Evaluation and Analysis of Hospital Disaster Preparedness in Jeddah

Introduction: Disaster damage to health systems is a human and health tragedy, results in huge economic losses, deals devastating blows to development goals, and shakes social confidence. Hospital disaster preparedness presents complex clinical operation. It is difficult philosophical challenge. It is difficult to determine how much time, money, and effort should be spent in preparing for an event that may not occur. Health facilities whether hospitals or rural health clinics, should be a source of strength during emergencies and disasters. They should be ready to save lives and to continue providing essential emergencies and disasters. Jeddah has relatively a level of disaster risk which is attributable to its geographical location, climate variability, topography, etc. This study investigates the hospital disaster preparedness (HDP) in Jeddah. Methods: Questionnaire was designed according to five Likert scales. It was divided into eight fields of 33 indicators: structure, architectural and furnishings, lifeline facilities’ safety, hospital location, utilities maintenance, surge capacity, emergency and disaster plan, and control of communication and coordination. Sample of six hospitals participated in the study and rated to the extent of disaster preparedness for each hospital disaster preparedness indicators. Two hazard tools were used to find out the hazards for each hospital. An assessment tool was designed to monitor progress and effectiveness of the hospitals’ improvement. Weakness was found in HDP level in the surveyed hospitals. Disaster mitigation needs more action including: risk assessment, structural and non-structural prevention, and preparedness for contingency planning and warning and evacuation. Conclusion: The finding shows that hospitals included in this study have tools and indicators in hospital preparedness but with lack of training and management during disaster. So the research shed light on hospital disaster preparedness. Considering the importance of preparedness in disaster, it is necessary for hospitals to understand that most of hospital disaster preparedness is built in the hospital system.

Efficient H_(2)O_(2)Electrosynthesis and Its Electro-Fenton Application for Refractory Organics Degradation

Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))in situ electrosynthesis by O_(2)reduction reaction is a promising alternative to the conventional Fenton treatment of refractory wastewater.However,O_(2)mass transfer limitation,cathodic catalyst selectivity,and electron transfer in O_(2)reduction remain major engineering obstacles.Here,we have proposed a systematic solution for efficient H_(2)O_(2)generation and its electro-Fenton(EF)application for refractory organic degradation based on the fabrication of a novel ZrO_(2)/CMK-3/PTFE cathode,in which polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)acted as a hydrophobic modifier to strengthen the O_(2)mass transfer,ZrO_(2)was adopted as a hydrophilic modifier to enhance the electron transfer of O_(2)reduction,and mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was utilized as a catalyst substrate to provide catalytic active sites.Moreover,feasible mass transfer of O_(2)from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic layer was designed to increase the contact between O_(2)and the reaction interface.The H_(2)O_(2)yield of the ZrO_(2)/CMK-3/PTFE cathode was significantly improved by approximately 7.56 times compared to that of the co nventional gas diffusion cathode under the same conditions.The H_(2)O_(2)generation rate and Faraday efficiency reached125.98 mg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1)(normalized to 5674.04 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)by catalyst loading)and 78.24%at-1.3 V versus standard hydrogen electrode(current density of-252 mA·cm^(-2)),respectively.The high H_(2)O_(2)yield ensured that sufficient OH was produced for excellent EF performance,resulting in a degradation efficiency of over 96%for refractory organics.This study offers a novel engineering solution for the efficient treatment of refractory wastewater using EF technology based on in situ high-yield H_(2)O_(2)electrosynthesis.

Comparative Organics Remediation Properties of Nanostructured Graphene Doped Titanium Oxide and Graphene Doped Zinc Oxide Photocatalysts

In recent years, we have accomplished effective organics remediation using titanium oxide (TiO2) doped transition metals, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires and silver & palladium doped ZnO nanowires. The present manuscript displays the advantage of organic remediation in both UV and visible radiation using graphene (G) doped TiO2 nanoparticles, G doped ZnO nanowires. The nanostructured G-TiO2 nanoparticles and G-ZnO nanowires were synthesized using sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. The nanostructured materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD), procedures. The remediation of organic compounds (naphthalene, methyl orange) in water was achieved under both UV and visible radiation using graphene doped nanostructured photocatalytic materials. The advantage of graphene doped ZnO nanowires as well as G-TiO2 nanoparticles has revealed organics remediation in both UV and visible radiation of light.

坡耕地土壤有机碳再分布特征及其迁移累积平衡

利用137Cs和飞灰示踪技术,研究坡耕地黑土近50年和近100年来土壤再分布过程,计算坡耕地土壤有机碳(SOC)迁移和累积平衡。结果表明:利用SOC的深度分布特征鉴定坡脚和坡足原始埋藏土壤的表面分别位于地表下70和80cm,其埋藏层的SOC含量分别比与其接壤的上覆土层SOC含量高5.2和0.4gkg。坡顶、坡肩和坡背均遭受侵蚀,年平均侵蚀的土壤厚度为0.2、5.0和2.2mmyr。坡脚和坡足部位飞灰到达的深度分别为70和80cm,与埋藏层表面相吻合。坡脚飞灰出现于埋藏A层之中,表明沉积区在蒸汽机车开始使用前已被开垦为农田(或已有侵蚀和堆积发生)。根据137Cs和飞灰分布深度构建了不同年代的坡型,结果表明侵蚀部位剥蚀的土壤多堆积在坡脚和坡足,且搬运的土壤物质先累积于坡脚,随着景观坡度变缓,土壤累积逐渐向坡足过渡。研究区(1m宽)坡顶、坡肩和坡背近百年来由于土壤侵蚀共失去683kgSOC,其中60%(418kgSOC)沉积在坡脚和坡足等低洼部位,其中有257kgSOC是近50年累积的。

Recent advances in acid-resistant zeolite T membranes for dehydration of organics

Zeolite membranes offer outstanding potentials in separation of many molecular mixtures due to their molecular sieving selectivity and the high thermal and mechanical stability that allow them to operate at harsh conditions.Development of durable and high separation performance membranes with lower fabrication and operation cost are highly demanded for industrial applications. Zeolite T membrane possesses good acid-resistance with excellent hydrophilic properties as compared to NaA zeolite membrane and can be extended to industrial organic dehydrations under an acidic environment. In the present review the research advances in development of zeolite T membranes for the dehydration of organic mixtures in acidic conditions are summarized. Especially the low temperature synthesis, and epitaxial growth of the zeolite membrane with high performance are well addressed, besides emphasis is particularly placed on ensemble synthesis of hollow fiber zeolite T membrane module and its future prospects for industrial separations.

商品房住宅区公共物业自治管理制度分析 以上海市水仙苑小区为例

The reform of the housing system in Shanghai has unexpectedly given rise to a self-governed property owners’ collective supervisory system, primarily in the form of Property Owners’ Supervisory Council (POSC), which has picked up some of the government’s administrative functions. Although this new, institutionalized management model has theoretically made democratic managerial participation at the grassroots level possible, it has brought about endless problems, overt and covert, shortly after its appearance, some of which are even alarming. A comprehensive analysis of the data collected over a long period of time has led to the conclusion that this system is a failure, attributable to the overt factor related to skills in reality and the covert “priori” factor that is masked by the former. The existence of such “priori” factor once again demonstrates the deep-rooted, traditional managerial logic: Positive operations is society need only to depend upon individuals’ unstable self-disciplined morality rather than to build a system. The current paper points out that any change in the socioeconomic structure that has long been subject to the power of politics is to inevitably incur a corresponding global structural accommodation, including politics itself. To respond to the two factors for the failure, system building in the two overlapping areas is a must.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients: A comparative study using WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and Harmonized definitions

To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Malaysian type 2 diabetic patients using WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the new Harmonized definitions, and the concordance between these definitions. This study involved 313 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at two Malaysian tertiary hospitals. Socio-demographic data were assessed using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were carried out according to standard protocols. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were examined. Kappa (k) statistics were used for the agreement between the four MetS definitions. The overall prevalence rates of MetS (95% CI) were 95.8% (93.6-98.1), 96.1% (94.0-98.3), 84.8% (80.8-88.9) and 97.7% (96.1-99.4) according to the WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the Harmonized definitions, respectively. The Kappa statistics demonstrated a slight to substantial agreement between the definitions (k = 0.179-0.875, p k = 0.875, p hest specificity (100%) in identifying MetS. In conclusion, the new Harmonized criteria established the highest prevalence of MetS among the four definitions applied. There was a very good concordance between the WHO and NCEP ATP III criteria. The extremely high prevalence of MetS observed in type 2 diabetic patients indicates an impending pandemic of CVD risk in Malaysia. Aggressive treatment of MetS components is required to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM.

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Organics in Municipal Solid Waste Leachates from Landfills with Different Ages in Jordan

A comprehensive assessment of heavy metals and organic content was performed for leachates produced from a number of old and new landfills in Jordanover 9 month in efforts to set a framework for treatment regulations. All leachates were basic (pH = 7 - 9) and have high electric conductivity and high organic contents (COD = 3000 - 500,000 mg/L, TOC= 500 - 21,000 mg/L). The organic content was inversely proportional to the age of landfill. Heavy metals analysis showed no significant threat of Co, Zn, Pb and Al in any site. Meanwhile, the concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cd and As were high, exceeding local and international standard limits. Typical physical, chemical and biological treatments can be employed to upgrade the leachates of the active Ghabawi and Akaider sites. Whereas for the high organic strength of Russeifeh, an adsorption treatment by activated carbon is recommended.

Reclaiming Biologically Pretreated Greywater for Reuse by Photocatalytic Oxidation: Qualitative Study on the Removal of Trace Organics

This study was carried out for gathering qualitative information about the potential of photocatalytic oxidation for the removal of trace organics (analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, GC/MS) from biologically pretreated greywater to make it suitable for high quality reuse applications like groundwater recharge. Additionally, fractions of bulk organics (humic substances, building blocks, and low molecular weight organic acids) were quantified by liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection. Biologically pretreated greywater was subjected to photocatalytic oxidation in open stirred vessel reactors with UV lamps positioned over the reactors. UV doses of 0, 5, and 15 Wh·L-1 and TiO2 P25 photocatalyst concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 g·L-1 were investigated. Photocatalysis experiments with a 15 Wh·L-1 UV dose were also conducted in the presence of 1 g·L-1 powdered activated carbon. Subsequent to mere contact of the photocatalyst to biologically pretreated greywater without UV, GC/MS did not indicate a substantial removal of trace organics, while humic substances were increasingly adsorbed by increasing photocatalyst concentration. A UV dose of 15 Wh·L-1 and TiO2 concentrations > 5 g·L-1 were favorable conditions for photocatalytic oxidation resulting in the removal of most of the trace organics, especially chlorinated phosphate flame retardants. Also humic substances were efficiently removed under these conditions. Photocatalytic oxidation is thus a promising process for advanced greywater treatment prior to groundwater recharge. Addition of powdered activated carbon did not improve trace and bulk organics removal by photocatalysis with a UV dose of 15 Wh·L-1 and with photocatalyst concentrations > 5 g·L-1.

我国老字号“公地悲剧”的根源及其解决途径

我国的老字号不仅具备独特的经营之道、严格的质量管理、历代相传的加工工艺,而且大多有着十分悠久的历史文化。由于历史原因,普遍存在着商号和品牌资产不明晰,老字号品牌的经营者并不珍惜其赖以生存与发展的品牌和商号资源声誉,而被过度使用的“公地悲剧”现象。“公地悲剧”产生的根源在于私人成本与边际社会成本的背离和缺乏有效的产权制度而导致的产权界定不清晰。解决我国老字号“公地悲剧”途径可以从政府、市场和社会规范等正规制度,道德约束等非正规制度以及第三部门等方面来综合考虑,以摆脱老字号的“公地悲剧”。

温室有机土栽培番茄营养吸收特性研究

以腐熟玉米秸、麦秸、菇渣或锯末等农产废弃物及有机肥为有机化栽培的有机原料,添加土壤后配成有机土进行了番茄栽培试验,研究了植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收特性。结果表明,不同配方下番茄对氮磷钾的单株吸收量、养分利用率以及养分在植株不同部位的分配不同。全生育期N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0 194～0 375∶0 903～1 412。根据番茄产量计算出每生产100kg番茄果实的养分需要量为:N136 7～201 4g,P2O539 9～60 0g,K2O156 7～235 7g。综合不同有机土配比对番茄养分利用率、产量品质的影响,以大粪干+玉米秸+锯沫或菇渣(1∶2∶1)的配方较好。

不同剂量甜菜碱对热应激肉鸡组织器官发育的影响

选择将1日龄肉用仔鸡200只,随机分成3组,在试验期内,环境温度为28～31℃,湿度为83～87%。对照组仅喂基础日粮,试验1组、试验2组分别在基础日粮添中加0.1%、0.3%的甜菜碱。结果表明:试验1组鸡在38～47日龄甲状腺的重量和肾上腺重量显著增加(P<0.05),在48～57日龄试验1组鸡胸腺、胃、肝脏、心脏的重量显著增加(P<0.05),睾丸的重量极显著增加。在试验期内,与对照组相比较,试验1组鸡胰、脾、法氏囊、肺和肾重量差异都不显著(P>0.05)。试验2组鸡除了在48～57日龄睾丸重量极显著增加(P<0.01)以外,其它器官重量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。试验2组与试验1组鸡在整个试验期内各器官重量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。组织学观察表明,在高温环境中,对照组鸡肾、心脏、肺、肝、胃、脾、胸腺等器官出现不同程度病理变化,但试验1组鸡上述组织器官未见有明显变化,这说明,甜菜碱具有一定的抗热应激作用。

不同土地利用方式下球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与有机碳及土壤质地的关系(摘要)(英文)

[目的]揭示土地利用方式对球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)的影响。[方法]测定了海南岛5种主要土地利用方式下GRSP、土壤有机碳(Soil oaganic carbon)与土壤质地(Soil texture)在0～10、10～20、20～50cm3个土壤层次中的分布情况。[结果]相对于保持较好的次生林,4种不同耕作土壤的GRSP与有机碳含量均有所下降。GRSP在海南岛5种主要土地利用方式土壤中的含量为0.53～4.80mg/g,占有机碳的百分比为7.9%～23.4%,是碳库的重要组成部分。GRSP占有机碳的比例在不同土地利用方式下差异显著,在土层之间差异不显著,GRSP和有机碳含量在土壤剖面上垂直分布较明显。GRSP与有机碳、砂粒含量呈显著正相关,与粉粒和粘粒呈显著负相关。[结论]砂粒含量在很大程度上决定了GRSP的含量,壤土相对粘土更有利于GRSP的累积。

固相萃取高效液相色谱法同时测定禽畜组织中雌雄性激素残留的研究

目的:固相萃取高效液相色谱法同时测定禽畜组织中已烯雌酚(DES)、丙酸睾酮(TES)的残留量.方法:固相萃取小柱为Alltech Extract-clean columns C18,200 mg/4.0 ml,洗脱液为甲醇;色谱柱为SUPELCO Discovery C18 5 μm 250×4.6 mm,流动相为:甲醇:水=85:15(v/v),流速为 1.0 ml/min,二极管阵列检测器,检测波长为 245 nm.结果:该方法的线性范围为:0.5～10.0 μg/ml;标准曲线线性良好,其回归方程及相关系数r分别为已烯雌酚:Y=61.31042X+2.38615,r=0.99999;丙酸睾酮:Y=60.42778X-0.20465,r=0.99994 .最低检出限分别为:已烯雌酚 9.5 μg/kg;丙酸睾酮 8.4 μg/kg;回收率在 92%～103% 之间,相对标准偏差小于 1.3%.结论:该方法操作简便、快捷,是禽畜类食品激素残留的快速而准确的检测方法.

红壤稻田长期施钾肥及有机肥对水稻叶面积指数及产量构成的影响

在实施了29年定位施肥试验的红壤稻田,进行了水稻叶面积的测量分析和水稻产量构成分析。结果表明:抽穗期叶面积指数增施钾肥提高13.0%,增施有机肥提高47.0%。钾效应系数为13.0%,有机肥效应系数为14.3%。产量构成方面,增施钾肥有效穗数提高5.1%,每穗总粒数提高15.3%,结实率提高0.8%,千粒重提高5.5%;增施有机肥有效穗数降低1.3%,每穗总粒数增加11.8%,结实率降低2.0%,千粒重降低13.0%。

Analysis Methods for the Determination of Anthropogenic Additions of P to Agricultural Soils

Phosphorus loading and measurement is of concern on lands where biosolids have been applied. Traditional soil testing for plant-available P may be inadequate for the accurate assessment of P loadings in a regulatory environment as the reported levels may not correlate well with environmental risk. In order to accurately assess potential P runoff and leaching, as well as plant uptake, we must be able to measure organic P mineralized by the biotic community in the soil. Soils with varying rates of biosolid application were evaluated for mineralized organic P during a 112-day incubation using the difference between P measured using a rapid-flow analyzer (RFA) and an axial flow Varian ICP-OES. An increase in the P mineralized from the treated soils was observed from analysis with the Varian ICP-OES, but not with the RFA. These results confirm that even though organic P concentrations have increased due to increasing biosolid application, traditional soil testing using an RFA for detection, would not accurately portray P concentration and potential P loading from treated soils.

雏鸡服用益生素后免疫器官指数及局部体液免疫球蛋白相对含量的动态变化

用商品益生素和自制益生素分别灌服1日龄雏鸡,灌服益生素后1、4、7、10、18d测定胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊的器官指数动态变化,用间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法测定泪液、气管液、胆汁和肠液的IgA、IgM、IgG相对含量的动态变化,结果发现服用商品益生素的雏鸡免疫器官指数在第7天高于未服用益生素的对照雏鸡,上述4种体液的IgA、IgM、IgG相对含量在服用益生素后7～10d高于未服用益生素的对照雏鸡,服用自制益生素的雏鸡上述4种体液的IgA、IgM、IgG相对含量在服用益生素后4～7d高于未服用益生素的对照雏鸡。表明益生素对雏鸡的免疫系统有一定的影响,能够促进免疫器官的生长发育,提高雏鸡呼吸道和消化道局部体液的免疫球蛋白相对含量。

碱金属、铵离子和烷基胺在磺酸型阳离子交换树脂柱上以有机酸和无机酸为淋洗液的保留行为

系统研究了碱金属、铵离子和烷基胺在磺酸型阳离子交换树脂柱上以有机酸和无机酸为淋洗液的保留行为.比较了草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸三种有机酸在洗脱碱金属、铵离子和烷基胺时的差异,研究了有机酸和无机酸浓度对离子保留值的影响.在磺酸型阳离子交换树脂柱上,以有机酸或无机酸为淋洗液均可以同时分离碱金属离子(Li+、Na+、K+ )、铵离子和烷基胺(甲胺、乙胺、正丙胺).淋洗液中起淋洗作用的阳离子是H+.溶质阳离子容量因子对数值与淋洗液中淋洗剂阳离子H+浓度对数值之间具有良好的线性关系,直线斜率近似为-1,与文献中溶质保留值方程完全相符.碱金属、铵离子和烷基胺的保留行为符合离子交换机理.随着淋洗液浓度的增加,溶质保留值减小,但溶质的洗脱顺序不变.

北京平谷地区有机桃园主要害虫和天敌发生规律研究

为明确有机生产方式下桃园害虫和天敌数量变化,2004年在北京平谷区前芮营村有机桃园用性诱剂法和捕虫网法分别调查了3种主要害虫(梨小食心虫、苹小卷叶蛾和桃潜叶蛾)和4种主要天敌(龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫、小花蝽和草蛉)的发生规律。结果表明:3种害虫世代较明显,发生高峰集中;天敌数量逐渐积累,数量增加明显。

饲料中加镉对猪生长性能及内脏器官的影响

体重27kg左右杜长大生长猪96头,随机分为2组,每组设3个重复,分别饲喂添加0、10. 0mg/kg镉的玉米豆粕型饲粮,在体重约90kg时结束饲养试验,并对猪的生长性能、内脏器官的相对重量、血清相关激素指标进行分析。结果显示,添加10. 0mg/kg镉可显著影响猪的生长性能及内分泌水平,试验猪日增重降低18. 6% (P<0. 05),料重比升高15. 1% (P<0. 05);血清生长激素水平降低36. 5% (P<0. 05),而对T3、T4 水平无显著影响(P>0. 05);使肝重率、脾重率、胸腺重率、肠系膜淋巴结重率分别提高15. 1% (P<0. 05)、19.7% (P<0. 05)、30. 7% (P<0. 05)、33. 3% (P<0. 05),而对肾、心、胰、胆囊的相对重量无显著影响(P>0.05)。提示较低剂量镉(10. 0mg/kg)能影响猪的生长性能并可能由镉致生长激素水平降低所致。