A Case for the Modifiability of the San Francisco Peace Treaty: Examining the Varying Positions of the U.S. and Britain Over South Korean Participation

Through a detailed analysis and documentation of relevant U.S.foreign relations and other official documents of the period around the Korean War,this paper aims to prove that in the early negotiation process of the 1951 San Francisco peace treaty,the United States maintained that South Korea should participate in signing the treaty and that the U.S.changed its position because of the resilient British opposition to South Korean participation,which in turn was motivated strongly by the British concern over its strategic interests in East Asia and its diplomatic relations with the newly communized China.In particular,the Chinese intervention in the Korean War and the communist recapture of Seoul provided the impetus for this shift in the U.S.position that led to the exclusion of South Korea from the treaty.Because the substance of the San Francisco peace treaty was dictated by the exigencies under the Korean War and the Cold War and lacks the“Grotian spirit of international law”underlying the founding of the League of Nations and the United Nations,the San Francisco peace treaty does not contain sufficient merit to be worthy of permanent compliance,which leaves open the possibility of modification in the future.

“Go Green”—The New Mantra

Rising temperatures are causing melting of glaciers around the world.ShivaLingam,the most sacred pilgrimages of the Hindus,which formed naturally for thousands of years has melted due to unusual hot climatic conditions.In Indian tradition,the Earth is worshipped as the compassionate Mother Goddess. We need to take urgent affirmative collective measures as we have only"One Earth to Live On".

Study on Tourism Development and Community Participation in Villages of the Minorities ——With the Dong Village in Zhaoxing,Southeast Guizhou Autonomous Prefecture of Miao and Dong Nationalities,China

Based on basic theories of community participation in tourism development,questionnaires were designed for the field investigation in one of the largest Dong Villages in China,the Dong village in Zhaoxing.Community participation in tourism development of the Dong Village was analyzed from the perspectives of residents' participation in decision-making and management,reception and catering services,group performance,making and selling ethnic artworks,protection of village tourist resources and environment.And meanwhile,problems were pointed out as "still maintaining in the early stage of its tourism development,fewer opportunities for its residents participating in tourism development,resource protection being divorced from tourism benefits and so on",on the basis of which corresponding solutions were offered as "expanding the field of participation,improving the level of participation,increasing benefits of local residents;insisting on the principle of "not participating intentionally is the best way of their participation,guaranteeing economic compensation for rural residents;enhancing infrastructure construction;establishing a museum of folk-custom materials;creating a favorable atmosphere of folk cultures;enhancing cooperation with its neighboring villages in tourism development,and creating a "local industrial chain";establishing a research center of cultural tourism development of the Dong Minority.

AI Inventions: The Best Mode Requirement, Is It up for Redefinition, Minimizing Potential Innovation Bias and Optimizing Visual Aids?

From the author, there are not less than a dozen of rather significant recent publications in scientific editions anticipating some aspects of importance to innovation such as “bigger data”, AI, IP, and frontier technology with a central massive contribution in 2020 on AI, IP, and EI. Nonetheless, the IP associated with AI remains still barely covered in scientific publications. Especially patent discussion tends to be rather a legal matter. Another trilogy, 2013, “Business Strategy-IP Strategy-R&D Strategy: An All-in-One Business Model” proposed by the author, marked the advent, and customized implementation of a new strategy level. After the two trilogies’ volumes, the AI-IP “accessibility” chapter was a logical step brought to the attention of a larger public by the author. The time now to bring to light another chapter, namely the IP eligibility of AI innovation steps in ad hoc inventions. The main objectives of this short, principally illustrated communication, are to: 1) Revise the best mode requirement status, i.e. the best way to enable the reproducibility of claimed matter, reviewing its need for improvement when AI is involved. And proposing a unique sequence of evolution inspired by IP’s current and evolving practices. 2) Give a new dimension to visual aids to help the Best Mode description, demystify AI complexity, and underline frontier traits that may hinder a confident adoption or well-argued rejection. 3) Further illustrations take into account the fact that IoT, AI, and 3D can be simpler than perceived. 4) Finally ATA©, Adjacent Technology Analysis, is timely refreshed in a unique challenging, indeed tumultuous, environment. 5) Bias, such as semantic ones is consistently monitored. 6) Overall leaving space for innovative pleasurable interpretation. The emphasis is on educational, illustrative and demonstrative value.

Equality, Participation and Sharing: 70 Years of Protecting the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in the PRC

July 2019 Contents Preamble I.Development of the Cause of Persons with Disabilities II.Mechanisms for the Protection of Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities III.Health and Rehabilitation IV.Special Education and Inclusive Education V.Employment and Entrepreneurship VI.Basic Life and Social Security VII.Creating an Accessible Environment and Enabling Mobility.

Theory and Application of Numerical Simulation of Chemical Flooding in High Temperature and High Salt Reservoirs

Applications, theoretical analysis and numerical methods are introduced for the simulation of mechanical models and principles of the porous flow in high temperature, high salt, complicated geology and large-scale reservoirs in this paper. Considering petroleum geology, geochemistry, computational permeation fluid mechanics and computer technology, we state the models of permeation fluid mechanics and put forward a sequence of implicit upwind difference iteration schemes based on refined fractional steps of the upstream, which can compute the pressures, the saturation and the concentrations of different chemistry components. A type of software applicable in major industries has been completed and carried out in numerical analysis and simulations of oil extraction in Shengli Oil-field, which brings huge economic benefits and social benefits. This software gives many characters: spatial steps are taken as ten meters, the number of nodes is up to hundreds of thousands and simulation time period can be tens of years and the high-order accuracy can be promised in numerical data. Precise analysis is present for simplified models of this type and that provides a tool to solve the international famous problem.

How discrimination and participation are associated with psychosomatic problems among boys and girls in northern Sweden

Background: Negative impact on health from school disturbance due to asymmetric power relations such as discrimination and offensive treatment are frequent problems among students. This study sought to analyze associations between occurrence of discrimination at schools, participation and psychosomatic problems. Methods: Pupils in grades 6 - 9 in ten schools in a northern Swedish municipality participated in the study. The frequency of discrimination at school was measured by six items: sex;culture or ethnicity;disability;religion beliefs;sexual preferences;and any other form of discrimination. The Social and Civic Objectives Scale (SCOS) was used for an estimation of the level of participation. The pupils’ health was measured by the PsychoSomatic Problem (PSP) scale. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for estimation of increased risk of PSP. The formula Z = d/s(d) was used to test mediation. Results: Two thirds of the boys and three fourths of the girls reported occurrences of discrimination at schools (p = 0.001). Discrimination was a mediating factor between participation and PSP among boys and girls as the mediating formula Z = d/s (d) was > ± 2 SD, -2.59 for boys and -39.27 for girls. Independent of each other, low participation and discrimination were associated with increased risk of PSP. Conclusion: Discrimination was a mediating factor between participation and PSP. The mediating effect was stronger in girls than in boys. There is a need for school health promotion programs focusing on participation in terms of democratic processes, communication and cooperation in the classroom.

Operationalizing Cultural Autonomy in International Law as a Form of Effective Participation in Decision-Making

According to most commentators,cultural autonomy is not a right recognized by positive international law.This article argues that the core elements of cultural autonomy can be derived from the right to effective participation guaranteed by Article 15 of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities(FCNM).The existing standards developed by the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention are rather vague,and fail to regulate several issues important for effective participation.This is not determined by the wording of the Convention,but by the Committee’s choice to provide states with a very wide margin of appreciation.To fill in the gaps in the Committee’s jurisprudence,the article examines the case study of a recently adopted law on support for minority cultures in Slovakia.By using a qualitative-substantive approach,it specifies the content of cultural autonomy by defining its purpose,as well as the conditions under which it can be achieved.Applying the Committee’s general criteria to the specific problems raised by the Slovak law,the article establishes the core positive law requirements vis-à-vis the right to cultural autonomy.In closing,the article argues that the Committee should adopt detailed standards,similar to those proposed in the text,in order to enforce the right to effective participation in practice.Operationalizing effective participation leads in substance to the enforcement of the right to cultural autonomy,which is a developed form of the former.

A Study of Visual Recognition of Facial Emotional Expressions in a Normal Aging Population in the Absence of Cognitive Disorders

Objective: To examine and measure the decision-making processes involved in Visual Recognition of Facial Emotional Expressions (VRFEE) and to study the effects of demographic factors on this process. Method: We evaluated a newly designed software application (M.A.R.I.E.) that permits computerized metric measurement of VRFEE. We administered it to 204 cognitively normal participants ranging in age from 20 to 70 years. Results: We established normative values for the recognition of anger, disgust, joy, fear, surprise and sadness expressed on the faces of three individuals. There was a significant difference in the: 1) measurement (F (8.189) = 3896, p = 0.0001);2) education level (x2(12) = 28.4, p = 0.005);3) face (F(2.195) = 10, p = 0.0001);4)series (F (8.189)=28, p = 0.0001);5) interaction between the identity and recognition of emotions (F (16, 181 =11, p = 0.0001). However, performance did not differ according to: 1) age (F (6.19669) = 1.35, p = 0.2) or 2) level of education (F (1, 1587) = 0.6, p = 0.4). Conclusions: In healthy participants, the VRFEE remains stable throughout the lifespan when cognitive functions remain optimal. Disgust, sadness, fear, and joy seem to be the four most easily recognized facial emotions, while anger and surprise are not easily recognized. Visual recognition of disgust and fear is independent of aging. The characteristics of a face have a significant influence on the ease with which people recognize expressed emotions (idiosyncrasy). Perception and recognition of emotions is categorical, even when the facial images are integrated in a spectrum of morphs reflecting two different emotions on either side.

改进基本医疗(初级保健)研究报告内容的CRISP共识声明

基本医疗(初级保健)是一门独特的临床专业和研究学科,具有其自身的视角和方法。该领域的研究使用多种研究方法和研究设计来调查各种主题。基本医疗(初级保健)的多样性对其研究内容的报告提出了挑战,尽管已有大量报告指南问世,但没有一项指南专门针对基本医疗(初级保健)学科的需求而设。基本医疗(初级保健)研究报告内容的条目共识(CRISP)清单,旨在指导基本医疗(初级保健)研究的报告,包括提供基本医疗(初级保健)相关人群(从业者、患者和社区)所需的信息。CRISP清单完善了现有指南,有利于基本医疗(初级保健)研究结果的报告、传播和应用。先前的CRISP研究,探索了在该领域改善研究内容报告的可能性。工作组通过对国际化、跨学科和跨专业的基本医疗(初级保健)社区的调查,确定了基本医疗(初级保健)研究报告中需要包含的基本条目。工作组开展了一项包含两轮德尔菲的研究,对必要的条目达成了共识,并汇总成清单。CRISP清单包含24个条目,涵盖了基本医疗(初级保健)研究报告中的研究团队、患者、研究参与者、健康状况、临床接触、护理团队、干预、研究测量、照护环境,以及研究结果的实施等方面。并非全部条目都适用于每种研究设计或主题。CRISP指南为设计和报告以下三类研究提供了参考信息:(1)基本医疗(初级保健)研究人员开展的研究,(2)其他研究人员在基本医疗(初级保健)人群和环境中开展的研究,(3)旨在应用于基本医疗(初级保健)实践中的研究,从而改进对临床服务和研究过程背景的报告。这对于解释研究结果并将其应用于基本医疗(初级保健)的不同人群和环境至关重要。

A Two-Parameter Description for the Injury Risk of Flash Bangs with Uncertainty

We study the random injury outcome caused by multiple flash bang submunitions on a crowd. We are particularly interested in the fluctuations in injury outcome among individual realizations. Previously, to simulate the distribution of the actual number of injured, we developed a comprehensive Monte Carlo model. While the full computational model is important for thorough theoretical investigations, in practical operations, it is desirable to characterize the phenomenological behavior of injury outcome using a concise model with only one or two parameters. Conventionally, the injury outcome is indicated by the average fraction of injured, which is called the risk of significant injury (RSI). The single metric RSI description fails to capture fluctuations in the injury outcome. The number of injured in the crowd is influenced by many random factors: the aiming error of flash bang mortar, the dispersion of submunitions after mortar burst, the amount of acoustic dose reaching individual subjects, and the biovariability of individual subjects’ reactions to a given acoustic dose. We aim to include these random factors properly and concisely. In this study, we represent the random injury outcome as a compound binomial model, in which the hidden injury probability is drawn from a two-parameter model distribution. We formulate and examine six model distributions for the injury probability. The best performer is a mixture of uniform and triangle distributions, parameterized by (RSI, dp) where dp is the standard deviation of the hidden injury probability. This mixture model predicts the behavior of injury outcome with uncertainty, based solely on the two parameters (RSI, dp) in the flash bang description. For example, we can predict the probability of the injury outcome not exceeding a prescribed tolerance. We advocate the adoption of this two-parameter characterization for flash bangs to replace the single-parameter RSI description. Whenever we need to give a high level coarse description of a flash bang situation, we state that the injury risk is represented by (RSI, dp).

Application of Farming Culture in the Construction of Eco-Park —A Case Study of Baiyunzhai Demonstration Eco-park in Chongqing City

Definitions and features of eco-park and theme park were introduced as well as their differences, it was proposed that by applying cultural themes suited to regional ecological resources in the construction of eco-park, the eco-park could achieve not only desired ecological benefits, but also social and economic benefits, and the optimal comprehensive benefits. Design of Baiyunzhai Demonstration Eco-park was taken for an example, integration of eco-park and farming culture was confirmed as the nature, principles of "adaptation to actual conditions, amended protection and construction of plant system" proposed, three functional areas of "Colorful Forest Belt, Yiyun Health Maintenance Zone, Lakefront Meditation Zone" are given on the basis of actual terrains, planning highlights and desired landscape effects expounded to promote the value of regional cultures in Chongqing by building Baiyunzhai Eco-park.

Identification of the Optimum Locations of Power System Stabilizers in a Multimachine Power System Using Second Order Eigenvalue Sensitivity Analysis

This research paper deals with the identification of the best location of the Power System Stabilizers (PSS) and also the tuning of PSS parameters in order to improve the overall dynamic stability of multi machine power systems. The location of PSS is determined by identifying the critical modes and their corresponding first and second order eigenvalue sensitivities. In this formulation, sensitivity analysis of a particular mode can be performed with only its eigenvalues and their left and right eigenvectors. The simplicity and efficiency of this approach sharply contrast to the complexity of the traditional approach, where all eigenvalues and eigenvectors are required at the same time. The effectiveness of this method in selecting the optimum location for placement of PSSs is compared with the participation factor method. The proposed sensitivity theory used to identify the best PSS location in a five machine, eight bus El-Metwally and Malik System to increase the damping of both local and inter area modes for various operating conditions.

A Theoretical Model of Cultural Heritage Tourism from the Perspective of Community Participation

Concept of community participation was introduced,and Penang taken for example to study the community participation in cultural heritage tourism.On the basis of the literature review and the statistic data,a theoretical community participation model of community participation in cultural heritage tourism was constructed which combines two perspectives:objective and subjective.This research has significant theoretical and practical meanings not only just for cultural heritage tourism but also for other tourism products.

Five Points on the Participation of Social Organizations in the activities of the United Nations

On June 30,2019,on behalf of the Beijing Zhicheng Migrant Workers Legal Aid and Research Center(hereinafter referred to as the Center),I went to Geneva to attend the 41st Session of the UN Human Rights Council.This is my third time to participate in the activities of the UN Human Rights System.

Network analysis of the relationships between depressive symptoms and social participation activities among Chinese older adults and its implications for nursing

Objective:Network analysis was used to explore the complex inter-relationships between social participation activities and depressive symptoms among the Chinese older population,and the differences in network structures among different genders,age groups,and urban-rural residency would be compared.Methods:Based on the 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS),12,043 people aged 65 to 105 were included.The 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression(CESD)Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms and 10 types of social participation activities were collected,including housework,tai-chi,square dancing,visiting and interacting with friends,garden work,reading newspapers or books,raising domestic animals,playing cards or mahjong,watching TV or listening to radio,and organized social activities.R 4.2.1 software was used to estimate the network model and calculate strength and bridge strength.Results:21.60%(2,601/12,043)of the participants had depressive symptoms.The total social participation score was negatively associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for sociodemographic factors.The network of social participation and depressive symptoms showed that“D9(Inability to get going)”and“S9(Watching TV and/or listening to the radio)”had the highest strength within depressive symptoms and social participation communities,respectively,and“S1(Housework)”,“S9(Watching TV and/or listening to the radio)”,and“D5(Hopelessness)”were the most prominent bridging nodes between the two communities.Most edges linking the two communities were negative.“S5(Graden work)-D5(Hopelessness)”and“S6(Reading newspapers/books)-D4(Everything was an effort)”were the top 2 strongest negative edges.Older females had significantly denser network structures than older males.Compared to older people aged 65e80,the age group 81e105 showed higher network global strength.Conclusions:This study provides novel insights into the complex relationships between social participation and depressive symptoms.Except for doing housework,other social participation activities were found to be protective for depression levels.Different nursing strategies should be taken to prevent and alleviate depressive symptoms for different genders and older people of different ages.

Sustainable Development of the City’s Transport Infrastructure--A Project of a New Tram Line with a Linear Park along the Exhibition Channel in Warsaw

A new double-circuit tram route planned in Warsaw(Vmax=70.0 km/h),running through the Praga Po?udnie district from Waszyngton Avenue(Washington Avenue)to Goc?aw loop(total length of about 3.5 km),is designed to reduce the existing road load in this area of the access routes from outside Warsaw to the center of the capital,as well as to improve the conditions of transport service in the areas of Saska K?pa,Mi?dzynarodowa housing estate,Kepa Goclawska and Goclaw,thereby increasing the use of public transport in Warsaw.This paper concerns the first part of the planned investment—a new tram route on the section between Waszyngton Av.(Washington Avenue)and Stanów Zjednoczonych Av.(United States of America Avenue)in Warsaw,along the historical Exhibition Channel in its immediate vicinity(Saska Kepa).Specialists-constructors(Tramwaje Warszawskie Llc.)cooperated with landscape architects(Landscape Architecture Department,Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW),in accordance with contemporary canons of sustainable urban development.They aimed at restoring proper proportions in the use of the area,taking into account functional aspects(optimal communication and various forms of recreation),natural aspects(preserving valuable vegetation and enriching resources),landscape aspects(“recovering”water as the main element of space)and reconstructing connections with adjacent areas(residential areas and allotments).

The Three Principles of Institutional Safeguards for Women's Participation in Legislation in China

The participation of women in legislation is an important aspect and means of safeguarding women’s rights.Feminist theory,based on criticism of both the“citizenship identity theory as rights”and the“citizenship identity theory as responsibilities,”proposes the“citizenship identity theory as subjectivity.”Observing the current practice of women’s participation in legislation in China,two institutional safeguard principles can be summarized:the“minimum proportion”and the“influence evaluation.”However,each of these principles has its inherent limitations.Therefore,it is necessary to supplement them with the principle of“subjective participation”in a reflective manner.This principle requires women to participate substantively in the legislative process as subjects,express women’s needs and demands,input women’s perspectives and experiences,and reconstruct the distribution of rights and responsibilities in the existing legislation.The three principles complement each other and work together to comprehensively constitute the institutional structure of women’s participation in legislation,thereby promoting the reproduction of corresponding action structures.

Actual evapotranspiration of subalpine meadows in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China

As a main component in water balance,evapotranspiration(ET)is of great importance for water saving,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.In this study,the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization)Penman-Monteith model was used to estimate the magnitude and temporal dynamics of reference evapotranspiration(ET0)in 2014 in subalpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China.Meanwhile,actual ET(ETc)was also investigated by the eddy covariance(EC)system.Results indicated that ETc estimated by the EC System was 583 mm,lower than ET0(923 mm)estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith model in 2014.Moreover,ET0 began to increase in March and reached the peak value in August and then declined in September,however,ETc began to increase from April and reached the peak value in July,and then declined in August.Total ETc and ET0 values during the growing season(from May to September)were 441 and 666 mm,respectively,which accounted for 75.73%of annual cumulative ETc and 72.34%of annual cumulative ET0,respectively.A crop coefficient(kc)was also estimated for calculating the ETc,and average value of kc during the growing season was 0.81(ranging from 0.45 to 1.16).Air temperature(Ta),wind speed(u),net radiation(Rn)and soil temperature(Ts)at the depth of 5 cm and aboveground biomass were critical factors for affecting kc,furthermore,a daily empirical kc equation including these main driving factors was developed.Our result demonstrated that the ETc value estimated by the data of kc and ET0 was validated and consistent with the growing season data in 2015 and 2016.

The Value of Support Group Participation in Influencing Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Advances in antiretroviral therapy for both Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment and prevention have increased interest in adherence to HIV treatment. This is because the individual patient and public health benefits of antiretroviral treatment?(ART) greatly depend on the extent to which people living with HIV (PLHIV) adhere to the prescribed daily dosing regimens. Studies have shown that nonadherence to ART increases drug resistance, morbidity and person-to-person HIV transmission. Public health experts are trying different innovations to enhance ART adherence, including promoting support groups of PLHIV. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of support group participation in enhancing ART adherence. The study used a cross-sectional design to compare ART adherence among PLHIV who participate in support group activities and those who do not. Respondents were adults who were initiated on ART between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012. Multistage probability sampling was used to select study sites and respondents. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 1676 respondents between February and May 2014. Data was analyzed using STATA. Univariate analysis was carried out to generate descriptive statistics, while Chi-square tests were used to examine if there was an association between participation in support group activities and antiretroviral treatment adherence. ART adherence was self-reported by 745/788 (95%) and 814/888 (92%) respondents who had ever and had never participated in support group activities respectively. Among respondents who reported nonadherence to ART, 74/117 (8%) had never participated in support group activities compared to just 43/117 (5%) who participated in support group activities. These findings suggest that PLHIV who participate in support group activities are more likely to adhere to ART than those who do not participate. This implies that there is value in participating in support groups by PLHIV in terms of ART adherence.