A New Method for the Dynamic Reserves of Gas Condensate Reservoir Using Cyclic Gas Injection Based on the Effects of Reinjection Ratio and Water Influx

As we all know, cyclic gas injection is one of the most effective development methods to improve condensate oil recovery. When dealing with the calculation of the reserves, the injection-production differences and water influx create great influence on the accuracy. Based on the existing research, we proposed a new material balance equation which considered the differences of composition between produced and injected fluids and the effect of water influx, and a solution was provided in this paper. The results of the method are closer to the actual situation because they are built on the law of conservation of mass, and the using of curve fitting method can not only avoid the use of water influx coefficient but also obtain the water influx rate and reserves at the same time. The YH-23 gas condensate reservoir is taking as a typical subject to do the research, which has been exploited by cycle gas injection for 14 years. Three different methods are used to calculate the reserves, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper has minimum error of 2.96%.

Research progress on temperature field evolution of hot reservoirs under low-temperature tailwater reinjection

This paper focuses on the study of the evolutionary mechanism governing the temperature field of geothermal reservoir under low-temperature tailwater reinjection conditions,which is crucial for the sustainable geothermal energy management.With advancing exploitation of geothermal resources deepens,precise understanding of this mechanism becomes paramount for devising effective reinjection strategies,optimizing reservoir utilization,and bolstering the economic viability of geothermal energy development.The article presents a comprehensive review of temperature field evolution across diverse heterogeneous thermal reservoirs under low-temperature tailwater reinjection conditions,and analyzes key factors influ-encing this evolution.It evaluates existing research methods,highlighting their strengths and limitations.The study identifies gaps in the application of rock seepage and heat transfer theories on a large scale,alongside the need for enhanced accuracy in field test results,particularly regarding computational effi-ciency of fractured thermal reservoir models under multi-well reinjection conditions.To address these shortcomings,the study proposes conducting large-scale rock seepage and heat transfer experiments,coupled with multi-tracer techniques for field testing,aimed at optimizing fractured thermal reservoir models'computational efficiency under multi-well reinjection conditions.Additionally,it suggests integrat-ing deep learning methods into research endeavors.These initiatives are of significance in deepening the understanding of the evolution process of the temperature field in deep thermal reservoirs and enhancing the sustainability of deep geothermal resource development.

Progress and prospect of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology

Mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology is crucial for the sustainable development of geothermal resources,which has garnered significant attention and rapid growth in recent years.Currently,various geothermal reinjection technologies lag behind,lacking effective integration to address issues like low reinjection rates and thermal breakthrough.This paper reviews the basic principles and development history of mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology,focusing on various technical methods used in the process and analyzing their applicability,advantages,and disadvantages under different geological conditions.It highlights the unique challenges posed by deep geothermal resources,including high temperature,high pressure,high stress,chemical corrosion,and complex geological structures.Additionally,it addresses challenges in equipment selection and durability,system stability and operation safety,environmental impact,and sustainable development.Finally,the paper explores future directions for mid-deep geothermal reinjection technology,highlighting key areas for further research and potential pathways for technological innovation.This comprehensive analysis aims to accelerate the advancement of geothermal reinjection technology,offering essential guidance for the efficient reinjection and sustainable development of geothermal resources.

Clogging mechanism in the process of reinjection of used geothermal water: A simulation research on Xianyang No.2 reinjection well in a super-deep and porous geothermal reservoir

In the process of geothermal exploitation and utilization, the reinjection amount of used geothermal water in super-deep and porous reservoir is small and significantly decreases over time. This has been a worldwide problem, which greatly restricts the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. Based on a large amount of experiments and researches, the reinjection research on the tail water of Xianyang No.2 well, which is carried out by combining the application of hydrogeochemical simulation, clogging mechanism research and the reinjection experiment, has achieved breakthrough results. The clogging mechanism and indoor simulation experiment results show: Factors affecting the tail water reinjection of Xianyang No.2 well mainly include chemical clogging, suspended solids clogging, gas clogging, microbial clogging and composite clogging, yet the effect of particle migration on clogging has not been found; in the process of reinjection, chemical clogging was mainly caused by carbonates(mainly calcite), silicates(mainly chalcedony), and a small amount of iron minerals, and the clogging aggravated when the temperature rose; suspended solids clogging also aggravated when the temperature rose, which showed that particles formed by chemical reaction had a certain proportion in suspended solids.

Study on the geothermal production and reinjection mode in Xiong County

The large karst geothermal field of Xiong County,which is located to the south of geothermal field in Niutuozhen,features huge geothermal resources and favorable condition for development and utilization.Because of the long-term extensive production,the pressure of geothermal reservoir continues to decline and some geothermal wells even face the danger of scrapping.To relieve the fall in pressure of geothermal reservoir and achieve the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal field in the long run,reinjection experiment is conducted in the geothermal field of Xiong County and a three-dimensional hydrothermal coupled numerical model was constructed.The reinjection experiment showed that the mode of one production well and one reinjection well can be achieved in this geothermal field.The numerical simulation is used to forecast and compare the change in pressure field and temperature field under different production and reinjection modes and concludes that the most opotimized production and utilization mode is the concentrated production-reinjection mode,and the most opotimized production-reinjection combination mode is the shallow production and shallow reinjection mode which can ensure the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources in the long run.

An Experimental Study on Bio-Clogging in Porous Media during Geothermal Water Reinjection

To study the mechanism of bio-clogging in a porous medium during the reinjection of geothermal water and to improve reinjection efficiency, an indoor one-dimensional reinjection experiment was conducted based on the geological model of the geothermal reinjection demonstration project in Dezhou City. The biological process of porous media clogging was investigated by analyzing the variation of permeability within the medium, the main indexes of nutrient salts, and the content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). High-throughput sequencing, based on 16S rRNA, was used to analyze the characteristics and succession of microbial communities during the reinjection of geothermal water. The results of the study show that significant bio-clogging occurs during the reinjection of geothermal water, with an increase in the heterogeneity of the thermal reservoir medium, and a decrease in permeability. The extent of clogging gradually reduces with an increase in seepage path. Thus, thermal reservoir clogging is more serious closer to the water inlet. With an increase in the duration of reinjection, the permeability of the porous medium undergoes three stages: “rapid”, “decline-slow”, and “decrease-stable”. The results show that the richness and diversity of the bacterial community increase and decrease, respectively, during the reinjection process. Bacterial community succession occurs, and the bacterial communities mainly include the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. Pseudomonas and Devosia are respectively the dominant bacteria in the early and late stages of geothermal water reinjection.

Formation blockage risk analysis of geothermal water reinjection:Rock property analysis,pumping and reinjection tests,and long-term reinjection prediction

The blockage induced by particle migration and deposition is one of the main reasons for the decrease of reinjection capacity in the porous geothermal reservoir with a low and medium temperature.In this paper,a new drilled geothermal well in Xining basin China is taken as an example to investigate the formation blockage risk due to the movable clay and sand particles in pores.The physical properties of the reservoir rocks were analyzed,a series of pumping and reinjection tests were conducted,and the longterm reinjection performance of the well was predicted by numerical simulation based on the test fitting.The results show that the geothermal reservoir rocks are argillaceous and weakly cemented sandstones with a content of movable clay and sand particles up to 0.18–23.42 wt.%.The well presented a high productivity of 935–2186 m3?d-1 at a pressure difference of 0.7–1.62 MPa in the pumping tests associated with a large amount of clay and sand particles produced out,while in the reinjection test,only a low injectivity of 240–480 m3?d-1 was observed at an injection pressure of 0.2–0.6 MPa with the clay and sand particles near the wellbore move into deep.According to the prediction,under conditions of a blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will start to decline after 100 days of injection,and in the third year,it will decrease by 59.00%–77.09%.The influence of invasion of pretreated suspended particles and scale particles can be neglected.Under conditions of a high blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will decrease significantly in the first 20–30 days,with a decline of 75.39%–78.96%.Generally,the higher the injection pressure or rate,the greater the decrease in injectivity of the well caused by particle blockage.Pump lifting is an effective measure to remove the well blockage which can be used regularly.

渤海JZ-X油田气顶窄油环油藏井位优化和挖潜策略

针对气顶底水窄油环油藏易气窜水锥、剩余油分布复杂的生产难题,在渤海矿区逐渐探索出利用水平井开发的井位优化与挖潜策略。基础井网阶段:水平井段垂直构造线穿多层来提高储量动用程度,并匹配智能滑套分采管柱以缓解层间矛盾;基础井网平行于流体界面,部署于油水界面之上1/3油柱高度避气控水。综合调整阶段:通过油藏数值模拟研究,油田开发进入中—后期,剩余油平面上主要富集于井间滞留区,纵向上后期水体能量驱动逐渐发挥主要作用,剩余油主要富集于油层上部。对比井间侧钻、气顶注气和屏障注水方案增油量指标,当前剩余油挖潜策略以井间侧钻与气顶注气为主。井间侧钻通过低产低效井平面侧钻至井间,纵向高部位部署挖潜剩余油,单井净增油量为3.4×10^(4)~4.2×10^(4)m^(3);气顶注气通过采气井转天然气回注,补充气顶能量,气驱水平井上部剩余油,提高原油采收率,预测净增油量为5.2×10^(4)m^(3)。

微裂缝对灰岩地层固体废弃物回注能力的影响

微裂缝在不同程度上提高了灰岩地层孔隙的渗透性。为了厘清回注过程中微裂缝不同发育情况对钻屑废弃物回注能力的影响机制,确保钻屑回注安全实施,首先采用X射线CT(计算机断层摄影)扫描某气田采集到的灰岩岩心进行数字重构,得到其基质模型,研究废弃物颗粒在孔隙中的运移和沉积机制;然后基于数值算法构建裂缝-基质模型,引入裂缝连通系数与裂缝走向因子定量表征裂缝的连通性和走向,揭示裂缝开度对回注地层渗透率以及废弃物回注能力的影响。结果表明:随着裂缝走向因子增大,横向迂曲度呈减小趋势,减小幅度最大为35.21%,纵向迂曲度呈增大趋势,增大幅度最大为21.59%;f(裂缝连通系数)越大,裂缝-基质模型越容易出现优势通道效应(f≥0.7时尤为显著),渗透率和颗粒逃逸率也越大,其中,在裂缝开度为80μm时,渗透率相比基质模型增大了0.671 3μm^(2),颗粒逃逸率相比基质模型增大了15.06%。

油田钻井废水的治理研究

根据钻井废水的污染成分及国内外处理区域环境的敏感性采取三种方法对其进行治理，即：废水回灌、集中处理后回灌或回注、现场处理后回注。在冀东油田进行了三种处理方案的试验研究，取得了一定的效益，有望在石油行业推广应用。

大功率自换相变换器的研究发展及其在输配电技术中的应用

在过去的二十年中,FACTS(柔性交流输电)概念已被人们广泛接受,开发出了大量的FACTS装置并得到实际应用.尤其是大功率强迫换相AC/DC变换器表现出了良好的性能和灵活的控制特性,在V SC-HVDC(电压源型变换器高压直流输电)系统中也呈现出极大的应用潜力.本文对大功率交直流变换器的研究发展及其在电力传输与分配中的应用进行了论述.

四川气田水回注有关问题的探讨

以气田水回注预处理中微粒粒径指标的分析为切入点 ,阐述了当前气田水回注水质标准与回注目的层、预处理工艺、污水处理设备之间存在的问题 ,并提出了笔者的建议。

海上平台超临界CO_(2)管道泄漏扩散规律实验研究

CO_(2)封存是实现中国“双碳”目标的有效技术途径之一,海上CO_(2)封存通常依托海上油气平台管道回注,CO_(2)回注过程中可能发生泄漏而严重影响作业人员安全。以恩平15-1海上平台为研究对象,开展超临界CO_(2)泄漏扩散规律实验研究。通过缩比设计,搭建与恩平15-1相应的物理模型实验平台,利用相似理论和量纲分析方法,设计了超临界CO_(2)泄漏扩散参数,开展了海上平台管道CO_(2)在不同泄漏压力(1.5~3.0 MPa)、泄漏孔径(0.5~6.2 mm)、泄漏方向(水平、竖直、斜45°)及环境风速(0~0.5 m/s)下的相似模型实验,研究泄漏CO_(2)在平台上的扩散情况及浓度分布规律。结果表明:压力和环境风速的变化,会影响CO_(2)泄漏后的近场射流,但对其远场扩散的影响较小;CO_(2)浓度会在泄漏约20 s后达到峰值并保持稳定,不会随泄漏时间的增加而增大;泄漏口径会显著影响泄漏口轴向CO_(2)浓度的分布规律。研究结果为海上平台CO_(2)泄漏监测与安全防护设计提供了参考。

采油污水处理技术

综述了目前采油污水处理技术。指出回注水的处理方法主要有混凝法、隔油法、过滤法等物化方法,重点是去除污水中的颗粒物质;另外指明,外排水的处理方法主要是生化法及化学法,重点是降低水中的 COD。对目前存在的处理难点做出了分析,并提出了采油污水处理技术的发展趋势。

世界典型高温地热田回灌经验及对谷露热田回灌井部署的启示

地热尾水回灌是地热田开发过程中必不可少的环节,对热田开发具有重要意义。对世界上不同类型高温地热田回灌策略进行系统梳理,发现不同类型地热田常采取不同的回灌策略:气相为主的气液两相地热田常进行内场回灌;液相为主的气液两相地热田和水热型地热田常采用内场回灌与外场回灌相结合的方式。重点分析与谷露地热田相似的美国Brady Hot Spring地热田、Beowawe地热田和中国羊易地热田三个水热型高温地热田在生产过程中的回灌情况,对上述地热田在回灌过程中的回灌距离、回灌深度及回灌后对热田生产的影响进行总结。上述地热田多采用同构造回灌的方式进行回灌;一般无特定的回灌距离,常采用内场回灌与外场回灌相结合的方式进行;回灌目的层常选择渗透性好的断裂构造;回灌深度以大于500 m的深层回灌为主。这些热田在回灌过程中,为了达到良好效果,需要平衡生产区的压力下降和热突破之间的关系。结合谷露地热田实际地质情况,认为谷露地热田应该采取同构造回灌,且采用内场回灌与外场回灌相结合的深层回灌方式。初步在热田生产区1 km以外的位置选择3片回灌区域。其中回灌1区是主要回灌区域,位于热田生产区的北侧约1~1.5 km范围内。为了防止发生热突破,需要在回灌井实施过程中,进行回灌试验,尽早确定回灌井与生产区之间的水力联系。

白洋淀地表水回灌补给深部岩溶地热储层的水化学数值模拟

以雄安新区广泛开发的深部岩溶地热储层为研究对象,利用PHREEQC模拟了采用白洋淀地表水回灌补给主力开采地热储层-蓟县系雾迷山组岩溶地热储层后的水化学组分变化以及矿物溶解沉淀量.结果表明:回灌期内从回灌井向储层内部水化学类型依次为HCO_(3)·Cl-Na·Mg,HCO_(3)·Cl-Na,Cl·HCO_(3)-Na和Cl-Na型水,呈现由补给水向储层本源水过渡的变化趋势,主要受对流弥散影响,但Mg^(2+)、Ca^(2+)、HCO_(3)^(-)还受水岩反应和pH值等因素控制,变化趋势更为复杂;回灌后矿物的溶解沉淀现象主要发生在以回灌井为中心半径为0.5m的范围内,以方解石的沉淀和白云石的溶解最为明显,整体上会引起裂隙率降低,但其变化程度有限.对岩石渗透性影响不明显.基于回灌所引起的地热储层内部变化类型,划分了4种影响带,各影响带的范围大小依次为水化学影响带、渗流影响带、温度影响带和岩石渗透性影响带.

地热井砂岩热储回灌堵塞机理及解堵研究

地热井回灌是制约水热型地热持续开发的“卡脖子”难题,特别是砂岩热储的回灌更为艰难。为揭示制约砂岩热储回灌过程中面临的堵塞难题,以陕西关中渭河盆地某“一采一灌”模式砂岩地热井为例开展试验研究,探究砂岩热储回灌过程中的4类堵塞机理,并提出相应解堵措施。结果表明:碳酸盐类、部分铝硅酸盐类和铁类矿物沉淀受温度影响较大,地层温度的升高会加速其化学堵塞的形成;随温度的上升,悬浮物堵塞和化学堵塞会构成协同效应。同时悬浮物颗粒布朗运动速度也因温度上升而增大,使堵塞更严重;回灌产生气体堵塞的原因主要是:大体积气泡进入储层内部难、气泡直径与底层喉道大小相当;腐生菌和铁细菌是成微生物堵塞的主要微生物。通过加入阻垢剂可有效防止化学堵塞,采取多级过滤可减缓物理堵塞,在回灌系统中加入自动排气装置可防止气体堵塞,对尾水进行灭菌处理降低微生物堵塞风险。经过现场回暖季试验,采取的解堵措施应用于目标地热井后的回灌率达100%,降低了回灌过程中可能发生的堵塞对回灌带来的不良影响。

三元复合驱采出水对回注地层渗透率适应性研究

在超过 1年的时间内从大庆采油二厂三元复合驱试验区中心油井多次取采出水样并分析水样中化学剂质量浓度 ,聚合物在 71～ 381mg L范围 ,NaOH在 190～ 1197mg L范围 ,表面活性剂 (植物羧酸盐 )在 86～ 1197mg L范围。用Coulter激光粒度分析仪测定 ,在自然沉降的和沉降后又经滤纸过滤的共计 4个采出水样中 ,悬浮物总体积远大于未过滤清水 ,颗粒粒径平均值和中值也大于未过滤清水 ;一个采出水样的粒度分布曲线表明 ,未过滤水样中粒径分布范围为 0 .82 5～ 2 6 .2 9μm ,>15 μm的占很大比例 ,滤纸过滤可以除去大部分大粒径颗粒。将采出水样注入不同渗透率的石英砂胶结岩心 ,从注入压力 注入量曲线求得不产生严重堵塞的岩心最低渗透率为 2 5 0× 10 - 3μm2 。用压汞法测得的人造和天然岩心孔隙半径中值与渗透率的关系进行校正 ,得到回注三元复合驱采出水的地层渗透率应不低于 10 0× 10 - 3μm2 。图 3表 3参 2。

海上油田污水回注井高效解堵技术研究与应用

针对污水回注井酸化效果不理想的问题,利用岩心流动实验、悬浮物含量及粒径测试、X射线衍射对堵塞情况进行了分析。在此基础上,利用填砂管流动和岩心溶蚀实验研发了一套兼具污油清洗与高溶蚀率的酸液体系。此外,结合储层特征优化了酸液置放工艺。结果表明,污油和固体悬浮物在近井地带形成的复合堵塞物是造成储层堵塞的主要原因;1%水基清洗剂洗油率达到86.44%,高溶蚀酸对固体悬浮物溶蚀率达到89.77%,二者复配体系能够快速瓦解油泥小球;化学微粒分流剂可对储层形成有效暂堵分流,且酸化后自动溶解。该技术矿场应用8井次,平均视吸水指数提高1.74倍。该技术适用于污水回注井解堵,并为提高海上污水回注井酸化效果提供理论和实践依据。