A Workable Solution for Reducing the Large Number of Vehicle and Pedestrian Accidents Occurring on a Yellow Light

Traffic intersections are incredibly dangerous for drivers and pedestrians. Statistics from both Canada and the U.S. show a high number of fatalities and serious injuries related to crashes at intersections. In Canada, during 2019, the National Collision Database shows that 28% of traffic fatalities and 42% of serious injuries occurred at intersections. Likewise, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA) found that about 40% of the estimated 5,811,000 accidents in the U.S. during the year studied were intersection-related crashes. In fact, a major survey by the car insurance industry found that nearly 85% of drivers could not identify the correct action to take when approaching a yellow traffic light at an intersection. One major reason for these accidents is the “yellow light dilemma,” the ambiguous situation where a driver should stop or proceed forward when unexpectedly faced with a yellow light. This situation is even further exacerbated by the tendency of aggressive drivers to inappropriately speed up on the yellow just to get through the traffic light. A survey of Canadian drivers conducted by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation found that 9% of drivers admitted to speeding up to get through a traffic light. Another reason for these accidents is the increased danger of making a left-hand turn on yellow. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA), left turns occur in approximately 22.2% of collisions—as opposed to just 1.2% for right turns. Moreover, a study by CNN found left turns are three times as likely to kill pedestrians than right turns. The reason left turns are so much more likely to cause an accident is because they take a driver against traffic and in the path of oncoming cars. Additionally, most of these left turns occur at the driver’s discretion—as opposed to the distressingly brief left-hand arrow at busy intersections. Drive Safe Now proposes a workable solution for reducing the number of accidents occurring during a yellow light at intersections. We believe this fairly simple solution will save lives, prevent injuries, reduce damage to public and private property, and decrease insurance costs.

Miscibility of light oil and flue gas under thermal action

The miscibility of flue gas and different types of light oils is investigated through slender-tube miscible displacement experiment at high temperature and high pressure.Under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure,the miscible displacement of flue gas and light oil is possible.At the same temperature,there is a linear relationship between oil displacement efficiency and pressure.At the same pressure,the oil displacement efficiency increases gently and then rapidly to more than 90% to achieve miscible displacement with the increase of temperature.The rapid increase of oil displacement efficiency is closely related to the process that the light components of oil transit in phase state due to distillation with the rise of temperature.Moreover,at the same pressure,the lighter the oil,the lower the minimum miscibility temperature between flue gas and oil,which allows easier miscibility and ultimately better performance of thermal miscible flooding by air injection.The miscibility between flue gas and light oil at high temperature and high pressure is more typically characterized by phase transition at high temperature in supercritical state,and it is different from the contact extraction miscibility of CO_(2) under conventional high pressure conditions.

Source and commingling features of light oils from the Chepaizi uplift in the Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Geochemical composition characteristics of light oils from the Tertiary in the west of the Chepaizi uplift in the Junggar basin, northwest China, are distinct from those of biodegraded oils derived from the Permian in the study area and crude oils from some adjacent oil fields such as the Chepaizi and Xiaoguai oilfields. Oil source corre-lation shows that light oils in the study area have similar n-alkane and isoprenoid distribution patterns and carbon isotope compositions with the coal-derived oils from the Jurassic, and display obvious discrepancy on biomarker composition characteristics with the Cretaceous source rock extracts, inferring that they are probably the mixed oils from the Jurassic coal measures and Cretaceous source rocks. In this study, combined with the geochemical data of coal-derived oils from the Jurassic and Cretaceous source rocks or crude oils from the Cretaceous, the source and commingling features of the Tertiary crude oils of Well Pai 2 and Well Pai 8 were investigated. The proportion of the two sources in the mixed crude oils was estimated, and the hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of reservoirs in the study area was established.

The new finding of Neogene marine low-resistivity light oil field in the western part of Pearl River Mouth Basin

Based on the new finding of Wenchang L low-resistivity light oil field, the finding process, reservoir characteristics and pool-forming pattern were studied. The oil-rock correlation, neritic reservoir type, hydrocarbon conduct system and dominant migration and accumulation direction,and new techniques were discussed. The results showed that large amount of hydrocarbon generated by shallow lacustrine mudstone and shale of Eocene Wenchang formation could migrate from sag to Qionghai uplift distantly; neritic shoal-bar reservoir have developed in the 1st member of Zhujiang formation, dip-sag faults and regional good marine sandstone layers of the 1st and the 2nd member of Zhujiang formation have constituted hydrocarbon conduct system in Qionghai uplift; the late fault system which were controlled by Dongsha tectonic movement constructed the connection between lower hydrocarbon and upper neritic shoal-bar reservoir. Therefore, the pool-forming pattern with "vertical migration and accumulation, secondary structure-lithology-dominated" was proposed. Finally the enlightenment of explorating new findings was discussed.

A Sand Control System for Light Oil Reservoir

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Alkyl Naphthalenes and Phenanthrenes:Molecular Markers for Tracing Filling Pathways of Light Oil and Condensate Reservoirs

Condensates and light oils are generally characterized by high maturity, low concentration of sterane and terpane biomarkers and low content of non-hydrocarbon fraction. As a result, some commonly-used sterane, terpane and carbazole migration parameters in conventional oil reservoirs may have a certain limitation in condensate and light oil reservoirs for their poor signal-noise ratios in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Naphthalene, phenanthrene and their methylated substituents, however, are present in significant concentrations in condensates and light oils. Taking the Fushan depression （in the Beibuwan Basin, Northern South China Sea） as an example, this paper attempts for the first time to use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH）-related parameters to trace migration directions and filling pathways for condensate and light oil reservoirs. The result shows that TMNr （i.e. 1, 3, 7-TMN/（1, 3, 7-TMN ＋ 1, 2, 5-TMN）, TMN： trimethylnaphthalene））, MPI-1 （i.e. 1.5×（2-MP ＋ 3-MP）/（P ＋ 1-MP ＋ 9-MP）, P： phenanthrene MP： methyiphenanthrene）, MN/DMN （∑methylnaphthalene/∑dimethylnaphthalene, %） and MN/TMN （∑nethylnaphthalene/∑trimethylna- phthalene, %） can be used to trace the filling pathways of condensate and light oil reservoirs. These parameters, together with geological consideration and other bulk oil properties （e.g. the gas to oil ratio and density）, suggest that the condensates and light oils in the Huachang oil and gas field are mainly sourced from the Bailian sag that is located to the northeast of the Huachang uplift in the Fushan depression.

Improving Light Oil Yield, an Important Way to the Sustainable Development of Petroleum

Oil resources are non- renewable and the utilization of oil resources should be sustainable andrational. Oil processing industry must, to the maximum extent, produce liquid transportation fuel and chemi-cal feedstocks, which can hardly be replaced by other forms of energy. Restructuring oil refineries in China,developing hydrocracking technologies and improving light oil yield are the significant means to achievethe sustainable development of petroleum processing industry.

The Light Timing Calculations of the Interferometer in the Quest to Detect Light Speed Anisotropy and a Case Study of the Michelson-Morley and Miller Mt Wilson Experiments

This paper formulates the light timing calculations for each interferometer arm;one that is parallel to the direction of motion of the interferometer through space and the other that is perpendicular. The calculations are done for a vacuum-mode interferometer and then for a gas-mode interferometer. The calculations show that no light timing difference is detectable in a vacuum-mode interferometer, but once an optical medium is present in the light path down the arms of the interferometer, this is no longer the case and a timing difference is detectable. Further to this, the timing equations obtained from the analysis are used to model the historical experiments of Michelson-Morley and Miller (Mt Wilson) and predictions are made by the model that accurately match the actual recorded results from those experiments. Thus, this timing analysis confirms that there is a light speed anisotropy in a reference frame that is moving through space, indicating the presence of a preferred Aether reference frame through which the Earth is moving.

Oxidization characteristics and thermal miscible flooding of high pressure air injection in light oil reservoirs

Physical modeling,numerical simulation and field case analysis were carried out to find out the subsurface thermal oxidation state,thermal oxidation front characteristics and production dynamic characteristics of high pressure air injection thermal oxidation miscible flooding technology.The lighter the composition and the lower the viscosity of the crude oil,the lower the fuel consumption and the combustion temperature are.The thermal oxidation front of light oil and volatile oil can advance stably,and a medium-temperature thermal oxidation stable displacement state can be formed in the light oil reservoir under high pressure conditions.With strong thermal gasification and distillation,light oil and volatile oil are likely to form a single phase zone of gasification and distillation with thermal flue gas at the high-temperature and high-pressure heat front,finally,an air-injection thermal miscible front.In light oil reservoirs,the development process of high-pressure air-injection thermal miscible flooding can be divided into three stages:boosting pressure stage,low gas-oil ratio and high-efficiency stable production stage and high gas-oil ratio production stage.Approximately 70%of crude oil is produced during the boosting pressure stage and low gas-oil ratio high-efficiency and stable production stage.

Experiments and analysis of gold disk targets irradiated by smoothing beams of Xingguang Ⅱ facilities with 350 nm wavelength

Gold disk targets were irradiated using focusing and beam smoothing methods on Xingguang (XG-Ⅱ) laser facilities with 350 nm wavelength,0.6 ns pulse width and 20-80 Joules energies. Laser absorption,light scattering and X-ray conversion were experimentally investigated. The experimental results showed that laser ab-sorption and scattered light were about 90% and 10%,respectively,under focusing irradiation,but the laser absorption increased 5%-10% and the scattered light about 1% under the condition of beam smoothing. Compared with the case of fo-cusing irradiation,the laser absorption was effectively improved and the scattered light remarkably dropped under uniform irradiation; then due to the decrease in laser intensity,X-ray conversion increased. This is highly advantageous to the in-ertial confinement fusion. However,X-ray conversion mechanism basically did not change and X-ray conversion efficiency under beam smoothing and focusing irra-diation was basically the same.

On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Conversion and Transformation of Sound into Light

In the study of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and Sonoluminescence, we observe parallels with larger cosmic events. Specifically, sonoluminescence involves the rapid collapse of bubbles, which closely resembles gravitational collapse in space. This observation suggests the potential formation of low-density quantum black holes. These entities, which might be related to dark matter, are thought to experience a kind of transient evaporation similar to Hawking radiation seen in cosmic black holes. Consequently, sonoluminescence could be a valuable tool for investigating phenomena typically linked to cosmic scale events. Furthermore, the role of the Higgs boson is considered in this context, possibly connecting it to both TGFs and sonoluminescence. This research could enhance our understanding of the quantum mechanics of black holes and their relation to dark matter on Earth.

Environmental Friendly Lightweight Material from Natural Fibers of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Indonesia is the most producer of crude palm oil (CPO) worldwide with production more that 25 million tons in 2013. Through increasing production of CPO the wastes generated are growing up as well. The empty fruit bunch of oil palm (EFB) is one of the solid waste (biomass) which is generated at the palm oil mill. Its amount is equivalent to the CPO production, but only about 50% of its weight are good fibers for further usage as industrial raw material. The EFB fiber consists an interesting honey comb/lightweight structure. By mixing the EFB natural fiber with bio binding agent based on potato the environmental friendly materials (biocomposites) can be produced which are 100% biodegadrable. The biocomposites with 2 mm thickness have strengthness about 7 GPa according to the 3 points bending test standard of DIN 53 457. After coating process the environmental friendly lightweight materials with density less than 0.4 g/cm3 will be ready to be implemented for different technical applications.

Geological characteristics of unconventional tight oil reservoir (10^(9) t): A case study of Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, northern Songliao Basin, NE China

The Daqing exploration area in the northern Songliao Basin has great potential for unconventional oil and gas resources,among which the total resources of tight oil alone exceed 109 t and is regarded as an important resource base of Daqing oilfield.After years of exploration in the Qijia area,Songliao Basin,NE China,tight oil has been found in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation.To work out tight oil’s geological characteristics,taking tight oil in Gaotaizi oil layers of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in northern Songliao Basin as an example,this paper systematically analyzed the geological characteristics of unconventional tight oil in Gao3 and Gao4 layers of the Qijia area,based on the data of the geological survey,well drilling journey,well logging,and test.It is that three sets of hydrocarbon source rocks(K2qn1,K2qn2+3,and K2n1)develop in the examined area,and exhibit excellent type I and II kerogens,high organic matter abundance,and moderate maturity.The reservoir is generally composed of thin-bedded mudstone,siltstone,and sandstone,and presents poor porosity(average 8.5 vol.%)and air permeability(average 4 mD).The main reservoir space primarily includes intergranular pores,secondary soluble pores,and intergranular soluble pores.Three types of orifice throats were identified,namely fine throat,extra-fine throat,and micro-fine throat.The siltstone is generally oil-bearing,the reservoirs with slime and calcium become worse oil-bearing,and the mudstone has no obvious oil-bearing characteristics.The brittleness indices of the sandstone in the tight oil reservoir range from 40%to 60%,and those of the mudstone range from 40%to 45%,indicating a better brittleness of the tight oil reservoir.Based on the study of typical core hole data,this paper gives a comprehensive evaluation of the properties of the tight oil and establishes a tight oil single well composite bar chart as well as the initial evaluation system with the core of properties in the tight oil reservoir.This study has theoretical guiding significance and practical application value for tight oil exploration and evaluation in the Qijia area.

“Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Connotation and prospects of source rock oil and gas

Based on the transitional background of the global energy structure, exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas, and investigation of key basins, the unconventional oil and gas resources are divided into three types: source rock oil and gas, tight oil and gas, and retention and accumulated oil and gas. Source rock oil and gas resources are the global strategic supplies of oil and gas, the key resource components in the second 150-year life cycle of the future petroleum industry, and the primary targets for "exploring petroleum inside source kitchen". The geological connotation of source rock oil and gas was proposed, and the models of source rock oil and gas generation, expulsion and accumulation were built, and five source rock oil and gas generation sections were identified, which may determine the actual resource potential under available technical conditions. The formation mechanism of the "sweet sections" was investigated, that is, shale oil is mainly accumulated in the shale section that is close to the oil generation section and has higher porosity and permeability, while the "sweet sections" of coal-bed methane(CBM) and shale gas have self-contained source and reservoir and they are absorbed in coal seams or retained in the organic-rich black shale section, so evaluation and selection of good "sweet areas(sections)" is the key to "exploring petroleum inside source kitchen". Source rock oil and gas resources have a great potential and will experience a substantial growth for over ten world-class large "coexistence basins" of conventional-unconventional oil and gas in the future following North America, and also will be the primary contributor to oil stable development and the growth point of natural gas production in China, with expected contribution of 15% and 30% to oil and gas, respectively, in 2030. Challenges in source rock oil and gas development should be paid more attention to, theoretical innovation is strongly recommended, and a development pilot zone can be established to strengthen technology and promote national support. The source rock oil and gas geology is the latest progress of the "source control theory" at the stage of unconventional oil and gas. It will provide a new theoretical basis for the new journey of the upstream business in the post-industry age.

Design of a Simulator for Enhanced Oil Recovery Process Using a Nigerian Reservoir as a Case Study

This study involves the applications of different numerical techniques in a more general way to the design of a simulator for an enhanced oil recovery process with surfactant assisted water flooding. The data from a hypothetical oil well and a Nigerian oil well were used for the validation of the simulator. The process is represented by a system of nonlinear partial differential equations: the continuity equation for the transport of the components and Darcy’s equation for the phase flow. The orthogonal collocation, finite difference and coherence theory techniques were used in solving the equations that characterized the multidimensional, multiphase and multicomponent flow problem. Matlab computer programs were used for the numerical solution of the model equ- ations. The predicted simulator, obtained from the resulting numerical exercise confers uncondi- tional stability and more insight into the physical reservoir description. The results of the ortho- gonal collocation solution were compared with those of finite difference and coherence solutions. The results indicate that the concentration of surfactants for orthogonal collocation show more features than the predictions of the coherence solution and the finite difference, offering more opportunities for further understanding of the physical nature of the complex problem. We have found out that the partition of the three components between the two-phases determines other physical property data and hence the oil recovery. The oil recovery for the Nigerian oil reservoir is higher than the recovery predicted for the hypothetical crude. The displacement mechanism for the multicomponent and multiphase system is stable in the Nigerian oil reservoir due to the mod- erate value of the oil/water viscosity instead of the hypothetical reservoir with high value of oil/water ratio.

Global oil and gas development in 2022:Situation,trends and enlightenment

Through analysis of four aspects,including the distribution and production of global oil and gas fields,the distribution and changes of remaining recoverable reserves,the differences in oil and gas production between regions/countries,and the development potential of oil and gas fields with production capacity not built and to be built,this paper presents the situation and trends of global oil and gas development in 2022.It is found that,in 2022,oil and gas fields are widely distributed worldwide,and upstream production activities continue to recover;the oil and gas reserves decrease slightly year on year,and the oil and gas reserves in sea areas increase significantly;the oil and gas production increases continuously,and the key resource countries make a significant contribution in oil and gas production growth;the oil and gas fields with production capacity not built and to be built hold abundant reserves,and their development potential will be gradually released with the economic benefits increase.Further analysis is conducted from the perspectives of global oil and gas resources continuity,geopolitical risks,potential of international cooperation,and upgrade of unconventional oil and gas technology.Finally,in view of core business domains and strategies under the new situation,the Chinese oil companies are recommended to:(1)keep a foothold in onshore conventional oil and gas development by virtue of their comparative advantages and learning from other’s experience in cooperation;(2)carry out pilot tests on development adjustment,and deepen the international cooperation in enhanced oil/gas recovery;(3)improve the oil and gas operation capabilities in sea areas to transform from follower as minority shareholder to joint venture and then to independent operations;and(4)seek appropriate ways for shale oil/gas development to reduce the dependence on foreign oil and gas.

Inheritance,Innovation and High-quality Development of Herbaceous Edible Oils in Hubei Province under the Strategy of Strengthening the Country with Intellectual Property

Only by improving the production capacity of domestic herbal edible oil can China ensure the safety of the supply chain of the important industrial chain of vegetable edible oil in China and practice the big food concept.In addition to rice,maize,and soybean for using as grain and oil,there are eight kinds of herbaceous edible oil crops in Hubei Province,including rape,peanut,sesame,sunflower,perilla(perilla seed),cotton,linen and tiger nut(Cyperus esculentus).This paper studies the main industries of herbaceous edible oil crops and their intellectual property resources in Hubei Province,and analyzes the main problems of its inheritance,innovation and high-quality development under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property.Finally,it proposes the countermeasures of carrying forward and inheriting traditional knowledge and traditional culture,maintaining the biodiversity of crops,strengthening the creation of new plant varieties and breeding patents,and opening up the whole chain of intellectual property rights.

Geological characteristics of shale rock system and shale oil exploration breakthrough in a lacustrine basin:A case study from the Paleogene 1st sub-member of Kong 2 Member in Cangdong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

A deep understanding of the basic geologic characteristics of the fine-grained shale layers in the Paleogene 1 st sub-member of Kong 2 Member(Ek_2~1) in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin, is achieved through observation of 140 m continuous cores and systematic analysis of over 1 000 core samples from two wells. Basic geological conditions for shale oil accumulation are proposed based on the unconventional geological theory of oil and gas. The shale rock system mainly developed interbedded formation of felsic shale, calcareous and dolomitic shale and carbonates; high quality hydrocarbon source rock formed in the stable and closed environment is the material base for shale oil enrichment; intergranular pores in analcite, intercrystalline pores in dolomite and interlayer micro-fractures make tight carbonate, calcareous and dolomitic shale and felsic shale effective reservoirs, with brittle mineral content of more than 70%; high abundance laminated shale rock in the lower section of Ek_2~1 is rich in shale oil, with a total thickness of 70 m, burial depth between 2 800 to 4 200 m, an average oil saturation of 50%, a sweet spot area of 260 km^2 and predicted resources of over 5×10~8 t. Therefore, this area is a key replacement domain for oil exploration in the Kongdian Formation of the Cangdong sag. At present, the KN9 vertical well has a daily oil production of 29.6 t after fracturing with a 2 mm choke. A breakthrough of continental shale oil exploration in a lacustrine basin is expected to be achieved by volume fracturing in horizontal wells.

Classification of microscopic pore-throats and the grading evaluation on shale oil reservoirs

On the basis of the characterization of microscopic pore-throats in shale oil reservoirs by high-pressure mercury intrusion technique, a grading evaluation standard of shale oil reservoirs and a lower limit for reservoir formation were established. Simultaneously, a new method for the classification of shale oil flow units based on logging data was established. A new classification scheme for shale oil reservoirs was proposed according to the inflection points and fractal features of mercury injection curves: microscopic pore-throats(less than 25 nm), small pore-throats(25-100 nm), medium pore-throats(100-1 000 nm) and big pore-throats(greater than 1 000 nm). Correspondingly, the shale reservoirs are divided into four classes, I, II, III and IV according to the number of microscopic pores they contain, and the average pore-throat radii corresponding to the dividing points are 150 nm, 70 nm and 10 nm respectively. By using the correlation between permeability and pore-throat radius, the permeability thresholds for the reservoir classification are determined at 1.00× 10^(-3) μm^2, 0.40×10^(-3) μm^2 and 0.05×10^(-3) μm^2 respectively. By using the exponential relationship between porosity and permeability of the same hydrodynamic flow unit, a new method was set up to evaluate the reservoir flow belt index and to identify shale oil flow units with logging data. The application in the Dongying sag shows that the standard proposed is suitable for grading evaluation of shale oil reservoirs.

Chemical compositions of the essential oil and calculation the biophysicochemical coefficients of the components of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. of Iran

The volatile constituents of the essential oil of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. growing wild in Kurdistan-Iran were investigated using the GC and GC/MS techniques. Fifteen compounds, representing twenty (97.03%) of the total oil were identified. The main components were: α- Pinene (22.47%), β-Caryophyllene (18.05%), β- Eudesmol (14.92%), α-Copaene (9.84%), γ-Elemene (6.79%), δ-Cadine-ne (6.13%), (–)Bornyl acetate (5.61%), α-Amorphene (3.84%), α-Fen- chyl acetate (2.35%) and β-Pinene (2.07%). Some of the physicochemical properties like the logarithm of calculated Octanol-Water partitioning coefficients (log Kow), total biodegradation and (TBd in mol/h and gr./h), water solubility (Sw, mg.L-1 at 25oC) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC50) were calculated for the 15 com- ponents of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth.