酵母菌的检出率明显增加( P<0 .0 5 )。结论 三联疗法抗Hp治疗对儿童肠道菌群产生明显的影响。

Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on hepatic metabolic signaling pathway

A growing body of epidemiologic research has demonstrated that metabolic derangement exists in patients with hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection, indicating that there are clinical associations between HBV infection and host metabolism. In order to understand the complex interplay between HBV and hepatic metabolism in greater depth, we systematically reviewed these alterations in different metabolic signaling pathways due to HBV infection. HBV infection interfered with most aspects of hepatic metabolic responses, including glucose, lipid, nucleic acid, bile acid and vitamin metabolism. Glucose and lipid metabolism is a particular focus due to the significant promotion of gluconeogenesis, glucose aerobic oxidation, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid synthesis or oxidation, phospholipid and cholesterol biosynthesis affected by HBV. These altered metabolic pathways are involved in the pathological process of not only hepatitis B, but also metabolic disorders, increasing the occurrence of complications, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and liver steatosis. Thus, a clearer understanding of the hepatic metabolic pathways affected by HBV and its pathogenesis is necessary to develop more novel therapeutic strategies targeting viral eradication.