西藏交通警察道路执法工作的风险与防范

西藏自治区自然、地理与气候环境复杂且特殊,道路交通环境相对恶劣,这导致当地交通警察道路执法工作面临诸多风险,包括警员人身安全和执法效能等风险。对此,文章对西藏交通警察道路执法工作风险进行了调查分析,从地区环境、警员安全意识与技能、执法装备、社会宣传和教育等角度探讨了相关风险的成因,针对性相关风险成因,提出从优化警力配置与道路信息推送、加强警员培训、完善警务装备、加强法治化宣传教育等工作来消除相关风险,以期保障警员安全并改善西藏交通环境。

Compensatory Damages in Personal Information Public Interest Litigation in China: Challenges and Prospects

In contrast to private interest litigation,public interest litigation provides a more potent solution to personal information infringements marked by extensive scope,unspecified victims,and limited individual loss.However,com⁃pensatory damages remain a contentious issue,both in theory and in practice,within the legal framework of personal in⁃formation public interest litigation.Through an empirical study conducted within China's judicial practice,this paper reveals that the pending issue concerning the nature and function of compensatory damages has caused highly contra⁃dictory verdicts regarding their calculation and allocation,as well as their relationship with other forms of pecuniary li⁃abilities.Only by acknowledging the role of compensatory damages imposed in personal information public interest liti⁃gation as"Skimming off Excess Profits",and affirming their function as deterrence rather than compensation can they truly achieve the broader objective of safeguarding personal information security and promoting public welfare,as well as avoid disrupting the harmony of the existing legal landscape.

The Dependence of Human Development on theDegree of Public Interest

This study examines the impact of public and personal interest on human development. For this end, a new criterionwas proposed for this purpose. This criterion indicates how many times the performed path of work is more thanthe defective part. This criterion was called quality factor. It is found out correlation between the HumanDevelopment Index and quality factor. It is shown that, as the quality factor increases, the level of public interestincreases, the level of individual interests decreases and prosperity increases. Democratic thinking replacesadministrative thinking. The author believes that humanity is developing in the direction of public interest and thehistory of humanity is the history of public interest. In order to help human development, the education systemshould be re-established and the content of the curriculum should be renewed so that the level of personal interestsof individuals decreases, but the level of interests of the community increases.

ComplexTrans-Global Rail-Road Transportation System Economical and Clustered Individual and Individualised Public Transport also Prevents the Spread of Covid 19

Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions are being sought to transfer a large part of passengers and especially freight transport to(high-speed)rail,and efforts are moving towards electromobility,car-sharing,5G-connectivity,autonomous driving,MaaS(Mobility as a Service)-coordinated transport or hyperloop-type solutions.However,all these solutions have additional challenges and limitations.Solutions are not being searched where they really exist-in the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation.The ComplexTrans project shows that simply adapting the dimensions and functions of road and rail vehicles can eliminate(or at least significantly reduce)all the problems of existing land transport.The main features of the ComplexTrans system are sufficient parking spaces,reduction of urban and non-urban congestion,electric vehicles with unlimited range and cheaper than standard cars,cheaper and more accessible battery charging,“autonomous ride”,solving the overlap between passenger and freight rail transport and making it self-financing,transferring intercity freight transport to rail,replacing part of continental air transport and many others.The cost-effective and clustered individual transport and individualised public transport of the ComplexTrans system also bring very significant reductions in the risk of transmission of covid-19 and other contagious diseases during transport.

Research on Environmental Public Interest Litigation in Taiwan

As germination and rise of public environmental awareness in Taiwan, large-scale air pollution, water pollution, noise, land subsidence and other public hazards harming human health and living environment caused by various production or consumption activities are generated. Facing the situation of environment increasingly aggravates, environmental public interest litigation system is constructed. First, Article 9 of Administrative Procedure Law stipulates public interest litigation;then ,Article 34 of Environmental Basic Law cleady stipulates important elements of public interest litigation. In the research, taking the first environmental public interest litigation in Taiwan as the example, collusion process between government and developer, and private environmental protection groups finally obtaining victory through the continuous effort and litigation are illustrated, thereby uncovering so-called ＂legal＂ saying by government and developer. Environmental maintenance and improvement is the duty of every citizen should do, but not only the duty of govemment, which is mentality of environmental public interest litigation development should have and road must take.

The Criminal Law of Public Order as a Guardian of Public Interest in Terrorist Acts Scenario

Promotion of a model of the criminal law of public order represents an important point of reflection in criminal law doctrine. Public order, as a juridical good, has many predispositions to be exposed to criminal activity, and in this point of view, its special protection through criminal law norms constitutes a major concern of criminal legislation objectives. Criminal legislation （as a regulatory and modifying tool within society） is an intelligent social product It is a concrete expression of the important contribution of society in ensuring qualitative and quantitative relations of the model of public order. The latter finds expression as the object of a subjective right, which cannot be divided from the affirmation made by criminal legislation as a primary juridical good. In this context, the model of public order is associated with that of protection of general interest, in the subjective sense of the right to punish （ius puniendO, implemented by state authorities. In their universal meaning, all criminal offences in one way or another affect the normal functioning of public order, but terrorist acts can violate or impinge upon public order more closely and specifically. While affecting the designated model of public order, terrorist crimes put in question the architecture of the rule of law. In response to the mechanisms of terrorist offences, two main criminalization techniques are elaborated： （1） the classical technique of criminalization; and （2] the enumerative technique of criminalization. Criminal sanctions, by which the repression of this criminal vector is carried out, aim at ensuring not only the survival of human society, but also its cardinal values and interests, as well as the technical and scientific progress.

Fish Consumption Advisories and the Surprising Relationship to Prevalence Rate of Developmental Disability as Reported by Public Schools

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), fish consumption is the most significant route of mercury exposure, and the concern is greatest for women of childbearing age due to the potential for neurodevelopmental effects on a developing fetus. Rates of developmental disorders vary. But in 2008 it was demonstrated that the rate of autism is higher near industries that emit heavy metals. Furthermore past research findings can be taken to show that where a pregnancy occurred may predict later autism likelihood in the offspring more than where diagnosis occurs. If mercury plays any role in developmental disabilities, the rate of disability should relate to any reliable direct measure of contamination. The current research focuses on one index of environmental mercury contamination. Specifically, mercury-related fish advisories are found to be a surprisingly strong predictor of a state’s autism rate, r = 0.48, p < 0.001. The relationship remains strong after controlling for student to teacher ratio and per pupil spending. It is argued that a secular increase in autism has been occurring and that prenatal exposure to heavy metal toxins may play a significant role. Because we suspect this finding may be of some interest, the full data set is provided in the appendix so that researchers can independently analyze the key findings which rely on CDC, EPA and IDEA data sets.

Discussion of China's Environmental Public Interest Litigation System

This paper, through research on the status quo of China's environmental public interest litigation and seizing the opportunity that the Law of Civil Procedure has first clearly defined public interest litigation, focuses on analysis of present difficulties and institutional dilemma related to the environmental public interest litigation in China and involves some useful discussions of main subject scope, burden of proof, funds guarantee and stopping infringement before litigation etc.

Detecting the distribution of and public attitudes to charismatic alien species based on media coverage

Charismatic species are often reported by the media,providing information for detecting population status and public perception.To identify the number and distribution of free-living Black Swan(Cygnus atratus),a charismatic alien species in Chinese mainland and to detect the public and the media attitudes to the species,we analyzed the reports and emotional tendency from media coverage in 2000-2022 using manual reading,crawler extraction and latent Dirichlet allocation.A total of 6654 Black Swans were reported at 711 sites,including 147 individuals at 30 nature reserves.Successful breeding was reported at one-fourth of the total sites,including five nature reserves.The proportion of positive emotional tendency to Black Swans was overwhelming in the reports and was higher than that to alien species in general,suggesting that the public and the media are unaware of the risk of biological invasion.Effective management of invasive species requires the media clarifies the invasion risk of charismatic alien species.Promoting the unity between the harmfulness of abstract concept of alien species and the charisma of a specific alien species among the public help effective management.

Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends in Costa Rica: Implications for Public Health

This commentary delves into the evolving landscape of cancer incidence and mortality in Costa Rica, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the data. Key findings reveal a concerning upward trajectory in cancer incidence rates, placing Costa Rica at the forefront within Central America. While prostate cancer and breast cancer dominate, disparities emerge when scrutinizing gender-specific trends. Notably, stomach and cervical cancers show declines, potentially attributed to targeted interventions. However, colorectal and liver cancers witness mortality increases, necessitating strategic responses. Geographical disparities persist across provinces, highlighting the need for equitable healthcare access. In conclusion, this commentary underscores the urgency of addressing the burgeoning cancer burden in Costa Rica, calling for evidence-based interventions and collaborative efforts on a global scale.

On the Plaintiff's Subject Qualification for Environmental Public Interest Litigation Instituted by People's Procuratorates

Although it is not the main duty for the People's Procuratorate to institute environmental public interest litigation proceedings, the existence of "reserve" prosecution right of plaintiff not only is beneficial to timely prevention and cure of environmental damage, but also contributes indispensable judicial supervision force to the environmental legality construction. In order to safeguard environmental public interests, many local prosecutorial organizations have practiced environmental public interests litigation. Since Chinese law has not made explicit stipulation on the function of the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation, the plaintiff's subject qualification for environmental public interest litigation instituted by the People's Procuratorate is still in question. In order to propel the People's Procuratorate to completely and fully exercise their power of supervision and prosecution, there shall be corresponding legislation that provides powerful guarantee for the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation.

Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Patents System from the Perspective of Public Interest-Public Health in China

Objective To study the types and acquisition paths of drug data in the administrative act of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents so as to provide data support for the implementation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents from the perspective of public interest-public health in China.Methods Situation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the context of public interest-public health in China was selected,combined with international conventions and the principle provisions of relevant laws,and cases of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in foreign countries were reviewed to extract drug-related data of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents.Results and Conclusion According to the analysis of China’s compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents theory and legal provisions,the data could be divided into five categories for compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in China:diseases,drugs,patents,generic drug enterprises,and licensing fees.Although,some data are traceable.There were also problems in obtaining data or inconsistent standards in five levels of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the context of public interest-public health.It was not conducive to the implementation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in China.Thus,it should be further established a unified data support system at the national level,specifying the standard of licensing fee,implementing relevant laws and regulations.

Analytical Methods in Quality Control of Scientific Publications Part IV: Fraud Ordered by the Pharmaceutical Industry

In a series of papers under the common title: “Analytical Methods in Quality Control of Scientific Publications,” cases of undisputable breaches of publication ethics and breaches of acceptable rules in the publication of scientific information have been presented. Clear cases of fraud, falsification by some authors, and unqualified review of papers by reviewers and editors were presented in: Analytical Methods in Quality Control of Scientific Publications, (2012) American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 443-447 DOI:10.4236/ajac.2012.36058. The place of authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher was discussed in: Editorial: Analytical Methods in Quality Control of Scientific Publications Part II: The Authors’, Reviewers’, Editors’ Responsibility, and the Publishers’ Authority, (2013) International Journal of Analytical Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 81-89 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijamsc.2013.12010, Analytical Methods in Quality Control of Scientific Publications Part III: Publishers’ Ethics and Editors’ Com- plicity, (2014) International Journal of Analytical Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 77-102. DOI: 10.4236/ijamsc.2014.23008 and in the book Historical Overview of Chromatography and Related Techniques in Analysis of Antimalarial Drug Primaquine (Editor, Ilia Brondz) Nova Science Publishers, Inc., (2011) ISSN 978-1-61761-944-1. Here, the corrupting influence of the pharmaceutical industry as a customer and employer of pseudoresearchers and corrupt editors and even to corrupt journal publishers for publication of fraudulent information and pseudoscientific data will be discussed by identifying the authors of pseudoscientific publications, the editors who gave the green light for the fraudulent publication, and the pharmaceutical companies involved. Documentation will be given to support the accusations of fabricated fraudulent “scientific” data, and the publication of such data without sufficient revision and sufficient background for publication of papers will be illustrated by discussing the content of papers: “Determination of Quinocide as Impurityin Primaquine Tablets by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis,” Abdalla A. Elbashir et al., (2009) Biomedical Chromatography, Vol. 23, pp. 464-471, published in Wiley Interscience, “Development of a Capillary Electrophoresis Method for the Enantioselective Estimation of Primaquine in Pharmaceutical Formulations,” Abdalla A. Elbashir et al., (2008) Journal of AOAC International, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 536-541, “Enantioselective Analysis of Primaquine and Its Impurity Quinocide by Capillary Electrophoresis,” Abdalla A. Elbashir et al., (2009) Biomedical Chromatography, Vol. 23, pp. 295-301, published in Wiley Interscience and other pseudoscientific publications by these teams of pseudoscientists.

Public-Key Cryptosystems with Secret Encryptor and Digital Signature

This paper describes and compares a variety of algorithms for secure transmission of information via open communication channels based on the discrete logarithm problem that do not require search for a generator (primitive element). Modifications that simplify the cryptosystem are proposed, and, as a result, accelerate its performance. It is shown that hiding information via exponentiation is more efficient than other seemingly simpler protocols. Some of these protocols also provide digital signature/sender identification. Numeric illustrations are provided.

公用事业民营化的行政法思考

公用事业民营化改革对我国行政法治建设和宪政制度建设具有良性推动作用。公用事业民营化改革的关键是处理好政府角色、功能的合理定位问题,同时要处理好政府、公用事业企业、消费者三方的关系。具体途径是设立独立的管制机构,实现政府从公用事业的垄断经营者向竞争性经营的组织者的角色转变;积极落实政府信息公开和听证制度,实现政府管制程序的法治化;要从完善公共财政制度建设着手,进一步规范政府对公用事业领域的财政支出;要积极打造诚信政府,强化和完善政府责任的落实和追究。

Public knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation, and public barriers to donate in Jordan: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Organ donation is a critical issue that is receiving greater attention worldwide.In Jordan,the public’s knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation play a significant role in the availability of organs for transplantation.AIM To assess the public knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation in Jordan.METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 396 Jordanian citizens via an online self-reported questionnaire.RESULTS Overall,396 participants were recruited.Of the entire sample,93.9%of the participants had heard about and had sufficient knowledge about organ donation but they had limited knowledge about brain death.The most common source of information about organ donation was social media networks.Females were found to score significantly higher than males for attitude.Those who had thought about organ donation or registered their names to donate scored signi-ficantly higher in terms of attitudes to donation than their counterparts who had not.The most common reasons for limited organ donation practices in Jordan were a lack of awareness programs and insufficient knowledge in society.CONCLUSION Greater public understanding of organ donation appears to be associated with more positive attitudes toward organ donation.Most participants responded positively regarding their attitude toward organ donation as they believed that this action could give another person a chance to live.Moreover,most agreed that they would donate their organs after their death.Otherwise,the participants had limited general knowledge about brain death,and most had not registered their names to donate their organs.These findings indicate the need for public awareness campaigns and educational programs to encourage more people to become organ donors.

Linking Perceived Risk of Public Health Emergency to Psychological Distress among Chinese College Students: The Chain Mediation Role of Balanced Time Perspective and Negative Coping Styles

Background:With public health emergencies(PHE)worldwide increasing,the perceived risk of PHE has been one of the critical factors influencing college students’psychological distress.However,the mechanisms by which the perceived risk of PHE affects college students’psychological distress are not clear.The study’s purpose was to investigate the mediation roles of deviation from a balanced time perspective(DBTP)and negative coping styles between the perceived risk of PHE and psychological distress.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to survey 1054 Chinese college students with self-reporting.Data was collected using the Public Risk Perception Scale(PRPS),the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory(ZTPI),the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire(SCSQ),the PHE Anxiety Scale,and the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ).The associations between the perceived risk of PHE,DBTP,negative coping styles,and psychological distress were clarified using the correlation analysis.Additionally,the mediating roles of DBTP and negative coping styles between the perceived risk of PHE and psychological distress were investigated using a structural equation model.Results:The findings revealed low to moderate correlations between the variables studied.Students’perceived risk of PHE was a positive predictor of their psychological distress(b=0.219,p<0.01).DBTP and negative coping styles played chain mediation roles between them with the effect being 0.009 and a 95%Boot CI of[0.003,0.023].This chain mediation model had an excellent fit index(χ^(2)/df=4.732,CFI=0.973,TLI=0.930,RMSEA=0.048,SRMR=0.047).Conclusion:These findings showed how the perceived risk of PHE affected college students’psychological distress.Specifically,these results suggested that improving students’mental ability to switch effectively among different time perspectives depending on task features and situational considerations and reducing their negative coping styles might be effective ways to promote their mental health.

Civil Society in Traditional China: Governance and Ownership System——Evidence from Construction and Management of Public Facilities in the Qing Dynasty

This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.

基于WeChatPublic公众平台联合慕课强化实践能力教学模式在外科教学中应用研究

基于WeChat Public公众平台联合慕课强化实践能力教学模式在外科教学中应用研究。方法 以60例实习生为例,将其分为两组对不同教学方式的价值分析,评估外科教学中WeChat Public公众平台联合慕课教学模式的价值。结果 两组患者研究对象成绩评分对比有差异,(P<0.05)。两组患者自我导向学习能力评分对比,带教后评分有差异,(P<0.05)。两组学生自我学习效果评价评分有差异,(P<0.05)。两组研究对象临床能力评分有差异,(P<0.05)。两组实习生对教学方式满意度,有差异,(P<0.05)。结论 外科教学中应用WeChat Public公众平台联合慕课教学模式能够有效的提高实习生的临床能力,学生的成绩更高,学生的自我学习能力更强,有推广的价值。

A Blind Batch Encryption and Public Ledger-Based Protocol for Sharing Sensitive Data

For the goals of security and privacy preservation,we propose a blind batch encryption-and public ledger-based data sharing protocol that allows the integrity of sensitive data to be audited by a public ledger and allows privacy information to be preserved.Data owners can tightly manage their data with efficient revocation and only grant one-time adaptive access for the fulfillment of the requester.We prove that our protocol is semanticallly secure,blind,and secure against oblivious requesters and malicious file keepers.We also provide security analysis in the context of four typical attacks.