Fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters utilizing zero-line modes in a three-terminal device

Topological zero-line modes(ZLMs) with spin and valley degrees of freedom give rise to spin, valley and spinvalley transport, which support a platform for exploring quantum transport physics and potential applications in spintronic/valleytronic devices. In this work, we investigate the beam-splitting behaviors of the charge current due to the ZLMs in a three-terminal system. We show that with certain combinations of ZLMs, the incident charge current along the interface between different topological phases can be divided into different polarized currents with unit transmittance in two outgoing terminals. As a result, fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters are generated. The mechanism of these splitters is attributed to the cooperative effects of the distribution of the ZLMs and the intervalley and intravalley scatterings that are modulated by the wave-vector mismatch and group velocity mismatch. Interestingly, half-quantized transmittance of these scatterings is found in a fully spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitter.Furthermore, the results indicate that these splitters can be applicable to graphene, silicene, germanene and stanene due to their robustness against the spin–orbit coupling. Our findings offer a new way to understand the transport mechanism and investigate the promising applications of ZLMs.

Mode coupling with Fabry-Perot modes in photonic crystal slabs

Fabry–Perot(FP)modes are a class of fundamental resonances in photonic crystal(PhC)slabs.Owing to their low quality factors,FP modes are frequently considered as background fields with their resonance nature being neglected.Nevertheless,FP modes can play important roles in some phenomena,as exemplified by their coupling with guided resonance(GR)modes to achieve bound states in the continuum(BIC).Here,we further demonstrate the genuine resonance mode capability of FP modes PhC slabs.Firstly,we utilize temporal coupled-mode theory to obtain the transmittance of a PhC slab based on the FP modes.Secondly,we construct exceptional points(EPs)in both momentum and parameter spaces through the coupling of FP and GR modes.Furthermore,we identify a Fermi arc connecting two EPs and discuss the far-field polarization topology.This work elucidates that the widespread FPs in PhC slabs can serve as genuine resonant modes,facilitating the realization of desired functionalities through mode coupling.

Performance Description of Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Machine in Its Asynchronous and Variable Speed Synchronous Modes

Brushless Doubly-Fed Machine has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to its advantages. It has the robustness of the squirrel cage induction machine, and the speed and power factor controllability of the synchronous machine as well as the absence of brushes and slip rings, and using a fractionally rated frequency converter. Hence, there are considerable benefits over the conventional machines, when the machine is applied to applications such as a wind turbine generator or high power adjustable speed drive. However, these benefits are obtained in slightly more complex structure, higher cost and larger dimensions in comparison to the conventional induction machine. This paper presents fundamental aspects of the three modes of operation of brushless doubly fed machine, i.e. simple induction mode, cascade induction mode, and synchronous mode. The investigation is performed by analyzing the spatial harmonic contents of the rotor magnetic flux density. The direct cross couplings between stator and rotor fields as well as, indirect cross coupling between stator fields by the special rotor of this machine is described. Furthermore, loss analysis of the machine in various modes is presented and the torque-speed curves for asynchronous modes are obtained. A 2-D magnetodynamic finite element model based on the D-180 4/8 pole prototype machine is extracted and simulated to verify the results.

Discrete modulational instability and bright localized spin wave modes in easy-axis weak ferromagnetic spin chains involving the next-nearest-neighbor coupling

We report a theoretical work on the properties of modulational instability and bright type nonlinear localized modes in one-dimensional easy-axis weak ferromagnetic spin lattices involving next-nearest-neighbor couplings.With a linear stability analysis, we calculate the growth rates of the modulational instability, and plot the instability regions.When the strength of the next-nearest-neighbor coupling is large enough, two new asymmetric modulational instability regions appear near the boundary of the first Brillouin zone.Furthermore, analytical forms of the bright nonlinear localized modes are constructed by means of a quasi-discreteness approach.The influence of the next-nearest-neighbor coupling on the Brillouin zone center mode and boundary mode are discussed.In particular, we discover a reversal phenomenon of the propagation direction of the Brillouin zone boundary mode.

Dynamic impact properties of deep sandstone under thermal-hydraulicmechanical coupling loads

The deep rock mass within coal mines situated in a challenging environment are characterized by high ground stress,high geotemperature,high osmotic water pressure,and dynamic disturbances from mechanical excavation.To investigate the impact of this complex mechanical environment on the dynamic characteristics of roof sandstone in self-formed roadways without coal pillars,standard specimens of deep sandstone from the 2611 upper tunnel working face of the Yongmei Company within the Henan Coal Chemical Industry Group in Henan,China were prepared,and an orthogonal test was designed.Using a self-developed geotechnical dynamic impact mechanics test system,triaxial dynamic impact tests under thermal-hydraulicmechanical coupling conditions were conducted on deep sandstone.The results indicate that under high confining pressure,deep sandstone exhibits pronounced brittle failure at low temperatures,with peak strength gradually decreasing as temperature and osmotic water pressure increase.Conversely,under low confining pressure and low temperature,the brittleness of deep sandstone weakens gradually,while ductility increases.Moreover,sandstone demonstrates higher peak strength at low temperatures under high axial pressure conditions,lower peak strength at high temperatures,and greater strain under low axial pressure and high osmotic water pressure.Increases in impact air pressure and osmotic water pressure have proportionally greater effects on peak stress and peak strain.Approximately 50%of the input strain energy is utilized as effective energy driving the sandstone fracture process.Polar analysis identifies the optimal combination of factors affecting the peak stress and peak strain of sandstone.Under the coupling effect,intergranular and transgranular fractures occur within the sandstone.SEM images illustrate that the damage forms range from minor damage with multiple fissures to extensive fractures and severe fragmentation.This study elucidates the varied dynamic impact mechanical properties of deep sandstones under thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling,along with multifactor analysis methods and their optimal factor combinations.

Influences of Co-Flow and Counter-Flow Modes of Reactant Flow Arrangement on a PEMFC at Start-Up

To investigate the influences of co-flowand counter-flowmodes of reactant flowarrangement on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)during start-up,unsteady physical and mathematical models fully coupling the flow,heat,and electrochemical reactions in a PEMFC are established.The continuity equation and momentum equation are solved by handling pressure-velocity coupling using the SIMPLE algorithm.The electrochemical reaction rates in the catalyst layers(CLs)of the cathode and anode are calculated using the Butler-Volmer equation.The multiphase mixture model describes the multiphase transport process of gas mixtures and liquid water in the fuel cell.After validation,the influences of co-flow and counter-flow modes on the PEMFC performance are investigated,including the evolution of the current density,flow field,temperature field,and reactant concentration field during start-up,as well as the steady distribution of the current density,reactant concentration,andmembrane water content when the start-up stabilizes.Co-flow and counter-flow modes influence the current density distribution and temperature distribution.On the one hand,the co-flow mode accelerates the start-up process of the PEMFC and leads to a more evenly distributed current density than the counter-flow mode.On the other hand,the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet sections of the cell is up to 10.1℃ under the co-flow mode,much larger than the 5.0℃ observed in the counter-flow mode.Accordingly,the counter-flowmode results in a more evenly distributed temperature and a lower maximum temperature than the co-flow case.Therefore,in the flow field design of a PEMFC,the reactant flow arrangements can be considered to weigh between better heat management and higher current density distribution of the cell.

三维脊型光波导模斑转换器的设计和优化

在三维有限差分束传播法对脊形光波导的结构参数分析和优化的基础上,对单模光纤和脊形光波导连接耦合用模斑转换器进行了深入的研究,重点分析了影响模斑转换器性能的各种因素,如侧面边界、长度、大端宽度和厚度,以及连接光纤和模斑转换器的过渡波导的有关参数.仿真结果表明,三维锥形光波导模斑转换器大端宽度和厚度在11 5～13 5μm和4 5～6 5μm之间,且长度为200～500μm时插入损耗可低达2dB,比二维锥形光波导模斑转换器的插入损耗约减小2dB,其对横向偏移的容差也远远高于二维锥形光波导模斑转换器,合理的使用非线性边界的模斑转换器可以获得比线性边界的模斑转换器更小的插入损耗;过渡波导的宽度、芯层厚度应和三维锥形光波导模斑转换器的大端宽度和厚度一致,且其长度为150μm左右时损耗较小;另外,此类模斑转换器在减小耦合损耗的同时,还可以有效的进行光波模式的转换.

Spatial electron-spin splitting in single-layered semiconductor microstructure modulated by Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling

Combining theory and computation,we explore the Goos–H¨anchen(GH)effect for electrons in a single-layered semiconductor microstructure(SLSM)modulated by Dresselhaus spin–orbit coupling(SOC).GH displacement depends on electron spins thanks to Dresselhaus SOC,therefore electron spins can be separated from the space domain and spinpolarized electrons in semiconductors can be realized.Both the magnitude and sign of the spin polarization ratio change with the electron energy,in-plane wave vector,strain engineering and semiconductor layer thickness.The spin polarization ratio approaches a maximum at resonance;however,no electron-spin polarization occurs in the SLSM for a zero in-plane wave vector.More importantly,the spin polarization ratio can be manipulated by strain engineering or semiconductor layer thickness,giving rise to a controllable spatial electron-spin splitter in the field of semiconductor spintronics.

Study of nonlinear mode–mode couplings between Alfvénic modes by the Fourier bicoherence and Lissajous-curve technique in HL-2A

Nonlinear couplings of various Alfvén modes driven by energetic particles in HL-2 A are addressed by employing the Fourier bicoherence and Lissajous-curve technique. Long-lived modes and high-frequency coherent modes are presented. Then the squared bicoherence of three waves establishes the existence of three-wave coupling. Lissajous-curves of those waves manifest that their phases are locked, which again confirms that they are nonlinearly coupled to each other. Moreover, coupled modes triggered by supersonic molecular beam injection are investigated. The phase evolution of them is given by the Lissajous-curve. Further details of phase-flip and phase-slip are presented and discussed.

Coupling of Cutoff Modes in a Chain of Nonlinear Metallic Nanorods

We study the coupling of cutoff modes in a chain of metallic nanorods embedded in a Kerr nonlinear optical medium with strong near-field interactions analytically. Based on a quasidiscreteness approach, we derive a system of two coupled nonlinear Schrbdinger equations governing the evolution of the envelopes of these modes. It is shown that this system supports a variety of subwavelength plasmonic lattice vector solitons of the bright- bright, bright-dark, dark-bright, and dark-dark type through a cross-phase modulation. It is also shown that the existence of different solitons depends strongly on the gap width scaled for the rod radius and the type of nonlinearity of the embedded medium.

Defects‑Rich Heterostructures Trigger Strong Polarization Coupling in Sulfides/Carbon Composites with Robust Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Defects-rich heterointerfaces integrated with adjustable crystalline phases and atom vacancies,as well as veiled dielectric-responsive character,are instrumental in electromagnetic dissipation.Conventional methods,however,constrain their delicate constructions.Herein,an innovative alternative is proposed:carrageenan-assistant cations-regulated(CACR)strategy,which induces a series of sulfides nanoparticles rooted in situ on the surface of carbon matrix.This unique configuration originates from strategic vacancy formation energy of sulfides and strong sulfides-carbon support interaction,benefiting the delicate construction of defects-rich heterostructures in M_(x)S_(y)/carbon composites(M-CAs).Impressively,these generated sulfur vacancies are firstly found to strengthen electron accumulation/consumption ability at heterointerfaces and,simultaneously,induct local asymmetry of electronic structure to evoke large dipole moment,ultimately leading to polarization coupling,i.e.,defect-type interfacial polarization.Such“Janus effect”(Janus effect means versatility,as in the Greek two-headed Janus)of interfacial sulfur vacancies is intuitively confirmed by both theoretical and experimental investigations for the first time.Consequently,the sulfur vacancies-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs displays broad absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz at only 1.8 mm,compared to sulfur vacancies-free CAs without any dielectric response.Harnessing defects-rich heterostructures,this one-pot CACR strategy may steer the design and development of advanced nanomaterials,boosting functionality across diverse application domains beyond electromagnetic response.

The impact of toroidal mode coupling on high-density discharges in J-TEXT

Density limit has long been a widely studied issue influencing the operating range of tokamaks.The rapid growth of the m/n=2/1(where m and n are poloidal and toroidal mode numbers,respectively)tearing mode is generally regarded as a primary precursor to the density limit disruption.In this experiment,the coupling of the m/n=1/1 mode and the m/n=2/1 mode in highdensity plasma was observed.During a sawtooth cycle,the frequencies of the two modes gradually converge until they become equal.After that,toroidal coupling occurs between the 1/1 and 2/1 modes,resulting in a mutually fixed phase relationship.With the occurrence of toroidal coupling,the 2/1 mode is stabilized.Prior to the disruption,the cessation of the 1/1 and 2/1 mode coupling,along with the rapid growth in the amplitude of the 2/1 mode,can be observed.Additionally,under the same parameters,comparing discharges with or without the 1/1 mode,it is found that the presence of the 1/1 mode leads to higher plasma density and temperature parameters.

Nonlinear modes coupling of trapped spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

We study analytically and numerically the nonlinear collective dynamics of quasi-one-dimensional spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in harmonic potential.The ground state of the system is determined by minimizing the Lagrange density,and the coupled equations of motions for the center-of-mass coordinate of the condensate and its width are derived.Then,two low energy excitation modes in breathing dynamics and dipole dynamics are obtained analytically,and the mechanism of exciting the anharmonic collective dynamics is revealed explicitly.The coupling among spin-orbit coupling,Raman coupling and spin-dependent interaction results in multiple external collective modes,which leads to the anharmonic collective dynamics.The cooperative effect of spin momentum locking and spin-dependent interaction results in coupling of dipolar and breathing dynamics,which strongly depends on spin-dependent interaction and behaves distinct characters in different phases.Interestingly,in the absence of spin-dependent interaction,the breathing dynamics is decoupled from spin dynamics and the breathing dynamics is harmonic.Our results provide theoretical evidence for deep understanding of the ground sate phase transition and the nonlinear collective dynamics of the system.

非独立同分布下的K-Modes算法

传统的K-Modes算法中,初始聚类中心是随机选取的,聚类结果过分依赖初始聚类中心的选择,影响聚类效果。在很多K-Modes算法的研究中假设数据是独立同分布的,在现实的数据中,数据对象和属性之间是根据某些耦合关系彼此关联的,是非独立同分布的。针对这两方面问题,通过基于层次聚类进行预聚类的方法改进选取初始中心的方法,引入非独立同分布思想计算相异度量,进行实验验证。实验结果表明,通过改进初始中心的选取方法和相异度量的计算方法很好改进了K-Modes算法,提高了算法的聚类精度。

Shear behavior of intact granite under thermo-mechanical coupling and three-dimensional morphology of shear-formed fractures

The shear failure of intact rock under thermo-mechanical(TM)coupling conditions is common,such as in enhanced geothermal mining and deep mine construction.Under the effect of a continuous engineering disturbance,shear-formed fractures are prone to secondary instability,posing a severe threat to deep engineering.Although numerous studies regarding three-dimensional(3D)morphologies of fracture surfaces have been conducted,the understanding of shear-formed fractures under TM coupling conditions is limited.In this study,direct shear tests of intact granite under various TM coupling conditions were conducted,followed by 3D laser scanning tests of shear-formed fractures.Test results demonstrated that the peak shear strength of intact granite is positively correlated with the normal stress,whereas it is negatively correlated with the temperature.The internal friction angle and cohesion of intact granite significantly decrease with an increase in the temperature.The anisotropy,roughness value,and height of the asperities on the fracture surfaces are reduced as the normal stress increases,whereas their variation trends are the opposite as the temperature increases.The macroscopic failure mode of intact granite under TM coupling conditions is dominated by mixed tensileeshear and shear failures.As the normal stress increases,intragranular fractures are developed ranging from a local to a global distribution,and the macroscopic failure mode of intact granite changes from mixed tensileeshear to shear failure.Finally,3D morphological characteristics of the asperities on the shear-formed fracture surfaces were analyzed,and a quadrangular pyramid conceptual model representing these asperities was proposed and sufficiently verified.

碱熔-二次沉淀分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定贵州古陆相沉积型稀土矿中16种稀土元素及铌、钽、锆、铪的含量

贵州古陆相沉积型稀土矿样品主要含锐钛矿、高岭石、赤铁矿等副矿物,难以被微波消解法完全分解。通过优化样品分解、浸取方法,提出了题示方法。取0.1 g样品于刚玉坩埚中,加入约2.5 g过氧化钠,混匀后再铺上约0.5 g过氧化钠,于750℃熔融15 min。置于盛有50 mL含5 g·L^(-1)硫酸镁和5 g·L^(-1)氯化铵的热溶液中浸取10 min,加热煮沸1~2 min。加入5 mL 50%(体积分数,下同)氨水溶液,搅匀后静置60 min。用滤纸过滤,沉淀用40 mL热的50%(体积分数,下同)硝酸溶液分次溶解,将所得溶液加热煮沸1~2 min,用50%氨水溶液调节溶液酸度至p H 8~10,用滤纸过滤,沉淀用40 mL热的50%硝酸溶液分次溶解,用2 g·L^(-1)酒石酸溶液稀释至200 mL,在动能歧视(KED)模式下用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析。结果显示:采用含硫酸镁和氯化铵的热溶液加热浸取有助于碱性溶液中铌、钽形成铌酸镁和钽酸镁沉淀析出;氨水-铵盐体系中可将铌、钽、锆、铪以及稀土元素定量沉淀;用氨水调节酸度进行二次沉淀分离提纯,能除去大部分基体元素与试剂引入的盐类;采用KED模式以及在线内标校正能降低质谱干扰,尤其对于钪元素。在优化的试验条件下,20种分析元素的质量浓度均在1.00~1000μg·L^(-1)内和内标103Rh校正后的质谱强度呈线性关系,检出限为0.010~1.66μg·g^(-1);用一级国家标准物质进行验证,所得各分析元素测定值的相对误差为0.030%~16%,相对标准偏差(n=7)为2.1%~14%。

Coupling effects of morphology and inner pore distribution on the mechanical response of calcareous sand particles

Calcareous sand is typically known as a problematic marine sediment because of its diverse morphology and complex inner pore structure.However,the coupling effects of morphology and inner pores on the mechanical properties of calcareous sand particles have rarely been investigated and understood.In this study,apparent contours and internal pore distributions of calcareous sand particles were obtained by three-dimensional(3D)scanning imaging and X-ray micro-computed tomography(X-mCT),respectively.It was revealed that calcareous sand particles with different outer morphologies have different porosities and inner pore distributions because of their original sources and particle transport processes.In addition,a total of 120 photo-related compression tests and 4923D discrete element simulations of four specific shaped particles,i.e.bulky,angular,dendritic and flaky,with variations in the inner pore distribution were conducted.The macroscopic particle strength and Weibull modulus obtained from the physical tests are not positively correlated with the porosity or regularity in shape,indicating the existence of coupling effect of particle shape and pore distribution.The shape effect on the particle strength first increases with the porosity and then decreases.The particle crushing of relatively regular particles is governed by the porosity,but that of extremely irregular particles is governed by the particle shape.The particle strength increases with the uniformity of the pore distribution.Particle fragmentation is mainly dependant on tensile bond strength,and the degree of tensile failure is considerably impacted by the particle shape but limited by the pore distribution.

Dual-Polarized RIS-Based STBC Transmission with Polarization Coupling Analysis

The rapid development of the reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)technology has given rise to a new paradigm of wireless trans-mitters.At present,most research works on RIS-based transmitters focus on single-polarized RISs.In this paper,we propose a dual-polarized RIS-based transmitter,which realizes 4-transmit space-time block coding(STBC)transmission by properly partitioning RIS’s unit cells and utilizing the degree of freedom of polarization.The proposed scheme is evaluated through a prototype system that utilizes a fabricated dual-polarized phase-adjustable RIS.In particular,the polarization coupling phenomenon in each unit cell of the employed dual-polarized RIS is modeled and analyzed.The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical modeling and analysis results,and an initial re-search effort is made on characterizing the polarization coupling property in the dual-polarized RIS.

螺栓连接金属膜盘联轴器的模态分析与试验研究

在带关节轴承金属膜盘联轴器的运行过程中,为了减少联轴器膜盘的偏振问题,对挠性膜盘联轴器的振动特性进行了研究。首先,为了提高有限元模态分析的精度,根据有限元分析在处理接触问题时的特点,建立了金属膜盘联轴器螺栓连接结构的等效接触有限元模型;其次,利用有限元方法研究了带关节轴承和不带关节轴承金属膜盘联轴器的振动特性,分析了关节轴承对金属膜盘联轴器径向和轴向刚度的影响规律;最后,采用LMS振动测试系统,搭建了金属膜盘联轴器振动测试实验台,分析了带关节轴承和不带关节轴承金属膜盘联轴器在自由状态和两端固支条件下的振动特性,并将测试结果与有限元结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:等效接触区域法能在一定精度范围内反映试验条件下金属膜盘联轴器的接触特性,准确计算出该结构的各阶模态参数和振型,且误差保持在5%以内;关节轴承安装在膜盘位置处,可以增大联轴器轴向刚度,起到保护膜盘的作用,同时对联轴器径向刚度的影响也不大。该研究结果可为带关节轴承金属膜盘联轴器的结构设计和优化提供理论基础。

声功率极小值的产生机理分析

针对结构辐射声功率极小值产生机理尚不明确的问题,本文基于振动模态耦合声功率的正负对矩形板结构的辐射声功率极小值进行了研究。结合声辐射模态对结构振动模态的辐射效率进行了分析,研究了结构在不同流体介质中辐射声功率极小值的特性差异及其产生原因。结果表明:声功率极小值的产生主要与振动模态耦合相关,低阶奇-奇振动模态之间的耦合对声功率极小值有较大贡献。在本文中激励频率在第5到第6阶共振频率之间,第5、6阶振动模态耦合的声功率为负时,会较大降低矩形板的辐射声功率;水中矩形板的低阶奇-奇模态辐射效率高,模态耦合可以极大降低结构的辐射声功率并出现极小值。