Generation of tool path for flank milling in divided areas

Presents the division of non developable ruled surface into divided small areas and flank milling in these divided areas to improve machining efficiency and machined surface quality by controlling the machining error for each area, and the algorithms developed for generation of tool path and calculation of errors, and concludes from computer simulation results that the algorithms are correct.

Tool Positioning Algorithm Based on Smooth Tool Paths for 5-axis Machining of Sculptured Surfaces

The current research of the 5-axis tool positioning algorithm mainly focuses on searching the local optimal tool position without gouging and interference at a cutter contact（CC） point,while not considering the smoothness and continuity of a whole tool path.When the surface curvature varies significantly,a local abrupt change of tool paths will happen.The abrupt change has a great influence on surface machining quality.In order to keep generated tool paths smooth and continuous,a five-axis tool positioning algorithm based on smooth tool paths is presented.Firstly,the inclination angle,the tilt angle and offset distance of the tool at a CC point are used as design variables,and the machining strip width is used as an objective function,an optimization model of a local tool positioning algorithm is thus established.Then,a vector equation of tool path is derived by using the above optimization model.By analyzing the equation,the main factors affecting the tool path quality are obtained.Finally,a new tool position optimization model is established,and the detailed process of tool position optimization is also given.An experiment is conducted to machine an aircraft turbine blade by using the proposed algorithm on a 5-axis blade grinding machine,and the machined blade surface is measured with a coordinate measuring machine（CMM）.Experimental and measured results show that the proposed algorithm can ensure tool paths are smooth and continuous,improve the tool path quality,avoid the local abrupt change of tool paths,and enhance machining quality and machining efficiency of sculptured surfaces.

Identification of Kinematic Errors of Five-axis Machine Tool Trunnion Axis from Finished Test Piece

Compared with the traditional non-cutting measurement,machining tests can more accurately reflect the kinematic errors of five-axis machine tools in the actual machining process for the users.However,measurement and calculation of the machining tests in the literature are quite difficult and time-consuming.A new method of the machining tests for the trunnion axis of five-axis machine tool is proposed.Firstly,a simple mathematical model of the cradle-type five-axis machine tool was established by optimizing the coordinate system settings based on robot kinematics.Then,the machining tests based on error-sensitive directions were proposed to identify the kinematic errors of the trunnion axis of cradle-type five-axis machine tool.By adopting the error-sensitive vectors in the matrix calculation,the functional relationship equations between the machining errors of the test piece in the error-sensitive directions and the kinematic errors of C-axis and A-axis of five-axis machine tool rotary table was established based on the model of the kinematic errors.According to our previous work,the kinematic errors of C-axis can be treated as the known quantities,and the kinematic errors of A-axis can be obtained from the equations.This method was tested in Mikron UCP600 vertical machining center.The machining errors in the error-sensitive directions can be obtained by CMM inspection from the finished test piece to identify the kinematic errors of five-axis machine tool trunnion axis.Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can reduce the complexity,cost,and the time consumed substantially,and has a wider applicability.This paper proposes a new method of the machining tests for the trunnion axis of five-axis machine tool.

加快研发钎具使用技术及配套机具,克服钎具发展短板(续)

目前我国钎钢钎具工业已接近国际先进水平,除满足了国内采掘工业的需要外,正进入全球市场。球齿钎头的边齿始终是薄弱环节,不适用于极坚韧矿岩,硬质合金利用率低,残余柱齿难以回收利用,事实上造成钨、钴资源的浪费。不少采掘部门的管理人员视钎杆、钎头为耗材,对钎杆、钎头的使用细节和存在的浪费现象关注不够。一些钎具企业单纯追求产量和利润,只关注卖,不关注用,导致我国凿岩钎具使用技术及配套机具的研发长期滞后,严重影响了国产钎具的市场竞争力,成为我国钎具工业发展的短板,眼下的迫切任务,就是借鉴国内外同行的经验,加速研发钎头、钎杆、整钎的装卸、修磨、修复工具和设备,帮助采掘企业建立钎具修磨、残留硬质合金片齿回收的车间,以实现可持续发展。

加快研发钎具使用技术及配套机具,克服钎具发展短板

目前我国钎钢钎具工业已接近国际先进水平,除满足了国内采掘工业的需要外,正进入全球市场。球齿钎头的边齿始终是薄弱环节,不适用于极坚韧矿岩,硬质合金利用率低,残余柱齿难以回收利用,事实上造成钨、钴资源的浪费。不少采掘部门的管理人员视钎杆、钎头为耗材,对钎杆、钎头的使用细节和存在的浪费现象关注不够。一些钎具企业单纯追求产量和利润,只关注卖,不关注用,导致我国凿岩钎具使用技术及配套机具的研发长期滞后,严重影响了国产钎具的市场竞争力,成为我国钎具工业发展的短板,眼下的迫切任务,就是借鉴国内外同行的经验,加速研发钎头、钎杆、整钎的装卸、修磨、修复工具和设备,帮助采掘企业建立钎具修磨、残留硬质合金片齿回收的车间,以实现可持续发展。

基于倾角检测仪的水平井定向桥射联作技术

在定向桥射联作施工中,当射孔枪泵送至井下水平段射孔位置后,利用现有技术手段无法检测射孔弹发射口的朝向。通过研制倾角检测仪和全集成定向射孔装置,将选发控制芯片和三轴加速度传感器集成于一体,设计控制电路实现分簇射孔的起爆控制,实时测量射孔弹的方向并上传至地面选发控制系统;当检测到射孔弹方向不正确时,拖动枪串重新泵送使弹架旋转并重新定向,如果射孔弹方向仍不正确,则起出工具串整改后再施工。该技术使得接头与弹架触点连接无需接线,缩短了施工时间,方向测量角度偏差≤2.00°。在F196-XP34井现场应用11段,成功率100%。该技术可应用于所有水平井定向桥射联作,尤其适用于套管外避光纤的射孔工艺,具有较大的推广应用价值。

复杂曲面零件的五轴数控加工技术研究

随着科技水平的不断提升,精密复杂曲面零件的应用越来越广泛。曲面驱动是复杂曲面零件加工的重要方法,驱动刀轨的规划直接关系到曲面物理特性的调控,应用五轴数控加工技术能够提升复杂曲面零件的加工质量。文章主要研究复杂曲面零件的五轴数控加工技术,以佛像这个复杂曲面零件为例,分析了曲面驱动刀轨规划、工装方案设计、加工策略以及试制加工过程。在实际加工过程中,技术人员应充分理解驱动刀轨规划思路与原理,在粗加工、精加工中完善刀轨设计,并进行试制加工。

Spindle Thermal Error Optimization Modeling of a Five-axis Machine Tool

Aiming at the problem of low machining accu- racy and uncontrollable thermal errors of NC machine tools, spindle thermal error measurement, modeling and compensation of a two turntable five-axis machine tool are researched. Measurement experiment of heat sources and thermal errors are carried out, and GRA（grey relational analysis） method is introduced into the selection of tem- perature variables used for thermal error modeling. In order to analyze the influence of different heat sources on spindle thermal errors, an ANN （artificial neural network） model is presented, and ABC（artificial bee colony） algorithm is introduced to train the link weights of ANN, a new ABC- NN（Artificial bee colony-based neural network） modeling method is proposed and used in the prediction of spindle thermal errors. In order to test the prediction performance of ABC-NN model, an experiment system is developed, the prediction results of LSR （least squares regression）, ANN and ABC-NN are compared with the measurement results of spindle thermal errors. Experiment results show that the prediction accuracy of ABC-NN model is higher than LSR and ANN, and the residual error is smaller than 3 pm, the new modeling method is feasible. The proposed research provides instruction to compensate thermal errors and improve machining accuracy of NC machine tools.

DRIVE AND CONTROL OF VIRTUAL-AXIS NC MACHINE TOOLS

The structure features and driving modes of virtual axis NC machine tools are studied. Accor ding to different application requirements,the three axis control method,the five axis control method and the sixfreedom control method are put forward.These results lay a foundation for the product development of the virtual axis NC machine tools

3D face registration based on principal axis analysis and labeled regions orientation

A novel multi-view 3D face registration method based on principal axis analysis and labeled regions orientation called local orientation registration is proposed.The pre-registration is achieved by transforming the multi-pose models to the standard frontal model＇s reference frame using the principal axis analysis algorithm.Some significant feature regions, such as inner and outer canthus, nose tip vertices, are then located by using geometrical distribution characteristics.These regions are subsequently employed to compute the conversion parameters using the improved iterative closest point algorithm, and the optimal parameters are applied to complete the final registration.Experimental results implemented on the proper database demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms others by achieving 1.249 and 1.910 mean root-mean-square measure with slight and large view variation models, respectively.

基于轨迹修正的曲面抛光机器人终端滑模导纳控制

针对传统抛光机器人力控制算法在位置内环控制上稳定性差的问题,同时为减小力/位控制算法相互切换导致的抛光轨迹误差,提出一种基于轨迹修正的终端滑模导纳控制方法。在抛光过程中,将力传感器反馈的参数与期望力的差值作用于导纳模型产生位置修正量,设计了终端滑模控制模型作为位置内环控制环节,并通过实时反馈位置修正量进行轨迹跟踪。通过实际轨迹信息修正规划轨迹来减小抛光力误差,达到高精度抛光的效果。仿真实验表明,终端滑模导纳控制效果良好,在对轨迹进行修正后抛光力误差相对于修正前有明显改善。利用该模型抛光后表明,轮廓算数平均偏差达到0.035μm,抛光质量得到明显提高。

An Open CAM System for Dentistry on the Basis of China-made 5-axis Simultaneous Contouring CNC Machine Tool and Industrial CAM Software

China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool and domestically developed industrial computer-aided manufacture （CAM） technology were used for full crown fabrication and measurement of crown accuracy, with an attempt to establish an open CAM system for dental processing and to promote the introduction of domestic dental computer-aided design （CAD）/CAM system. Commercially available scanning equipment was used to make a basic digital tooth model after preparation of crown, and CAD software that comes with the scanning device was employed to design the crown by using domestic industrial CAM software to process the crown data in order to generate a solid model for machining purpose, and then China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool was used to complete machining of the whole crown and the internal accuracy of the crown internal was measured by using 3D-MicroCT. The results showed that China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool in combination with domestic industrial CAM technology can be used for crown making and the crown was well positioned in die. The internal accuracy was successfully measured by using 3D-MicroCT. It is concluded that an open CAM system for den-tistry on the basis of China-made 5-axis simultaneous contouring CNC machine tool and domestic industrial CAM software has been established, and development of the system will promote the introduction of domestically-produced dental CAD/CAM system.

五轴联动机床主运动构件重复碰撞瞬态动力学特性分析

为了提高五轴联动机床的整体性能,提出五轴联动机床主运动构件重复碰撞瞬态动力学特性分析方法,对其主运动构件的动力学特性进行分析。建立五轴联动机床的运动学模型,对其运动学特性展开分析;根据机床的运动学特性,建立柔性杆重复碰撞系统以及碰撞过程的动力学方程;最后在St.VENANT杆波动理论的基础上分析柔性杆在多次碰撞和分离过程中的瞬态动力学特性。实验结果表明:与其他方法对比,所提方法能够准确获得柔性杆的变形、位移和撞击力变化情况,且具有较高的分析精度。

五轴数控机床旋转轴综合误差测量与辨识

针对五轴数控机床旋转轴的运动误差和几何误差的综合评估问题,在不考虑直线轴运动误差影响的情况下,提出了一种采用R-test测量仪的测量及其辨识方法。首先,测量过程按照参考球的两种不同高度设置进行,仅移动旋转轴,而不移动直线轴。其次,利用R-test测量仪对旋转轴的运动精度进行了测量。此外,假设旋转轴位置几何误差和工作台上参考球的设置误差是影响测量结果的因素,并通过最小二乘法对这些因素进行分离。采用IBS公司的R-test测量仪,对米克朗公司UCP800Duro立式五轴加工中心C轴的运动误差和几何误差进行了测量实验。研究结果表明,该方法能够正确识别旋转轴的运动误差和几何误差,可以有效地综合评估旋转轴的运动精度,并有助于进一步提高旋转工作台的精度。

A Generic Kinematic Model for Three Main Types of Five-axis Machine Tools

Material removal is one of the most used processes in manufacturing. Five-axis CNC machines are believed to be the best tools in sculptured surface machining. In this study, a generic and unified kinematic model was developed as a viable alternative to the particular solutions that are only applicable to individual machine configurations. This versatile model is then used to verify the feasibility of the two rotational joints within the kinematic chain of three main types of a five-axis machine-tool. This versatile model is very useful applied to the design of five-axis machine tools.

五轴数控机床轮廓误差计算和预测方法

轮廓误差是评价五轴数控机床加工性能的重要指标。为了计算和预测轮廓误差,提出了一种基于Simulink数字孪生(SDT)模型的计算和预测五轴机床轮廓误差的方法。首先,以“S”形试件为研究对象,利用UG软件得到了加工G代码和刀位信息,利用刀位点和刀具的几何关系计算得到了加工表面点云,同时考虑了刀具轨迹和刀轴姿态,根据NURBS曲面拟合方法,拟合出了理想和实际加工表面;然后,利用霍斯豪夫距离计算了预测点和实际加工表面的法向距离,即轮廓误差,同时在欧式空间中预测了非可展直纹面加工中出现的过切、欠切和奇异点缺陷,轮廓误差在69μm到241μm之间,表明实际加工特征和数字孪生模型预测结果一致;最后,利用残差平方和来评价拟合精度,计算了目标面平均轮廓误差。研究结果表明:五轴轮廓误差计算精度提高了37%,与雅克比矩阵方法相比,计算效率提高了25%,正反向计算误差在±0.6μm之内,证明了该方法的有效性。该结果可为后续机床数字孪生建模、轮廓误差计算与补偿提供一定的参考。

分体式自适应分支井主井眼支撑系统研制

分支井主井眼支撑工具是满足分支井窗口支撑与分支井眼钻井的核心工具,包括可回收式斜向器、打捞钩、定向锚定封隔器及定向插头等。针对常用配套工具存在的锚定性能差、地面定向难度大、斜向器可取性差等问题,研发了分体式自适应分支井主井眼支撑系统。该系统以大通径锚定封隔器作为井下定位单元,具备轴向及周向锚定功能,可取式钻井导向器可在井下实现自动找正对接,从而建立牢固的窗口支撑系统,配套打捞钩具备定向打捞功能;该系统也可为后期井眼选择性重入及生产提供大通径机械通道。对主井眼窗口支撑系统关键部件进行了有限元分析,并对支撑系统的锚定、抗扭及自动对接等性能进行了测试。分析及测试结果表明:大通径锚定封隔器双向锚定能力1200 kN,环空封隔能力80 MPa;钩式打捞器可实现导向器的定向锁定。所得结果可为分支井设计及工具选择提供参考。

基于多项式混沌的机床几何误差灵敏度分析

为解决目前灵敏度分析方法普遍存在的样本需求量大且计算效率不高的问题,提出了一种基于多项式混沌展开的全局灵敏度分析方法。首先,以AC型双转台五轴数控机床为研究对象,根据旋量理论建立了完备的空间误差模型。其次,构建了机床几何误差的多项式混沌展开模型,采用正交匹配追踪实现模型的稀疏化,并给出了基于该方法的Sobol灵敏度指数。进而,对五轴数控机床几何误差进行了实例分析,测量并统计出41项误差的近似概率分布,分析了影响各方向位姿误差分量的关键几何误差。通过与蒙特卡洛法和拉丁超立方法进行对比,多项式混沌展开方法的正确性得到验证,且在不降低计算精度的前提下,样本量从1×10^(5)降低到1×10^(3),计算时间分别减少96.8%和98.1%,计算效率显著提高。

数控机床几何误差单轴五次测量与辨识方法

针对数控机床几何误差项的准确测量与辨识问题,提出了一种基于激光干涉仪的机床空间几何误差单轴五次测量与辨识方法。首先,针对X、Y、Z轴分别设置了一条测量线,测量了3条划定线上除滚转误差外的其他15项几何误差,共计15次测量;然后,分析了转角误差对直线度误差以及直线度误差对定位误差的耦合影响,并建立了误差辨识方程组;最后,根据误差辨识方程组,得到了机床21项几何误差;并进行了单轴五次测量法的测量和辨识实验,并将所得结果与空间九线法测量辨识结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:单轴五次测量法与空间九线法测量辨识结果的空间误差向量最大偏差为1.93μm,平均偏差为0.58μm,该结果验证了单轴五次测量法是准确和有效的。该方法考虑了实际测量过程中的误差耦合情况,因此相比于空间九线法,该方法减少了测量线数与测量次数,简化了误差项的求解过程;同时,采用单轴运动方式可以有效避免其他轴对当前运动轴误差的影响。

科研为导向反哺教学的教育模式用于半导体物理课程的教学改革

半导体物理的知识点相对烦琐且内容抽象,传统的课堂教学方法已无法满足学生的需求,以科研为导向反哺教学的教育模式为半导体物理学课程教学改革提供了全新的思路。科研为导向反哺教学的教育模式注重将科研与教学有机结合,实现“教学与研究”的一体化,该模式充分利用半导体物理课程中的基础知识和新兴科研工具,旨在培养学生的主动性、独立思考能力、科研能力和创新意识。这种科研为导向反哺教学的教育模式针对半导体物理教学内容给出了具体优化措施,通过让学生参与科研实践,既能满足学生更好地理解半导体物理课程的重要概念和原理,掌握课堂知识,取得非常好的教学效果,又能够带给他们前沿知识,激发他们的学术兴趣和创新潜力,为未来从事半导体物理学领域的研究和创新打下坚实基础。