Preference-based multiobjective artificial bee colony algorithm for optimization of superheated steam temperature control

In order to incorporate the decision maker＇s preference into multiobjective optimization a preference-based multiobjective artificial bee colony algorithm PMABCA is proposed.In the proposed algorithm a novel reference point based preference expression method is addressed.The fitness assignment function is defined based on the nondominated rank and the newly defined preference distance.An archive set is introduced for saving the nondominated solutions and an improved crowding-distance operator is addressed to remove the extra solutions in the archive.The experimental results of two benchmark test functions show that a preferred set of solutions and some other non-preference solutions are achieved simultaneously.The simulation results of the proportional-integral-derivative PID parameter optimization for superheated steam temperature verify that the PMABCA is efficient in aiding to making a reasonable decision.

芳烃装置低温热利用技术方案选择与实践

低温热利用是炼化企业的重要节能措施。分析了某芳烃装置低温热的节能潜力,根据低温余热“温度对口、梯级利用”的原则,对低温热发电方案和低温热产蒸汽方案进行了比较。选择了低温热产蒸汽方案,同时利用螺杆压缩机对蒸汽进行压缩升压,进行装置低温热的回收。选取重芳烃塔、甲苯塔和抽出液塔的塔顶低温热源进行低温热回收改造工作,将大型螺杆压缩机应用于蒸汽压缩工况,这是在石化行业内的首次应用。项目实施后,节省1.0 MPa蒸汽103.5 t/h,装置总能耗降低4474.4 kgoe/h,每年节能37585 toe,蒸汽运行成本降低6577万元/a,芳烃综合能耗降低37.53 kgoe/t(以对二甲苯计),节能效果非常显著。

高温蒸汽养护复掺混凝土力学性能时变特性与模型研究

为研究高温蒸汽养护下粉煤灰-矿粉机制砂混凝土(简称复掺混凝土)力学性能时变特性与模型,本文结合某高速公路高温蒸汽养护复掺混凝土预制梁项目,设计了蒸汽-标准养护、蒸汽-自然养护和标准养护三种养护方式,测试了不同阶段复掺混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和弹性模量,探究了抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度、弹性模量的关系。结果表明:合适的蒸汽养护方式能促进复掺混凝土抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和弹性模量更快增长,其中对抗压强度形成作用最显著,后期的力学性能不倒缩;蒸汽养护恒温阶段复掺混凝土的力学性能具有最大的增长率,其次是升温阶段,降温阶段力学性能增长率最小;蒸汽-标准养护方式下复掺混凝土的抗压强度时变模型可取对数或对数与幂函数复合函数,劈裂抗拉强度、弹性模量时变模型可取幂函数。

Outlet Temperature Correlation and Prediction of Transfer Line Exchanger in an Industrial Steam Ethylene Cracking Process

Predicting the best shutdown time of a steam ethylene cracking furnace in industrial practice remains a challenge due to the complex coking process. As well known, the shutdown time of a furnace is mainly determined by coking condition of the transfer line exchangers （TLE） when naphtha or other heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks are cracked. In practice, it is difficult to measure the coke thickness in TLE through experimental method in the complex industrial situation. However, the outlet temperature of TLE （TLEOT） can indirectly characterize the coking situation in TLE since the coke accumulation in TLE has great influence on TLEOT. Thus, the TLEOT could be a critical factor in deciding when to shut down the furnace to decoke. To predict the TLEOT, a paramewic model was proposed in this work, based on theoretical analysis, mathematic reduction, and parameters estimation. The feasibility of the proposed model was further checked through industrial data and good agreements between model prediction and industrial data with maximum deviation 2% were observed.

电厂过热汽温神经PID控制系统的仿真研究

针对火电厂主汽温被控对象的大迟延、模型不确定性,设计了基于RBF神经网络的神经PID汽温控制系统,并对控制系统进行仿真试验,其仿真结果表明了设计的控制器具有良好的位置跟随性、抗干扰性和鲁棒性.

Drying Characteristics of Wood under Vacuum-superheated Steam

This paper presents comparison and analysis of thermal-dynamic characteristics of air-drying and superheated steam drying under vacuum. The result reveals that for both convective heat transfer coefficient and resistance of mass transfer on the surface, superheated steam drying under vacuum is superior to air-drying under the same condition. With Masson pine as specimen, we found that the inversion temperature really exists through comparable experiments of air-drying and superheated steam drying under vacuum. When temperature is above inversion point of temperature, drying speed is faster than that of air-drying; however, if temperature is below the point, the result is opposite. The inversion temperature of experiment ranges from 80 to 85 ℃.

Study on mathematical model of steam coal blending

It is necessary to set up a new mathematical model of steam coal blending instead of the old model. Indexes such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, sulfur content and heating value in the new mathematical model have linear relation. The new mathematical model can also predict ash-fusion temperature precisely by considering coal ash ratio in steam coal blending, therefore it is possible to obtain linear relation of ash-fusion temperature between single coal and steam coal blending. The new mathematical model can improve precision of steam coal blending and perfect the old mathematical model of steam coal blending.

基于相位补偿的过热汽温自抗扰控制

随着可再生能源接入电网比例的逐步增大,热力发电厂需要应对更加频繁、更大范围的负荷变化,给电厂的高阶大惯性过热汽温过程的控制带来严峻的挑战。为此,文中针对一类高阶大惯性过热汽温过程,提出一种基于相位补偿的自抗扰控制(phase compensation based active disturbance rejection control,PC-ADRC)方法。首先,阐述过热汽温系统的工作原理和控制难点。然后,采用低频近似法详细推导相位补偿(phase compensation,PC)网络模型,提出采用PC网络对模型动态特性进行补偿,得到等效降阶模型的简化思路。为便于工程应用,给出PC-ADRC系统的简单实现方法和等效模型分析。最后,对PC-ADRC系统的稳定性和鲁棒性进行研究。理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提出的PC-ADRC系统能有效提升高阶过程控制系统的鲁棒性和快速响应能力。

Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive control of boiler steam temperature

Power plants are nonlinear and uncertain complex systems. Reliable control of superheated steam temperature is necessary to ensure high efficiency and high load-following capability in the operation of modem power plant. A nonlinear generalized predictive controller based on neuro-fuzzy network （NFGPC） is proposed in this paper. The proposed nonlinear controller is applied to control the superheated steam temperature of a 200MW power plant. From the experiments on the plant and the simulation of the plant, much better performance than the traditional controller is obtained,

燃煤机组过热汽温宽负荷模型前馈控制

为了对燃煤机组过热汽温宽负荷运行时进行更精确地前馈控制,提出一种基于物理引导神经网络(PGNN)的预测前馈信号模型,并基于间隙度量法确定了多模型的负荷段分配。多模型间隙度量PGNN预测方法采用多模型间隙度量方法对负荷区段进行合理划分,结合过热器机理引导的长短期记忆神经网络,可以对强耦合、大惯性的过热汽温宽负荷前馈信号进行精准预测。结果表明:在机组宽负荷运行时,随着负荷降低控制对象的非线性程度逐渐增强,需要更多的模型数量,采用多模型间隙度量PGNN前馈控制方法可以在不同工况下采用与当前工况相适应的前馈信号,有效提升过热汽温的调节精度和稳定性。

Model Identification Based on Subspace Model Identification of Main Steam Temperature in Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Unit

Ultra-supercritical(USC) unit is more and more popular in coal-fired power industry.In this paper,closed-loop identification based on subspace model identification(SMI) is introduced for superheated steam temperature system of USC unit.Closed-loop SMI is applied to building step response model of the unit directly.The parameters selection method is proposed to deal with the parameter sensitivity and improve the reliability of the model.Finally,the model is used in model identification of real USC unit.

改进自适应遗传算法下余热锅炉过热蒸汽温度控制方法

余热锅炉过热蒸汽温度常受到多种干扰和不确定因素的影响,导致温度波动较大,难以实现稳定控制。为此,提出改进自适应遗传算法下余热锅炉过热蒸汽温度控制方法。利用过热蒸汽温度、锅炉负荷参数定义余热锅炉过热蒸汽温度控制方程,引入改进自适应遗传算法,通过自适应调整交叉和变异概率提升遗传算法的收敛速度,获取最优适应度函数,代入余热锅炉过热蒸汽温度控制方程中,实现蒸汽温度最优控制。通过对比实验验证得出,该方法的收敛性能好,对余热锅炉过热蒸汽温度控制的超调量为2.6℃,响应速度为1.8 s,证明该方法对余热锅炉过热蒸汽温度控制的稳定性及精度较好。

灵活性运行1000MW机组汽轮机高压内缸温度场和应力场的有限元模拟

通过对某1000MW机组汽轮机高压内缸现场三维扫描后建模,调取调峰工况下高压内缸进出口温度和压力参数,有限元模拟计算稳态及变负荷工况下该汽轮机高压内缸缸体的温度场和应力场。结果表明,在满负荷和低负荷稳态运行时,高压内缸温度场和应力场分布均匀,低负荷时的最大应力小于满负荷。随着机组负荷的增加或降低,内缸温度变化不大,但其最大应力相应地增大或减小,可见,汽轮机的启停和变负荷会导致高压内缸应力的周期性变化,从而对内缸的疲劳寿命产生影响。

基于扩张状态观测器的过热汽温系统建模与参数智能辨识

可再生能源的高渗透率给电网供需匹配带来严峻挑战的同时,燃煤机组需要承担着大量的调峰调频任务,这对过热汽温系统的安全稳定运行造成了一定威胁,因此有必要建立面向热工控制的汽温数学模型。考虑到迟延型扩张状态观测器(time-delayed extended state observer,TD-ESO)的总扰动信号中含有大量模型信息,提出一种基于ESO补偿模型的参数智能优化和信息提取方法,即以总扰动中未知信息量最小为目标,采用改进沙丘猫算法对模型参数优化并提取总扰动中已知模型信息补偿至ESO的输入端。在仿真算例方面,线性和非线性系统的测试结果表明,所提辨识方法对有无输入迟延的两种系统均有良好的适用性和较高的精度;在实际应用方面,基于超超临界二次再热机组的过热汽温系统数据进行模型辨识与验证,同样表明该建模方法是合理、准确的。因此,该文所建立的模型能够为汽温系统的控制策略设计和性能优化等方面提供有价值的参考。

多孔介质中过热蒸汽迁移过程的模型试验

过热蒸汽在多孔介质中的热湿迁移是采用蒸汽注入加热技术修复有机污染土壤的关键过程.研发过热蒸汽加热二维模型试验系统,开展系统试验研究过热蒸汽在不同粒径多孔介质中热湿迁移规律.结果表明:采用定流量过热蒸汽注入可以在较短的时间内实现模型整体升温,相同位置处蒸汽压力的增长速率低于升温速率.玻璃珠模型中蒸汽压力场与温度场的演化过程基本一致,表明玻璃珠模型中的热量传递主要来自于蒸汽迁移所带来的潜热释放.采用热红外成像仪可以合理地反映过热蒸汽迁移过程中温度场的整体演变.随着颗粒粒径的减小,蒸汽冷凝锋与过热蒸汽锋的推进均受到抑制.

基于局部模型网络的主汽温阶梯式动态矩阵控制

火电厂主汽温系统的大惯性、时变性和多扰动等特点导致采用传统串级PID控制难以取得令人满意的控制效果。为了克服传统控制方案的缺陷,提出了一种基于局部模型网络的多模型阶梯式动态矩阵控制算法。首先,通过引入阶梯式策略有效解决了原始动态矩阵控制算法固有的矩阵求逆问题;其次,通过引入扰动前馈补偿,提高了主汽温系统的抗扰动能力;最后,针对不同工况下动态特性大幅度变化的主汽温对象,设计了基于局部模型网络的多模型阶梯式动态矩阵控制器。仿真结果表明,相比于传统控制算法,所提算法明显提升了主汽温系统的全局设定值跟踪性能、抗扰动性能和鲁棒性能,可以满足火电机组主汽温的控制要求。

考虑稳定性的双事件触发过热汽温串级控制

过热蒸汽温度对燃煤火力发电厂的运行至关重要。然而,以往控制策略中执行器频繁动作的问题却未被重视。因此,从保护执行器的角度出发,设计了一种新的控制策略。首先,针对蒸汽温度系统提出了一种考虑稳定性的双事件触发串级控制策略。该策略分别在内环和外环控制器的前端增加了一个事件触发机制。其次,为了减少执行器和控制器更新次数,讨论了在串级控制的双环中添加事件触发机制,并得到了事件触发条件的阈值和时间间隔的选择规律。最后,推导出等效的状态反馈系统,利用非周期性采样理论证明了系统的稳定性。稳定性只与事件时间间隔有关,而与事件触发阈值条件无关。仿真结果表明,与传统的周期控制相比,采用该策略可避免控制器和执行器的频繁更新。此外,与仅在内环或外环添加事件触发控制相比,双事件触发控制策略中内环、外环控制器和执行器的更新次数更少,控制性能更好。

海上过热蒸汽驱受效井耐高温生产管柱工艺研究及应用

渤海A油田多轮次吞吐后转为蒸汽驱开发,开发过程中受效井井底温度高,产液温度高,对井筒完整性、防砂提出了更加严格的要求。为满足海上长期生产需求,如何提高生产管柱整体耐高温性能、降低油套环空温度、降低地面产出液温度是海上过热蒸汽驱受效井工艺研究的关键点。为此,以渤海A油田受效井B1井为例,结合海上油田生产管柱实践经验及工具试验进展,提出了“隔热管柱+环空补液”的工艺思路,进行生产管柱方案优化设计;利用专业软件计算了采用该管柱工艺情况下的井筒沿程温度,相比常规管柱工艺,该管柱工艺提升了整体耐温性能,降低了油套环空温度,保障了井筒安全,为保障海上蒸汽驱受效井安全生产运行奠定坚实基础。

Control system design for a pressure-tube-type supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor via a higher order sliding mode method

Nuclear power plants exhibit non-linear and time-variable dynamics.Therefore,designing a control system that sets the reactor power and forces it to follow the desired load is complicated.A supercritical water reactor(SCWR)is a fourth-generation conceptual reactor.In an SCWR,the non-linear dynamics of the reactor require a controller capable of control-ling the nonlinearities.In this study,a pressure-tube-type SCWR was controlled during reactor power maneuvering with a higher order sliding mode,and the reactor outgoing steam temperature and pressure were controlled simultaneously.In an SCWR,the temperature,pressure,and power must be maintained at a setpoint(desired value)during power maneuvering.Reactor point kinetics equations with three groups of delayed neutrons were used in the simulation.Higher-order and classic sliding mode controllers were separately manufactured to control the plant and were compared with the PI controllers speci-fied in previous studies.The controlled parameters were reactor power,steam temperature,and pressure.Notably,for these parameters,the PI controller had certain instabilities in the presence of disturbances.The classic sliding mode controller had a higher accuracy and stability;however its main drawback was the chattering phenomenon.HOSMC was highly accurate and stable and had a small computational cost.In reality,it followed the desired values without oscillations and chattering.

对冲燃烧锅炉两侧主蒸汽温度偏差的预测模型及问题诊断

近几年为控制发电成本和污染物排放,发电企业选择混煤掺烧和低氮燃烧器改造的方案,燃烧不稳定局部热传导变差等问题引起的受热面汽温偏差现象频发。分析了汽温偏差的理论影响因素,并基于某600 MW机组汽温偏差的实际问题,理论选择输入变量共56个,建立了PLS-GA-SVR的汽温偏差回归预测模型,分析了汽温偏差对主要输入参数的敏感度,筛选了影响汽温偏差的关键参数。计算结果表明:经过变量筛选可以在不影响回归效果的前提下大幅缩减模型的输入变量个数,10个变量输入的GA-SVR模型预测结果的均方根误差和可决系数分别为5.152和0.879,氧量和CD磨煤机的给煤量是影响汽温偏差最关键的参数。现场试验结果表明:磨煤机的煤粉分配不均是导致汽温偏差大的主要原因。