Absolute Internal Energy of the Real Gas

The internal energy U of the real, neutral-gas particles of total mass M in the volume V can have positive and negative values, whose regions are identified in the state chart of the gas. Depending on the relations among gas temperature T, pressure p and mass-specific volume v=V/M, the mass exists as a uniform gas of freely-moving particles having positive values U or as more or less structured matter with negative values U. In the regions U>0?above the critical point [Tc , pc , vc] it holds that p(T,v)>pc and v>vc, and below the critical point it holds that p(T,v)c and v>vv , where vv is the mass-specific volume of saturated vapor. In the adjacent regions with negative internal energy values Uc is the line of equal positive and negative energy contributions and thus represents a line of vanishing internal energy ?U=0. At this level along the critical isochor the ever present microscopic fluctuations in energy and density become macroscopic fluctuations as the pressure decreases on approaching the critical point;these are to be observed in experiments on the critical opalescence. Crossing the isochor vc from U>0 to UΔU>0 happens without any discontinuity. The saturation line vv also separates the regions between U>0 and U , but does not represent a line U=0. The internal-energy values of saturated vapor Uv and condensate Ui can be determined absolutely as functions of vapor pressure p and densities (M/V)v and (M/V)i , repectively, yielding the results Uiv, U=Ui+Uvc and U=Ui=Uv=0 at the critical point. Crossing the line Vv from U=Uv>0 to U=Uv+UiΔU=-Ui>0 to be removed from the particle system. The thermodynamic and quantum-mechanical formulations of the internal energy of a particle system only agree if both the macroscopic and microscopic energy scales have the same absolute energy reference value 0. Arguments for the energy reference value in the state of transition from bound to freely- moving particles in macroscopic classical and microscopic quantum particle systems are discussed.

KELEA: A Natural Energy That Seemingly Reduces Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Water and Other Liquids

The alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway was initially identified as a non-immunological defense mechanism against virus infections. It is particularly relevant to the suppression of stealth adapted viruses, which are not normally recognized by the cellular immune system. Many of the methods able to enhance the ACE pathway are consistent with the transfer of a natural energy to the body’s fluids. Additional support for this premise is provided in this paper. The vapor pressure and rate of evaporation of activated water, ethanol and gasoline increase to beyond atmospheric pressure over time. The term KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction) is proposed for a natural energy that increases the volatility of fluids, seemingly through the loosening of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. KELEA activated fluids have many potential health, agricultural and industrial applications, as well as providing the opportunity for fundamental research.

Artificial Intelligence Integration with Energy Sources (Renewable and Non-renewable)

In the past decade or so,AI(artificial intelligence)technology has been growing with such a mesmerizing speed that today its presence in almost any industry that deals with any huge sheer volume of data is taking advantage of AI by integrating it into their day-to-day operation.Meanwhile,seven billion people worldwide shape the world’s energy system and directly impact the fundamental drivers of energy,both renewable and non-renewable sources,to meet the demand for electricity from them.These energy sources can be reached from nature such as solar,wind,etc.,and human-made such as NPPs(nuclear power plants)in the form of either fission as an old technology since the Manhattan project and in the near future as fusion in the form of magnetic or inertial confinements.Meanwhile,AI controlling nuclear reactors are about to happen.The basic idea is to apply AI with its two subset components as ML(machine learning),and DL(deep learning)techniques to go through the mountains of data that come from a reactor,spot patterns in it,and calling them to the unit’s human attention operators is not invadable either.Designers of such nuclear reactors will combine simulation and real-world data,comparing scenarios from each to develop“confidence[in]what they can predict and what is the range of uncertainty of their prediction”.Adding that,in the end,the operator will make the final decisions in order to keep these power plants safe while they are in operation and how to secure them against cyber-attack natural or human-made disasters.In this short communication article,we would like to see how we can prove some of these concepts;then a NPP manufacturer can pick it up and use it in their designs of a new generation of these reactors.

Clean Coal &High Carbon Efficiency Energy Engineering

Today we live in a world of Hydrocarbon Energy Carriers, where Carbon is always used as a Carrier for Hydrogen 1) Biomass (CH1.44O0.66 or C6H12O6);2) Natural Gas [NG] (CH4);3) Water Gas [C+H2O];4) Gasoline (C6H12, C7H18, C8H18, etc.);5) Kerosene (C17H36, C18H38, C19H40, C20H42, C21H44, C22H46, etc.) and;6) Crude Oil. The Carbon aggregates are all storable and have worthwhile, logistically manageable energy densities. But whenever recovering Energy from the Carbon molarities, CO2 gets emitted into the atmosphere, while separate use of Hydrogen Energy contents carried by the Carbon moieties would just generate water vapor. Hydrogen is also the most important intermediary in Refineries, hydrogenating lower grade Hydrocarbons into higher potencies, or for removing Sulfur by the formation of Hydrogen Sulfur, that can be dissociated after its segregation from the Hydrocarbon products. But most of the internal Hydrogen yields in Refineries today is used for onsite production of Ammonia as a basis for Energy fertilizers in high performance agriculture. Because Hydrogen is awkward to store and transport, most of it is currently used captive within large size centralized plants as a reactant for producing Hydrocarbon energy carriers, using the Carbon as a carrier for the Hydrogen moieties, to then be distributed over big enough areas for consumption of the such large scale plants’ volumes. With recently proven achievements of Hydrogen production from excess Wind & Solar Power by electrolysis, Hydrogen could become available in abundant quantities, to be distributed locally within the coverage area of the transmission grid such Wind & Solar installations are feeding into. In combination with Carbon as a reactant such abundant Hydrogen could also be synthesized into Hydrocarbon Energy Carriers and substitute fossil commodities.

Quantization of the Kinetic Energy of Deterministic Chaos

In previous works, the theoretical and experimental deterministic scalar kinematic structures, the theoretical and experimental deterministic vector kinematic structures, the theoretical and experimental deterministic scalar dynamic structures, and the theoretical and experimental deterministic vector dynamic structures have been developed to compute the exact solution for deterministic chaos of the exponential pulsons and oscillons that is governed by the nonstationary three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. To explore properties of the kinetic energy, rectangular, diagonal, and triangular summations of a matrix of the kinetic energy and general terms of various sums have been used in the current paper to develop quantization of the kinetic energy of deterministic chaos. Nested structures of a cumulative energy pulson, an energy pulson of propagation, an internal energy oscillon, a diagonal energy oscillon, and an external energy oscillon have been established. In turn, the energy pulsons and oscillons include group pulsons of propagation, internal group oscillons, diagonal group oscillons, and external group oscillons. Sequentially, the group pulsons and oscillons contain wave pulsons of propagation, internal wave oscillons, diagonal wave oscillons, and external wave oscillons. Consecutively, the wave pulsons and oscillons are composed of elementary pulsons of propagation, internal elementary oscillons, diagonal elementary oscillons, and external elementary oscillons. Topology, periodicity, and integral properties of the exponential pulsons and oscillons have been studied using the novel method of the inhomogeneous Fourier expansions via eigenfunctions in coordinates and time. Symbolic computations of the exact expansions have been performed using the experimental and theoretical programming in Maple. Results of the symbolic computations have been justified by probe visualizations.

Development of Magnetic Compound Fluid Rubber Sensor for Practical Usage on γ-Irradiation and Energy Harvesting for Broad-Band Electromagnetic Waves

We have performed sequential studies on new types of soft rubber for their application as artificial skin in robots and haptic sensors. Based on a proposed electrolytic polymerization method and novel adhesion technique for rubber and a metal that utilizes a metal complex hydrate, we have developed an MCF rubber sensor. This sensor uses a magnetic compound fluid (MCF), natural rubber (NR-latex) or chloroprene rubber latex (CR-latex), and requires the application of a magnetic field. The potential application of the developed sensor in various engineering scenarios and our daily lives is significant. In this regard, we investigated the effects of γ-irradiation, infrared radiation, microwaves, and a thermal source on the MCF rubber sensor. We established that the MCF rubber is effective enough to be used for power generation of broadband electro-magnetic waves from γ-rays to microwaves, including the range of the solar spectrum, which is the typical characteristic obtained in the present investigation. The remarkable attribute is that the MCF rubber sensor dose is not degraded by γ-irradiation. We also demonstrated the effectiveness of the MCF rubber sensor in energy harvesting.

Einstein’s Gravitational Field Approach to Dark Matter and Dark Energy—Geometric Particle Decay into the Vacuum Energy Generating Higgs Boson and Heavy Quark Mass

During an interview at the Niels Bohr Institute David Bohm stated, “according to Einstein, particles should eventually emerge … as singularities, or very strong regions of stable pulses of (the gravitational) field” [1]. Starting from this premise, we show spacetime, indeed, manifests stable pulses (n-valued gravitons) that decay into the vacuum energy to generate all three boson masses (including Higgs), as well as heavy-quark mass;and all in precise agreement with the 2010 CODATA report on fundamental constants. Furthermore, our relativized quantum physics approach (RQP) answers to the mystery surrounding dark energy, dark matter, accelerated spacetime, and why ordinary matter dominates over antimatter.

Quantum Gravity and Dark Energy Using Fractal Planck Scaling

Following an inspiring idea due to D. Gross, we arrive at a topological Planck energy Ep and a corresponding topological Planck length effectively scaling the Planck scale from esoterically large and equally esoterically small numbers to a manageably where P(H) is the famous Hardy’s probability for quantum entanglement which amounts to almost 9 percent and Based on these results, we conclude the equivalence of Einstein-Rosen “wormhole” bridges and Einstein’s Podolsky-Rosen’s spooky action at a distance. In turn these results are shown to be consistent with distinguishing two energy components which results in , namely the quantum zero set particle component which we can measure and the quantum empty set wave component which we cannot measure , i.e. the missing dark energy. Together the two components add to where E is the total energy, m is the mass and c is the speed of light. In other words, the present new derivation of the world’s most celebrated formula explains in one stroke the two most puzzling problems of quantum physics and relativistic cosmology, namely the physicomathematical meaning of the wave function and the nature of dark energy. In essence they are one and the same when looked upon from the view point of quantum-fractal geometry.

Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller for Grid Interface Ocean Wave Energy Conversion

This paper presents a closed-loop vector control structure based on adaptive Fuzzy Logic Sliding Mode Controller (FL-SMC) for a grid-connected Wave Energy Conversion System (WECS) driven Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). The aim of the developed control method is to automatically tune and optimize the scaling factors and the membership functions of the Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). Two Pulse Width Modulated voltage source PWM converters with a carrier-based Sinusoidal PWM modulation for both Generator- and Grid-side converters have been connected back to back between the generator terminals and utility grid via common DC link. The indirect vector control scheme is implemented to maintain balance between generated power and power supplied to the grid and maintain the terminal voltage of the generator and the DC bus voltage constant for variable rotor speed and load. Simulation study has been carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the robustness of the power electronics converters and the effectiveness of proposed control method under steady state and transient conditions and also machine parameters mismatches. The proposed control scheme has improved the voltage regulation and the transient performance of the wave energy scheme over a wide range of operating conditions.

Insufficiency of Cellular Energy (ICE) May Precede Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease and Be Treatable via the Alternative Cellular Energy (ACE) Pathway

The term neurodegeneration emphasizes the destruction of neuronal cells as the primary explanation of many major neurological illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease. Specialized functioning of cells requires more cellular energy than is needed for basic cell survival. Cells can acquire energy both from the metabolism of food and from the alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway. The ACE pathway is an added dynamic (kinetic) quality of the body’s fluids occurring from the absorption of an external force termed KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction). KELEA is attracted to separated electrical charges and is seemingly partially released as the charges become more closely linked. As suggested elsewhere, the fluctuating electrical activity in the brain may attract KELEA from the environment and, thereby, contribute to the body’s ACE pathway. Certain illnesses affecting the brain may impede this proposed antenna function of the brain, leading to a systemic insufficiency of cellular energy (ICE). Furthermore, individual neurons may derive some of the energy for their own activities from the repetitive depolarization of the cell. This may explain why hyper-excitability of neurons can occur in response to cell damage. This adaptive mechanism is unlikely to be sustainable, however, especially if there is a continuing need to synthesize neurotransmitters and membrane ion channels. The energy deficient neurons would then become quiescent and, although remaining viable, would not perform their intended specialized functions. Actual cell death would not necessarily occur till much later in the disease process. The distinction between quiescent and degenerated cells is important since the ACE pathway can be enhanced by several means, including the regular consumption of KELEA activated water. This, in turn, may improve the proposed antenna function of individual neurons, leading to a sustained restoration of specialized function via the ACE pathway. This paper explores this novel concept and provides a rationale for clinical testing of KELEA activated water in patients with neurological and psychiatric illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease.

Tissue Regeneration without Scarring Achieved by Enhancing the Alternative Cellular Energy (ACE) Pathway

The inflammatory and fibrous responses to injuries are painful and are inhibitory to the regeneration of specialized cells. The fibrous scarring of skin injuries can also be disfiguring. Cells obtain energy not only from the metabolism of food, but also via the alternative cellular energy (ACE) pathway. The ACE pathway is reflected in a dynamic (kinetic) quality of the body’s fluids. It is postulated to result from the absorption of an environmental force called KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). The body’s ACE pathway can be enhanced by the parental administration and even the oral consumption of products comprising KELEA activated water. One of these products, termed Enercel, was originally considered a complex homeopathic remedy. Another product is water containing electrolysis-generated, copper-silver-citrate (CSC) complexes. This product was initially formulated to be bacteriocidal, especially for Gram positive bacteria. This article describes the independent successful use of each of these two products in achieving essentially painless, scar-free healing of skin injuries. The skin injuries were due to a variety of causes including: vascular insufficiency from diabetes;hot water burn;penetrating object;chronic infection;and surgical incision. It is proposed that the ACE pathway increases the resilience of cells of the innate immune system to the triggering of an inflammatory reaction by “danger signals” released from damaged tissues. KELEA activated water should be widely available for the urgent therapy of burns and other traumatic injuries to the skin. ACE pathway enhancing modalities also need to be evaluated in the repair of cellular damage occurring to the heart, brain and other internal organs of the body.

If Quantum “Wave” of the Universe Then Quantum “Particle” of the Universe: A Resolution of the Dark Energy Question and the Black Hole Information Paradox

We start from a minimal number of generally accepted premises, in particular Hartle-Hawking quantum wave of the universe and von Neumann-Connes’ pointless and self referential spacetime geometry. We then proceed from there to show, using Dvoretzky’s theorem of measure concentration, that the total energy of the universe is divided into two parts, an ordinary energy very small part which we can measure while most of the energy is concentrated as the second part at the boundary of the holographic boundary which we cannot measure in a direct way. Finally the results are shown to imply a resolution of the black hole information paradox without violating the fundamental laws of physics. In this way the main thrust of the two opposing arguments and views, namely that of Hawking on the one side and Susskind as well as tHooft on the other side, is brought to a consistent and compatible coherent unit.

Theoretical Analysis of Gin Cylinder for Simulating Dual Saw Cylinder Chamber Gin for Increasing Wear Proof, Energy Efficient, Saving Resources

In our work we consider prevent wear of the saw tooth saws cylinder and shaft by mathematical analysis of the saw cylinder at different shaft lengths and number of blades. To prevent wear on cutting cylinder, we determine the optimal cross-flexural vibration of the shaft with respect to time and along the length of the shaft. Model simulated the transverse vibrations with different amounts of drinking and between saw gaskets brought the best option, which has a positive effect on the strength of the shaft. As a result, we have developed two staggered cylinders saw in one of the working chamber gin, which reduces bending vibration, but it increases efficiency.

What Is the Missing Dark Energy in a Nutshell and the Hawking-Hartle Quantum Wave Collapse

We reason that in quantum cosmology there are two kinds of energy. The first is the ordinary energy of the quantum particle which we can measure. The second is the dark energy of the quantum wave by quantum duality. Because measurement collapses the Hawking-Hartle quantum wave of the cosmos, dark energy cannot be detected or measured in any conventional manner. The quantitative results are confirmed using some exact solutions for the hydrogen atom. In particular the ordinary energy of the quantum particle is given by E(0) = (/2)(mc2) where is Hardy’s probability of quantum entanglement, =( - 1)/2 is the Hausdorff dimension of the zero measure thin Cantor set modeling the quantum particle, while the dark energy of the quantum wave is given by E(D) = (5/2)(mc2) where is the Hausdorff dimension of the positive measure thick empty Cantor set modeling the quantum wave and the factor five (5) is the Kaluza-Klein spacetime dimension to which the measure zero thin Cantor set D(0) = (0,) and the thick empty set D(-1) = (1,) must be lifted to give the five dimensional analogue sets namely and 5 needed for calculating the energy density E(0) and E(D) which together add to Einstein’s maximal total energy density E(total) = E(0) + E(D) = mc2 = E(Einstein). These results seem to be in complete agreement with the WMAP, supernova and recent Planck cosmic measurement as well as the 2005 quantum gravity experiments of V. V. Nesvizhersky and his associates. It also confirms the equivalence of wormhole solutions of Einstein’s equations and quantum entanglement by scaling the Planck scale.

Oxidation Kinetics of Aluminum Powders in a Gas Fluidized Bed Reactor in the Potential Application of Surge Arresting Materials

In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arresting materials are discussed. Theoretical calculations of oxidation of spherical aluminum powders in a typical gas fluidization bed are demonstrated. Computer software written by the author is used to carry out the basic calculations of important parameters of a gas fluidization bed at different temperatures. A mathematical model of the dynamic system in a gas fluidization bed is developed and the analytical solution is obtained. The mathematical model can be used to estimate aluminum oxide thickness at a defined temperature. The mathematical model created in this study is evaluated and confirmed consistently with the experimental results on a gas fluidization bed. Detail technical discussion of the oxidation mechanism of aluminum is carried out. The mathematical deviations of the mathematical modeling have demonstrated in great details. This mathematical model developed in this study and validated with experimental results can bring a great value for the quantitative analysis of a gas fluidization bed in general from a theoretical point of view. It can be applied for the oxidation not only for aluminum spherical powders, but also for other spherical metal powders. The mathematical model developed can further enhance the applications of gas fluidization technology. In addition to the development of mathematical modeling of a gas fluidization bed reactor, the formation of oxide film through diffusion on both planar and spherical aluminum surfaces is analyzed through a thorough mathematical deviation using diffusion theory and Laplace transformation. The dominant defects and their impact to oxidation of aluminum are also discussed in detail. The well-controlled oxidation film on spherical metal powders such as aluminum and other metal spherical powders can potentially become an important part of switch devices of surge arresting materials, in general.

Intelligent Decisions Modeling for Energy Saving in Lifts:An Application for Kleemann Hellas Elevators

The present work proposes a methodological approach for modeling decisions regarding energy reduction in an elevator. This is achieved with the integration of existing as well as acquired knowledge, in a decision module implemented in the electronics of an elevator. So far, elevators do not exploit information regarding their recent usage. In the developed system decisions are driven based on information arising from monitoring the use of the elevator. Monitoring provides various records of usage which consequently are used to predict elevator’s future usage and to adapt accordingly its functioning. Till now, there are only elevators that encompass in their electronics algorithms with if then rules in order to control elevator’s functioning. However, these if then rules are based only on good practice knowledge of similar elevators installed in similar buildings. Even this knowledge which unavoidably is associated with uncertainty is not encoded in a mathematically consisted way in the algorithms. The design, the implementation and a first pilot evaluation study of an elevator’s intelligent decision module are presented. The study concludes that the presented application sufficiently reduces energy consumption through properly controlled functioning.

Electromagnetic Radiation Causes Weight Loss and Weight Destabilization of Objects with Presumed Elevated Levels of KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction), Relevance to Human Health and to Global Warming

A natural force has been proposed, which is required to prevent the fusion and disappearance of the discrete electrical charges that are present on electrostatically attached opposing electrical charges. This force may also explain the repulsion between objects with either matching positive or negative electrical charges. The energy of this force is referred to as KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). KELEA is especially attracted to dipolar compounds and to other materials with spatially separated opposite electrical charges. These compounds can be used to increase the level of KELEA in water. KELEA activated water can become an added source of KELEA for objects that are placed in close proximity to the water. It is generally held that the weight of an object is solely determined by its mass in relation to that of the earth. Yet, it was previously reported that the measured weight of certain KELEA attracting objects can undergo considerable variability over time. This observation is consistent with the concept that KELEA can contribute to the measured weight of certain objects. The present study strengthens this concept by demonstrating that the weight of cellulose containing materials, including paper, cotton fabrics, and wood, is increased if the materials are placed close to containers of KELEA activated water. It is further shown that electromagnetic radiation can significantly reduce the added weight of the KELEA exposed cellulose containing materials. Moreover, the previously added weight of the materials can be regained by replacing the materials back into the KELEA enhanced environment. It is proposed that the electrical charges that accompany electromagnetic radiation are able to competitively withdraw some of the KELEA from certain KELEA-enhanced objects. This effect can be reliably demonstrated using single sheets of writing paper, which are primarily composed of mechanically-bonded, branched cellulose fibers. There can be considerable fluctuations of the weight of the materials exposed to electromagnetic radiation after having been placed nearby to KELEA activated water. The weight instability is interpreted as being due to the electromagnetic radiation also triggering a dynamic process of rapid additions and removals of significant quantities of KELEA to and from objects. These observations are relevant to the further understanding of KELEA and to the potential health and climate consequences of manmade electromagnetic radiation causing a reduction in the environmental levels of KELEA.

Study on shift schedule saving energy of automatic transmission of ground vehicles

To improve ground vehicle efficiency, shift schedule energy saving was proposed for the ground vehicle automatic transmission by studying the function of the torque converter and transmission in the vehicular drivetrain. The shift schedule can keep the torque converter working in the high efficiency range under all the working conditions except in the low efficiency range on the left when the transmission worked at the lowest shift, and in the low efficiency range on the right when the transmission worked at the highest shift. The shift quality key factors were analysed. The automatic trans-mission's bench-test adopting this shift schedule was made on the automatic transmission's test-bed. The experimental results showed that the shift schedule was correct and that the shift quality was controllable.

Research of Supercapacitor Voltage Equalization Strategy on Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane Energy Saving System

A model for supercapacitor voltage equalization strategy is analyzed, and on this basis a supercapacitor voltage equalization method for Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane (RTG) energy saving system is proposed, namely active voltage equalization method based on Buck-Boost converter. The equalizing speed of the proposed method is fast. Firstly, the working principle and process of the voltage equalization circuit is analyzed in detail. In addition, design of active voltage equalization circuit parameters and control strategy are given. Finally, simulation analysis of the series connection of supercapacitors module is performed. Results show that this method for equalizing voltage can avoid over-voltage of each cell and possess practicable and high value for supercapacitor RTG energy saving system.

Einstein’s General Relativity and Pure Gravity in a Cosserat and De Sitter-Witten Spacetime Setting as the Explanation of Dark Energy and Cosmic Accelerated Expansion

Ordinary energy and dark energy density are determined using a Cosserat-Cartan and killing-Yano reinterpretation of Einstein’s special and general relativity. Thus starting from a maximally symmetric space with 528 killing vector fields corresponding to Witten’s five Branes model in eleven dimensional M-theory we reason that 504 of the 528 are essentially the components of the relevant killing-Yano tensor. In turn this tensor is related to hidden symmetries and torsional coupled stresses of the Cosserat micro-polar space as well as the Einstein-Cartan connection. Proceeding in this way the dark energy density is found to be that of Einstein’s maximal energy mc2 where m is the mass and c is the speed of light multiplied with a Lorentz factor equal to the ratio of the 504 killing-Yano tensor and the 528 states maximally symmetric space. Thus we have E (dark) = mc2 (504/528) = mc2 (21/22) which is about 95.5% of the total maximal energy density in astounding agreement with COBE, WMAP and Planck cosmological measurements as well as the type 1a supernova analysis. Finally theory and results are validated via a related theory based on the degrees of freedom of pure gravity, the theory of nonlocal elasticity as well as ‘t Hooft-Veltman renormalization method.