Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

In situ atomic-scale observation of size-dependent (de) potassiation and reversible phase transformation in tetragonal FeSe anodes

Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.

THE COHERENCE COEFFICIENT MAP AND RESIDUE GUIDED LEAST SQUARE PHASE UNWRAPPING ALGORITHM

The generation of high-resolution DEM from interferometric SAR has resulted in the need for accurate and efficient methods of 2-dimensional phase unwrapping. In this paper, we give a brief description of the mathematical base of phase unwrapping, and a detailed description of the unweighted and weighted least square phase unwrapping algorithm.Then our algorithm combining with the weighted least square phase unwrapping guided by the branch-cuts derived from Goldstein’ s algorithm and coherence coefficient map derived from the INSAR data is provided. In our experiment we write subroutines of the Goldstein’s branch-cut algorithm,unweighted and weighted least square phase unwrapping algorithm as well as our algorithm,and construct a small experiment system to resolve the phase unwrapping problem. Finally we test our algorithm on some INSAR data. The result shows that our approach can obtain unwrapped phase correctly and efficiently.

Multi-baseline extended particle filtering phase unwrapping algorithm based on amended matrix pencil model and quantized path-following strategy

This paper proposes a new multi-baseline extended particle filtering phase unwrapping algorithm which combines an extended particle filter with an amended matrix pencil model and a quantized path-following strategy. The contributions to multibaseline synthetic aperture radar(SAR) interferometry are as follows: a new recursive multi-baseline phase unwrapping model based on an extended particle filter is built, and the amended matrix pencil model is used to acquire phase gradient information with a higher precision and lower computational cost, and the quantized path-following strategy is introduced to guide the proposed phase unwrapping procedure to efficiently unwrap wrapped phase image along the paths routed by a phase derivative variance map.

Wigner Quasiprobability with an Application to Coherent Phase States

Starting from Wigner’s definition of the function named now after him we systematically develop different representation of this quasiprobability with emphasis on symmetric representations concerning the canonical variables (q,p) of phase space and using the known relation to the parity operator. One of the representations is by means of the Laguerre 2D polynomials which is particularly effective in quantum optics. For the coherent states we show that their Fourier transforms are again coherent states. We calculate the Wigner quasiprobability to the eigenstates of a particle in a square well with infinitely high impenetrable walls which is not smooth in the spatial coordinate and vanishes outside the wall boundaries. It is not well suited for the calculation of expectation values. A great place takes on the calculation of the Wigner quasiprobability for coherent phase states in quantum optics which is essentially new. We show that an unorthodox entire function plays there a role in most formulae which makes all calculations difficult. The Wigner quasiprobability for coherent phase states is calculated and graphically represented but due to the involved unorthodox function it may be considered only as illustration and is not suited for the calculation of expectation values. By another approach via the number representation of the states and using the recently developed summation formula by means of Generalized Eulerian numbers it becomes possible to calculate in approximations with good convergence the basic expectation values, in particular, the basic uncertainties which are additionally represented in graphics. Both considered examples, the square well and the coherent phase states, belong to systems with SU (1,1) symmetry with the same index K=1/2 of unitary irreducible representations.

In-situ observations on interphase boundary migration and grain growth during α/γ phase transformation in iron-4.2%Cr alloy

In-situ observations on α/γ phase transformation were made to study the effects of grain boundary microstructures on the formation of a new phase and the migration of α/γ interphase boundary in an iron4. 2%Cr alloy. It was found that triple junctions with more random boundaries could be the primary nucleation sites for a new phase, while triple junctions with low angle or low ∑ coincidence boundaries did not play any role as preferential sites. The migration of α/γ interphase boundary during heating over the transformation temperature range showed the two stage behaviour characterized by a stage with a migration velocity of 0. 33-0. 75 mm/s and secondly by a stage with 3. 7-7. 6 mm/s. It was also found that abnormal grain growth and a high density of ∑3 coincidence boundaries could occur in a phase with bcc structure after cycling of α/γ phase transformation. A new mechanism of nucleation and growth of a new phase in α/γ phase transformation is proposed on the basis of roles of plane-matching interphase boundaries, as previously discussed on the origin of anisotropy of grain growth due to the migration of {110} plane-matching boundaries in Fe-3z%Si alloy. The most recent theoretical work on the distribution of plane-matching boundaries in solids with different crystal structures was found to be useful for the understanding of nucleation and growth during α/γ phase transformation.

Phase composition,conductivity,and sensor properties of cerium-doped indium oxide

The hydrothermal synthesis of In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)is investigated as well as the properties of sensor layers based on these compounds.During the synthesis of In_(2)O_(3),intermediate products In(OH)_(3)and InOOH are formed,which are the precursors of stable cubic(c-In_(2)O_(3))and metastable rhombohedral(rh-In_(2)O_(3))phases,respectively.A transition from c-In_(2)O_(3)to rh-In_(2)O_(3)is observed with the addition of CeO_(2).The introduction of cerium into rh-In_(2)O_(3)results in a decrease in the sensor response to hydrogen,while it increases in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).The data on the sensor activity of the composites correlate with XPS results in which CeO_(2)causes a decrease in the concentrations of chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies in rh-In_(2)O_(3).The reverse situation is observed in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).Compared to In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)obtained by other methods,the synthesized composites demonstrate maximum response to H_(2)at low temperatures by 70–100℃,and have short response time(0.2–0.5 s),short recovery time(6–7 s),and long-term stability.A model is proposed for the dependence of sensitivity on the direction of electron transfer between In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2).

The Origins of Bosons and Fermions

This paper proposes that all Bosons and all Fermions originate from even more elementary constituents, which called Spin Angular Momentum Vacuum (SAMV). SAMV is filled with Primitive Spin Particles (PSP). The total square spin angular momentum of each PSP is negative, less than zero. Those PSP labeled by index ?of Casimir Operator, are called Vacuum Spin Particle (VSP), which could be contracted into so-called Vacuum Bubbles (VB). VB are identical bubbles, are 'sub-observable physical quantities'. VB are paired up into Vacuum Bubble Pair VBP. VSP ωj(or ω+,ω-) results from Self-identical vacuum bubble interaction ?through the zero order Phase Transition PT. When the 1st, 2nd, 3rd,... order PT of VBP occur, ?then VBP turn into Bosons and Fermions, excited out of sea level of SAMV ocean.

Phase-Transition Energies, New Characterization of Solid Materials and Anisotropy

Non-iterative analysis of indentation results allows for the detection of phase transitions under load and their transition energy. The closed algebraic equations have been deduced on the basis of the physically founded normal force ?depth3/2 relation. The precise transition onset position is obtained by linear regression of the FN = kh3/2 plot, where k is the penetration resistance, which also provides the axis cuts of both polymorphs of first order phase transitions. The phase changes can be endothermic or exothermic. They are normalized per μN or mN normal load. The analyses of indentation loading curves with self-similar diamond indenters are used as validity check of the loading curves, also from calibration standards that exhibit previously undetected phase-transitions and are thus incorrect. The phase-transition energies for fused quartz are determined from the loading curves from instrument provider handbooks. The anisotropic behavior of phase transition energies is studied for the first time. Quartz is a useful test object. The reasons for the packing-dependent differences are discussed on the basis of the local crystal structure under and around the inserting tip.

Quality Guided Phase Unwrapping for Fringe Projection Profilometry

Fringe projection technique is a non-contact, full field 3-D shape measurement method. The object depth information is recorded in one or several deformed fringe patterns. The phase-shifting algorithm or the Fourier transform method can be used to extract the wrapped phase data. A phase unwrapping process is then applied to retrieve a continuous phase distribution, which represents the surface profile of the test object. In this paper, a quality-guided phase unwrapping approach is incorporated and two novel phase quality evaluation methods are proposed to facilitate the phase unwrapping process.

Phase Unwrapping in Magnetic Resonance Elastography

Phase Unwrapping (PU) is an ill-posed problem in Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE). The phase information is not usable until the phases are retrieved by using PU algorithms. In this present study, we attempt to determine the ideal PU method for MRE using both phantom and volunteer psoas major (PM) muscle images. All the MRE experiments were carried out in Philips MRI (Achieva 3.0 T, Best, The Netherlands). A multi-echo gradient-echo MRE pulse sequence was employed and the four PU methods were considered based on their easy user platform. They are namely, Minimum Discontinuity (MD), Laplacian-Based Estimate (LBE), Region Growing (RG) and Dilate-Erode (DE) Propagate. Phantom images were successfully unwrapped by all four methods, whereas MD and LBE could only unwrap PM muscle images properly. RG and DE failed to unwrap the PM muscle images.

Comparison of phase unwrapping algorithms for living cell's interference pattern

A multiphase microscopic interference system is designed to measure the height of cell which is important to the research of collective cell migration in physiology and medicine. This sys- tem can quantitatively measure cell height across a living monolayer without knowing the refractive index of cells. For the interference pattern, because the phases are all wrapped between - π to π, it is necessary to get the real phase through phase unwrapping,a method to restore the wrapped phase data of the object by using numerical calculations. Three representative algorithms are selected to unwrap the interference pattern of ceils： branch-cut method, quality-guided method and network method. Although each of them can restore the phase, their performances are obviously different. We compare these methods and find that branch-cut method needs the smallest execution time and can obtain good unwrapped patterns when noises are not serious.

InSAR Kalman Filter Phase Unwrapping Algorithm Based on SRTM DEM

PU （phase unwrapping） is the key step and important problem in DEM （digital elevation model） extraction and the measurement of surface deformation of InSAR （Interferometric synthetic aperture radar）. The CKFPUA （conventional Kalman filter phase unwrapping algorithm） can obtain reliable results in the flat terrain areas, but it caused error transmission not making the accurate inversion of surface deformation information in the steep terrain. Considering this situation, so it needs to introduce topographic information for guiding phase unwrapping. Here the 90 m resolution DEM data have been used and it is obtained by SRTM （shuttle radar topography mission） measured jointly by NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration） and NIMA （National Imaging Mapping Agency） of U.S. Department of Defense. This paper presents a SD-KFPUA （Kalman filter phase unwrapping algorithm） based on SRTM DEM. With SRTM DEM directing InSAR image to implement phase unwrapping, the speed and accuracy are improved. By analyzing with the conventional Kalman filter phase unwrapping algorithms, it is shown that the proposed method can achieve good results in particular to improve unwrapping accuracy in the low coherence region.

An Improved Coupled Level Set and Continuous Moment-of-Fluid Method for Simulating Multiphase Flows with Phase Change

An improved algorithm for computing multiphase flows is presented in which the multimaterial Moment-of-Fluid(MOF)algorithm for multiphase flows,initially described by Li et al.(2015),is enhanced addressing existing MOF difficulties in computing solutions to problems in which surface tension forces are crucial for understanding salient flow mechanisms.The Continuous MOF(CMOF)method is motivated in this article.The CMOF reconstruction method inherently removes the"checkerboard instability"that persists when using the MOF method on surface tension driven multiphase(multimaterial)flows.The CMOF reconstruction algorithm is accelerated by coupling the CMOF method to the level set method and coupling the CMOF method to a decision tree machine learning(ML)algorithm.Multiphase flow examples are shown in the two-dimensional(2D),three-dimensional(3D)axisymmetric"RZ",and 3D coordinate systems.Examples include two material and three material multiphase flows:bubble formation,the impingement of a liquid jet on a gas bubble in a cryogenic fuel tank,freezing,and liquid lens dynamics.

光学薄膜中界面层和表面吸附层对相位延迟的影响

多层介质反射镜在非正入射的时候,两个不同的偏振态之间会产生不同的相移.根据空气与膜层、膜层之间的实际情况,建立了界面层和表面吸附层模型,并运用它分析相位延迟产生误差的原因.通过优化设计,入射角为54°,在1285～1345nm之间p,s波获得了270±1°的相移,同时也使反射率在99.5%以上.用离子束溅射技术制备相位延迟膜,用分光光度计测试了光谱特性和用椭偏仪测试了相位特性,在相应波段获得了262.4±1.8°的相移,同时也使反射率在99.6%以上.误差的主要来源是离子源工作特性会产生不均匀的过渡层和最外层会吸收一些水汽、灰尘等也产生表面过渡层.由误差分析得出了制备中过渡层的物理厚度和折射率的变化情况,最外层的厚度误差和折射率偏差是发生相移偏小的主要因素.

Fault Tolerant Three-Phase AC Motor Drive Topologies: A Comparison of Features, Cost, and Limitations

A．Switch-Redundant Topology An early attempt to add fault tolerant capacity to a standard three-phase inverter topology for induction motors was presented．This topology will be referred to as the switch-redundant topology and is shown in Fig.5．This topology incorporates four TRIACs or back-to-back connected SCRs and three fast acting fuses．The fuses are connected in series with the load phases．Since this topology is a combination of topologies and control methods to accommodate an opened phase，and a shorted switch，they will be considered separately．

Towards Economic Single-Phase Motor

Studying of operation balance in single-phase induction motors is an issue of interest due to the need for reducing the power consumption and increasing the motors’ life. The paper focuses on improving the motor performance by balancing the stator phase operation for the most common-used connection diagrams of single-phase capacitor-run induction motors (SPCRIMs) and three-phase induction motors (TPIMs) operating from single-phase supply (SPS). Therefore, a mathematical model is used to balance the motor operation by varying the frequency supply voltage. Characteristics of balancing parameters are investigated, various methods of motor balancing are presented and comparisons were done among these balancing methods.

A Synchronized Grid Integrated Three-Phase Inverter with a Renewable Source for Power Sharing

In this paper, a three-phase inverter with renewable source input is integrated into a grid in synchronization for power sharing by load. In previous topologies, the DC source connected inverter is not synchronized to the grid which causes harmonics and voltage distortions damaging the load and the source. In order to ensure power sharing by the load from the inverter and the grid, the inverter needs to be operated in synchronization to the grid with the same voltage mag-nitude, frequency and phase as that of the grid voltage. In this paper, the com-plete power from the load is shared by the three-phase grid and the three-phase inverter module reducing the consumption from the conventional grid. This is achieved using the PLL for the reference angular frequency generation with feedback from grid voltage and is connected to the sinusoidal PWM generator. The PLL is used to generate unit vector template reference signals for the signal generator operating the six-switch inverter. The inverter and grid are inter-connected through LC filter for the reduction of harmonics. The power sharing, voltage, and current graphs with THD analysis are analyzed with the help of the MATLAB software.

超细层状材料A_2La_2Ti_3O_(10)(A=Na,K)的低温合成及表征

s: Ultrafine A2La2Ti3O10 (A=K, Na) powders with laminar structure were successfully synthesized by citric acid sol-gel method using ANO3(A=K, Na)?La(NO3)3?Ti(OBu)4 and citric acid as starting precursors. The crystalline phase of A2La2Ti3O10 can be obtained by thermal decomposition of citrate complex precursors at a relatively low temperature of 800 ℃ (600 ℃ for A=Na), about 300 ℃(500 ℃ for A=Na) lower than that of conventional solid state reaction process. The properties of the citrate precursors and the calcined powders were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal-gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. Results show that the average size of A2La2Ti3O10 powders obtained by citric acid sol-gel route was reduced to 200 nm×250 nm and the specific surface area was up to 19 m2·g-1. At the same time, the product was with more regular morphological characteristics. The synthesis process and the formation of A2La2Ti3O10 were also discussed. The obtained A2La2Ti3O10 was found to be transformed from A2La2Ti3O9.5 during the formation process.

A Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 in Children with Recurrent, Refractory or Progressive Primary Brain Tumors—Final Report (Protocol BT-22)

Primary malignant brain tumors are a leading cause of cancer-related death in children. This Phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 (ANP) in children who developed progression during standard treatment. A total of 43 children were recruited to the study, but only 41 met eligibility criteria. There were twelve cases of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), eight anaplastic astrocytomas (AA), twelve diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG), three supertentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (sPNET), three cases of medulloblastoma and one case each of anaplastic ependymoma (AE), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), and disseminated pilocytic astrocytoma (PAD). ANP was administered intravenously daily every four hours (median dose of A10 8.74 g/kg/d and AS2-1 0.35 g/kg/d), until objective response (OR) was documented, and then a further eight months. All enrolled patients were included in safety, but only eligible patients in the efficacy evaluation. A total of 12.2% of patients obtained OR;2.4% complete response (CR) and 9.8% partial response (PR). Stable disease (SD) was determined in 17.1% and progressive disease (PD) in 43.9% of cases. There were 26.8% of nonevaluable (NE) cases due to premature discontinuation. Out of five OR cases, four patients were diagnosed with recurrent DIPG and one with recurrent AA. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.5 months. Median overall survival was 4.8 months. OS at 6 months was 46.3%, one year was 12.2%, and 4.8% at two, five, and ten years. The longest survivor is a patient diagnosed with DIPG and gliosarcoma who remains alive more than 15 years. A group of eleven patients reported grade 3 and 4 toxicity including hypernatremia in eight cases, somnolence in two cases, and hypokalemia in one case. There were no chronic toxicities, and the quality of life was very good. The largest group of patients were represented by DIPG, GBM, and AA. The best results were obtained in the DIPG and AA groups. In the DIPG group, CR was in 8.3%, PR was 25%, median PFS was 4.8 months, median OS was 6.1 months, and OS at 6 months was 58.3%, at one year 25%, and 8.3% at two, five, and ten years. In the AA group, PR was 12.5%, median PFS was 3.7 months, median OS was 4.7 months, and OS at 6 months was 37.5%, and 12.5%, at one, two, five, and ten years. In conclusion, antineoplastons showed efficacy and acceptable toxicity in patients with recurrent, refractory or progressive primary brain tumors.