In this paper,the latest progress,major achievements and future plans of Chinese meteorological satellites and the core data processing techniques are discussed.First,the latest three FengYun(FY)meteorological satelli...In this paper,the latest progress,major achievements and future plans of Chinese meteorological satellites and the core data processing techniques are discussed.First,the latest three FengYun(FY)meteorological satellites(FY-2H,FY-3D,and FY-4A)and their primary objectives are introduced Second,the core image navigation techniques and accuracies of the FY meteorological satellites are elaborated,including the latest geostationary(FY-2/4)and polar-orbit(FY-3)satellites.Third,the radiometric calibration techniques and accuracies of reflective solar bands,thermal infrared bands,and passive microwave bands for FY meteorological satellites are discussed.It also illustrates the latest progress of real-time calibration with the onboard calibration system and validation with different methods,including the vicarious China radiance calibration site calibration,pseudo invariant calibration site calibration,deep convective clouds calibration,and lunar calibration.Fourth,recent progress of meteorological satellite data assimilation applications and quantitative science produce are summarized at length.The main progress is in meteorological satellite data assimilation by using microwave and hyper-spectral infrared sensors in global and regional numerical weather prediction models.Lastly,the latest progress in radiative transfer,absorption and scattering calculations for satellite remote sensing is summarized,and some important research using a new radiative transfer model are illustrated.展开更多
This paper analyzes the sea surface backward thermal radiation data in the China Sea observed by the mmwave channel of FY3 MWRI, explains the reason for which the analysis method combined with multiple mmwave channels...This paper analyzes the sea surface backward thermal radiation data in the China Sea observed by the mmwave channel of FY3 MWRI, explains the reason for which the analysis method combined with multiple mmwave channels is conducive to wind inversion, uses the complex model of the two-scale randomly rough surface with foam scattering layer to calculate the backward heat emission, analyzes the different response characteristics of the thermal radiation characteristics of each channel with the change of the sea surface wind speed, and establishes the wind speed inversion model applying to the microwave radiometer, achieving better results than in previous studies. The sea surface medium-low wind speed precision standard deviation of new model reaches 1.2 m/s (0 - 15 m/s);the inversion strong wind data are consistent with the island fixed buoys data, and the global sea surface wind speed image schematic diagram is given.展开更多
In the study, position and velocity values of a geostationary satellite are found. When performing this, a MATLAB algorithm is used for Runge-Kutta Fehlberg orbit integration method to solve spacecraft’s position and...In the study, position and velocity values of a geostationary satellite are found. When performing this, a MATLAB algorithm is used for Runge-Kutta Fehlberg orbit integration method to solve spacecraft’s position and velocity. Integrated method is the solution for the systems which mainly work with a single station. Method provides calculation of azimuth, elevation and range data by using the position simulation results found by RKF. Errors of orbit determination are analysed. Variances of orbit parameters are chosen as the accuracy criteria. Analysis results are the indicator of the method’s展开更多
There are five channels in NOAA-N series meteorological satellites. The channel No.1 is exactly located in the absorbtion band of vegetation, the channel No. 2 in the strong re-flection one. Therefore the two channels...There are five channels in NOAA-N series meteorological satellites. The channel No.1 is exactly located in the absorbtion band of vegetation, the channel No. 2 in the strong re-flection one. Therefore the two channels are suitable for monitoring and analysing vegeta-tion. To make certain mathematical value combination of two channels and specify its val-展开更多
This article aims to discuss the strike two-dimensional wind vector on geostationary satellite imageries. The magnitude and direction of the wind vector are decided by the moving speed of the clouds. First, based on t...This article aims to discuss the strike two-dimensional wind vector on geostationary satellite imageries. The magnitude and direction of the wind vector are decided by the moving speed of the clouds. First, based on the features of the cloud map, we extract the characteristics of clouds and establish matching model for the clouds image. Maximum correlation coefficient between the target modules and tracking module is obtained by using infrared brightness temperature cross-correlation coefficient method. Then, the beginning and end of the wind vector can be ascertained. Using the spherical triangles of the law of cosines, we determine the magnitude and direction of the wind vector.展开更多
The first FY-2 geostationary metebrological satellite was lauched June 10, 1997flom Xichang satellite launching center by Long March-3 launching vehicle.This paper is to provide users with a brief description of the s...The first FY-2 geostationary metebrological satellite was lauched June 10, 1997flom Xichang satellite launching center by Long March-3 launching vehicle.This paper is to provide users with a brief description of the satellite system including primary objective, major payload, satellite specifications and data broadcasting system.展开更多
China began to develop its meteorological satellite program since 1969.With 50-years’growing,there are 17 Fengyun(FY)meteorological satellites launched successfully.At present,seven of them are in orbit to provide th...China began to develop its meteorological satellite program since 1969.With 50-years’growing,there are 17 Fengyun(FY)meteorological satellites launched successfully.At present,seven of them are in orbit to provide the operational service,including three polar orbiting meteorological satellites and four geostationary meteorological satellites.Since last COSPAR report,no new Fengyun satellite has been launched.The information of the on-orbit FY-2 series,FY-3 series,and FY-4 series has been updated.FY-3D and FY-2H satellites accomplished the commission test and transitioned into operation in 2018.FY-2E satellite completed its service to decommission in 2019.The web-based users and Direct Broadcasting(DB)users keep growing worldwide to require the Fengyun satellite data and products.A new Mobile Application Service has been launched to Fengyun users based on the cloud technology in 2018.In this report,the international and regional co-operations to facilitate the Fengyun user community have been addressed especially.To strengthen the data service in the Belt and Road countries,the Emergency Support Mechanism of Fengyun satellite(FY_ESM)has been established since 2018.Meanwhile,a Recalibrating 30-years’archived Fengyun satellite data project has been founded since 2018.This project targets to generate the Fundamental Climate Data Record(FCDR)as a space agency response to the Global Climate Observation System(GCOS).At last,the future Fengyun program up to 2025 has been introduced as well.展开更多
Fengyun meteorological satellites have undergone a series of significant developments over the past 50 years.Two generations,four types,and 21 Fengyun satellites have been developed and launched,with 9 currently opera...Fengyun meteorological satellites have undergone a series of significant developments over the past 50 years.Two generations,four types,and 21 Fengyun satellites have been developed and launched,with 9 currently operational in orbit.The data obtained from Fengyun satellites is employed in a multitude of applications,including weather forecasting,meteorological disaster prevention and reduction,climate change,global environmental monitoring,and space weather.These data products and services are made available to the global community,resulting in tangible social and economic benefits.In 2023,two Fengyun meteorological satellites were successfully launched.This report presents an overview of the two recently launched Fengyun satellites and currently in orbit Fengyun satellites,including an evaluation of their remote sensing instruments since 2022.Additionally,it addresses the subject of Fengyun satellite data archiving,data services,application services,international cooperation,and supporting activities.Furthermore,the development prospects have been outlined.展开更多
After nearly 50 years of development, Fengyun(FY) satellite ushered in its best moment. China has become one of the three countries or units in the world(China, USA, and EU) that maintain both polar orbit and geostati...After nearly 50 years of development, Fengyun(FY) satellite ushered in its best moment. China has become one of the three countries or units in the world(China, USA, and EU) that maintain both polar orbit and geostationary orbit satellites operationally. Up to now, there are 17 Fengyun(FY) satellites that have been launched successfully since 1988. There are two FY polar orbital satellites and four FY geostationary orbit satellites operate in the space to provide a huge amount of the earth observation data to the user communities. The FY satellite data has been applied not only in the meteorological but also in agriculture,hydraulic engineering, environmental, education, scientific research and other fields. More recently, three meteorological satellites have been launched within the past two years. They are FY-4 A on 11 December2016, FY-3 D on 15 November 2017 and FY-2 H on 5 June 2018. This paper introduces the current status of FY meteorological satellites and data service. The updates of the latest three satellites have been addressed.The characteristics of their payloads on-boarding have been specified in details and the benefit fields have been anticipated separately.展开更多
Chinese meteorological satellite,Fengyun(FY) Satellite,has a polar-orbiting series and a geostationary series.Up to now,5 polar-orbiting(FY-1A/B/C/D and FY-3A) and 5 geostationary(FY-2A/B/C/D/E) satellites were launch...Chinese meteorological satellite,Fengyun(FY) Satellite,has a polar-orbiting series and a geostationary series.Up to now,5 polar-orbiting(FY-1A/B/C/D and FY-3A) and 5 geostationary(FY-2A/B/C/D/E) satellites were launched.FY data has been being intensively applied not only to meteorological monitoring and prediction but also to many other fields regarding ecology,environment,disaster,space weather and so and.The FY data sharing system,FengyunCast,is now one of the three components of global meteorological satellite information dissemination system,GEONETCast.The first satellite of the new generation polar-orbiting series,FY-3A,was launched on 27 May,2008,demonstrating the FY polar-orbiting satellite and its application completed a great leap to realize threedimensional observations and quantitative application.The first of the next generation geostationary series(FY-4) is planned to launch in 2014.展开更多
This paper presents the space environment detection of Chinese geosynchronous and sun-synchronous meteorological satellites and gives a short perspective of space environment observations on board meteorological satel...This paper presents the space environment detection of Chinese geosynchronous and sun-synchronous meteorological satellites and gives a short perspective of space environment observations on board meteorological satellites.展开更多
FY-4 is the second generation of Chinese geostationary satellite for quantitative remote sensing meteorological application. The detection efficiency, spectral bands, spatial and time resolution have been greatly impr...FY-4 is the second generation of Chinese geostationary satellite for quantitative remote sensing meteorological application. The detection efficiency, spectral bands, spatial and time resolution have been greatly improved with respect to those of first generation, as well as the radiometric calibration and sensitivity. The combination of multichannel detection and vertical sounding was first realized on FY-4, because both the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI) and Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder(GIIRS) are on the same spacecraft. The main performance of the payloads including AGRI, GIIRS and Lightning Mapping Imager, and the spacecraft bus are presented, the performance being equivalent to the level of the third generation meteorological satellites in Europe and USA. The acquiring methods of remote sensing data including multichannel and high precision quantitative observing, imaging collection of the ground and cloud, vertical observation of atmospheric temperature and moisture, lightning imaging observation and space environment detection are shown. Several innovative technologies including high accuracy rotation angle detection and scanning control, high precision calibration, micro vibration suppression, unified reference of platform and payload and on-orbit measurement, real-time image navigation and registration on-orbit were applied in FY-4.展开更多
This article describes the development of the meteorological satellite,its data applications in China and the problems in the further development of China’s satellite meteorological cause.
This work aims to obtain a wide area differential method for geostationary orbit (GEO) constellation. A comparison between the dilution of precision (DOP) of four-dimensional (4D) calculation including sa- tellite clo...This work aims to obtain a wide area differential method for geostationary orbit (GEO) constellation. A comparison between the dilution of precision (DOP) of four-dimensional (4D) calculation including sa- tellite clock errors and ephemeris errors and that of three-dimensional (3D) calculation only including ephemeris errors with the inverse positioning theory of GPS shows the conclusion that all the 3D PDOPs are greatly reduced. Based on this, a basic idea of correcting satellite clock errors and ephem- eris errors apart is put forward, and moreover, a specific method of separation is proposed. Satellite clock errors are separated in a master station with time synchronization, and all the remaining pseu- do-range errors after the satellite clock errors have been deducted are used to work out ephemeris corrections of all GEO satellites. By a comparative analysis of user positioning accuracy before and after differential, the wide area differential method is verified to be quite valid for GEO constellation.展开更多
Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerica...Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerical weather prediction models and earth system models, meteorological satellites will play a more important role in earth sciences in the future. As part of the space-based infrastructure, the Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites have contributed to earth science sustainability studies through an open data policy and stable data quality since the first launch of the FY-1A satellite in 1988. The capability of earth system monitoring was greatly enhanced after the second-generation polar orbiting FY-3 satellites and geostationary orbiting FY-4 satellites were developed. Meanwhile, the quality of the products generated from the FY-3 and FY-4 satellites is comparable to the well-known MODIS products. FY satellite data has been utilized broadly in weather forecasting, climate and climate change investigations, environmental disaster monitoring, etc. This article reviews the instruments mounted on the FY satellites. Sensor-dependent level 1 products (radiance data) and inversion algorithm-dependent level 2 products (geophysical parameters) are introduced. As an example, some typical geophysical parameters, such as wildfires, lightning, vegetation indices, aerosol products, soil moisture, and precipitation estimation have been demonstrated and validated by in-situ observations and other well-known satellite products. To help users access the FY products, a set of data sharing systems has been developed and operated. The newly developed data sharing system based on cloud technology has been illustrated to improve the efficiency of data delivery.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2018YFB0504900 and 2015AA123700)
文摘In this paper,the latest progress,major achievements and future plans of Chinese meteorological satellites and the core data processing techniques are discussed.First,the latest three FengYun(FY)meteorological satellites(FY-2H,FY-3D,and FY-4A)and their primary objectives are introduced Second,the core image navigation techniques and accuracies of the FY meteorological satellites are elaborated,including the latest geostationary(FY-2/4)and polar-orbit(FY-3)satellites.Third,the radiometric calibration techniques and accuracies of reflective solar bands,thermal infrared bands,and passive microwave bands for FY meteorological satellites are discussed.It also illustrates the latest progress of real-time calibration with the onboard calibration system and validation with different methods,including the vicarious China radiance calibration site calibration,pseudo invariant calibration site calibration,deep convective clouds calibration,and lunar calibration.Fourth,recent progress of meteorological satellite data assimilation applications and quantitative science produce are summarized at length.The main progress is in meteorological satellite data assimilation by using microwave and hyper-spectral infrared sensors in global and regional numerical weather prediction models.Lastly,the latest progress in radiative transfer,absorption and scattering calculations for satellite remote sensing is summarized,and some important research using a new radiative transfer model are illustrated.
文摘This paper analyzes the sea surface backward thermal radiation data in the China Sea observed by the mmwave channel of FY3 MWRI, explains the reason for which the analysis method combined with multiple mmwave channels is conducive to wind inversion, uses the complex model of the two-scale randomly rough surface with foam scattering layer to calculate the backward heat emission, analyzes the different response characteristics of the thermal radiation characteristics of each channel with the change of the sea surface wind speed, and establishes the wind speed inversion model applying to the microwave radiometer, achieving better results than in previous studies. The sea surface medium-low wind speed precision standard deviation of new model reaches 1.2 m/s (0 - 15 m/s);the inversion strong wind data are consistent with the island fixed buoys data, and the global sea surface wind speed image schematic diagram is given.
文摘In the study, position and velocity values of a geostationary satellite are found. When performing this, a MATLAB algorithm is used for Runge-Kutta Fehlberg orbit integration method to solve spacecraft’s position and velocity. Integrated method is the solution for the systems which mainly work with a single station. Method provides calculation of azimuth, elevation and range data by using the position simulation results found by RKF. Errors of orbit determination are analysed. Variances of orbit parameters are chosen as the accuracy criteria. Analysis results are the indicator of the method’s
文摘There are five channels in NOAA-N series meteorological satellites. The channel No.1 is exactly located in the absorbtion band of vegetation, the channel No. 2 in the strong re-flection one. Therefore the two channels are suitable for monitoring and analysing vegeta-tion. To make certain mathematical value combination of two channels and specify its val-
文摘This article aims to discuss the strike two-dimensional wind vector on geostationary satellite imageries. The magnitude and direction of the wind vector are decided by the moving speed of the clouds. First, based on the features of the cloud map, we extract the characteristics of clouds and establish matching model for the clouds image. Maximum correlation coefficient between the target modules and tracking module is obtained by using infrared brightness temperature cross-correlation coefficient method. Then, the beginning and end of the wind vector can be ascertained. Using the spherical triangles of the law of cosines, we determine the magnitude and direction of the wind vector.
文摘The first FY-2 geostationary metebrological satellite was lauched June 10, 1997flom Xichang satellite launching center by Long March-3 launching vehicle.This paper is to provide users with a brief description of the satellite system including primary objective, major payload, satellite specifications and data broadcasting system.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0504900,2018YFB0504905)。
文摘China began to develop its meteorological satellite program since 1969.With 50-years’growing,there are 17 Fengyun(FY)meteorological satellites launched successfully.At present,seven of them are in orbit to provide the operational service,including three polar orbiting meteorological satellites and four geostationary meteorological satellites.Since last COSPAR report,no new Fengyun satellite has been launched.The information of the on-orbit FY-2 series,FY-3 series,and FY-4 series has been updated.FY-3D and FY-2H satellites accomplished the commission test and transitioned into operation in 2018.FY-2E satellite completed its service to decommission in 2019.The web-based users and Direct Broadcasting(DB)users keep growing worldwide to require the Fengyun satellite data and products.A new Mobile Application Service has been launched to Fengyun users based on the cloud technology in 2018.In this report,the international and regional co-operations to facilitate the Fengyun user community have been addressed especially.To strengthen the data service in the Belt and Road countries,the Emergency Support Mechanism of Fengyun satellite(FY_ESM)has been established since 2018.Meanwhile,a Recalibrating 30-years’archived Fengyun satellite data project has been founded since 2018.This project targets to generate the Fundamental Climate Data Record(FCDR)as a space agency response to the Global Climate Observation System(GCOS).At last,the future Fengyun program up to 2025 has been introduced as well.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(42274217)。
文摘Fengyun meteorological satellites have undergone a series of significant developments over the past 50 years.Two generations,four types,and 21 Fengyun satellites have been developed and launched,with 9 currently operational in orbit.The data obtained from Fengyun satellites is employed in a multitude of applications,including weather forecasting,meteorological disaster prevention and reduction,climate change,global environmental monitoring,and space weather.These data products and services are made available to the global community,resulting in tangible social and economic benefits.In 2023,two Fengyun meteorological satellites were successfully launched.This report presents an overview of the two recently launched Fengyun satellites and currently in orbit Fengyun satellites,including an evaluation of their remote sensing instruments since 2022.Additionally,it addresses the subject of Fengyun satellite data archiving,data services,application services,international cooperation,and supporting activities.Furthermore,the development prospects have been outlined.
基金Supported by the National Key Research＆Development Program of China(2018YFB0504900,2018YFB0504901,2018YFB0504905)
文摘After nearly 50 years of development, Fengyun(FY) satellite ushered in its best moment. China has become one of the three countries or units in the world(China, USA, and EU) that maintain both polar orbit and geostationary orbit satellites operationally. Up to now, there are 17 Fengyun(FY) satellites that have been launched successfully since 1988. There are two FY polar orbital satellites and four FY geostationary orbit satellites operate in the space to provide a huge amount of the earth observation data to the user communities. The FY satellite data has been applied not only in the meteorological but also in agriculture,hydraulic engineering, environmental, education, scientific research and other fields. More recently, three meteorological satellites have been launched within the past two years. They are FY-4 A on 11 December2016, FY-3 D on 15 November 2017 and FY-2 H on 5 June 2018. This paper introduces the current status of FY meteorological satellites and data service. The updates of the latest three satellites have been addressed.The characteristics of their payloads on-boarding have been specified in details and the benefit fields have been anticipated separately.
文摘Chinese meteorological satellite,Fengyun(FY) Satellite,has a polar-orbiting series and a geostationary series.Up to now,5 polar-orbiting(FY-1A/B/C/D and FY-3A) and 5 geostationary(FY-2A/B/C/D/E) satellites were launched.FY data has been being intensively applied not only to meteorological monitoring and prediction but also to many other fields regarding ecology,environment,disaster,space weather and so and.The FY data sharing system,FengyunCast,is now one of the three components of global meteorological satellite information dissemination system,GEONETCast.The first satellite of the new generation polar-orbiting series,FY-3A,was launched on 27 May,2008,demonstrating the FY polar-orbiting satellite and its application completed a great leap to realize threedimensional observations and quantitative application.The first of the next generation geostationary series(FY-4) is planned to launch in 2014.
文摘This paper presents the space environment detection of Chinese geosynchronous and sun-synchronous meteorological satellites and gives a short perspective of space environment observations on board meteorological satellites.
文摘FY-4 is the second generation of Chinese geostationary satellite for quantitative remote sensing meteorological application. The detection efficiency, spectral bands, spatial and time resolution have been greatly improved with respect to those of first generation, as well as the radiometric calibration and sensitivity. The combination of multichannel detection and vertical sounding was first realized on FY-4, because both the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI) and Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder(GIIRS) are on the same spacecraft. The main performance of the payloads including AGRI, GIIRS and Lightning Mapping Imager, and the spacecraft bus are presented, the performance being equivalent to the level of the third generation meteorological satellites in Europe and USA. The acquiring methods of remote sensing data including multichannel and high precision quantitative observing, imaging collection of the ground and cloud, vertical observation of atmospheric temperature and moisture, lightning imaging observation and space environment detection are shown. Several innovative technologies including high accuracy rotation angle detection and scanning control, high precision calibration, micro vibration suppression, unified reference of platform and payload and on-orbit measurement, real-time image navigation and registration on-orbit were applied in FY-4.
文摘This article describes the development of the meteorological satellite,its data applications in China and the problems in the further development of China’s satellite meteorological cause.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10778715)the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB815502) the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Educa-tion Department (Grant No. 08B039)
文摘This work aims to obtain a wide area differential method for geostationary orbit (GEO) constellation. A comparison between the dilution of precision (DOP) of four-dimensional (4D) calculation including sa- tellite clock errors and ephemeris errors and that of three-dimensional (3D) calculation only including ephemeris errors with the inverse positioning theory of GPS shows the conclusion that all the 3D PDOPs are greatly reduced. Based on this, a basic idea of correcting satellite clock errors and ephem- eris errors apart is put forward, and moreover, a specific method of separation is proposed. Satellite clock errors are separated in a master station with time synchronization, and all the remaining pseu- do-range errors after the satellite clock errors have been deducted are used to work out ephemeris corrections of all GEO satellites. By a comparative analysis of user positioning accuracy before and after differential, the wide area differential method is verified to be quite valid for GEO constellation.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0504900,2018YFB0504905).
文摘Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerical weather prediction models and earth system models, meteorological satellites will play a more important role in earth sciences in the future. As part of the space-based infrastructure, the Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites have contributed to earth science sustainability studies through an open data policy and stable data quality since the first launch of the FY-1A satellite in 1988. The capability of earth system monitoring was greatly enhanced after the second-generation polar orbiting FY-3 satellites and geostationary orbiting FY-4 satellites were developed. Meanwhile, the quality of the products generated from the FY-3 and FY-4 satellites is comparable to the well-known MODIS products. FY satellite data has been utilized broadly in weather forecasting, climate and climate change investigations, environmental disaster monitoring, etc. This article reviews the instruments mounted on the FY satellites. Sensor-dependent level 1 products (radiance data) and inversion algorithm-dependent level 2 products (geophysical parameters) are introduced. As an example, some typical geophysical parameters, such as wildfires, lightning, vegetation indices, aerosol products, soil moisture, and precipitation estimation have been demonstrated and validated by in-situ observations and other well-known satellite products. To help users access the FY products, a set of data sharing systems has been developed and operated. The newly developed data sharing system based on cloud technology has been illustrated to improve the efficiency of data delivery.
