Superior intestinal integrity and limited microbial translocation are associated with lower immune activation in SIVmac239-infected northern pig-tailed macaques(Macaca leonina)

Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in HIV/SIV infection. In the present study, we found a lower CD8+ T cell activation level in Macaca leonina (northern pig-tailed macaques, NPMs) than in Macaca mulatta (Chinese rhesus macaques, ChRMs) during SIVmac239 infection. Furthermore, the levels of plasma LPS-binding protein and soluble CD14 in NPMs were lower than those in ChRMs. Compared with ChRMs, SIV-infected NPMs had lower Chiu scores, representing relatively normal intestinal mucosa. In addition, no obvious damage to the ileum or colon epithelial barrier was observed in either infected or uninfected NPMs, which differed to that found in ChRMs. Furthermore, no significant microbial translocation (Escherichia coli) was detected in the colon or ileum of infected or uninfected NPMs, which again differed to that observed in ChRMs. In conclusion, NPMs retained superior intestinal integrity and limited microbial translocation during SIV infection, which may contribute to their lower immune activation compared with ChRMs.

Effect of different anesthetic mixtures——ketamine-xylazine, ketamine-acepromazine and tiletamine-zolazepam——on the physiological and blood biochemistry parameters of male rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatta) at different ages

Background: Anesthetic agents are commonly utilized in the handling of non‐human primates for prevent the stress caused in physical exploration or physical restrain. For this reason, the objective of this work was to describe the effect of age and dissociative anesthetics (ketamine and tiletamine), and their combinations with acepromazine, xylazine and zolazepam, on the physiological and blood biochemical parameters in Macaca mulatta. Methods: Eighty male Macaca mulatta were divided into four experimental groups depending on the anesthetic mixture applied. Each group of 20 males was divided into five sub‐groups according to age. Physiological parameters were recorded every five minutes during a 30‐minute period. A blood sample was drawn to analyze blood biochemistry. Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the physiological parameters between the ketamine‐acepromazine and ketamine‐xylazine groups compared to the control group. The analysis of blood biochemistry found significant differences by age and by anesthetic mixture among all groups. Conclusion: These findings contribute to standardizing this animal model in biological research.

Interchange between grooming and infant handling in female Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)

In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.

恒河猴慢性青光眼模型的建立及相关生物学特性

目的建立两种激光光凝的恒河猴慢性高眼压性青光眼模型,评价模型眼的相关生物学特性。方法成年恒河猴15只,分别采用半导体倍频532激光和氩激光,在房角镜下对功能小梁网区行360°光凝。对其中7只恒河猴分别采用A超、视网膜断层成像仪和视网膜血流仪进行模型眼和另侧对照眼的眼球及视盘形态、血流参数的检测。结果两种光凝模式相比,眼压升高后第4周,倍频532激光组平均眼压为48.4±10.3mmHg,氩激光组平均眼压为44.2±7.0mmHg,倍频532激光组与氩激光组的三次光凝成功率的差异无显著性意义。除视盘面积外,恒河猴模型眼的视杯形态指数、杯盘面积比、盘沿面积、视网膜神经纤维层的平均厚度,与对照眼相比差异有极显著性意义。眼轴和前房深度与对照眼相比差异有显著性意义。筛板血流量、血流速度和红细胞移动速率与对照眼相比差异无显著性意义。结论两种激光光凝恒河猴小梁网均可用以建立慢性高眼压性青光眼模型,模型眼出现青光眼眼底特征性的形态学改变。

北平顶猴(Macaca leonina)血液学和血液生化指标参考值的测定与分析

平顶猴是重要的非人灵长类实验动物,广泛应用于艾滋病等重大疾病的动物模型研究。平顶猴分为明打威猴、巽他平顶猴和北平顶猴三个种。我国及周边东南亚国家分布的平顶猴为北平顶猴。该文测定和分析了青幼年(2～4a)和成年(5～10a)北平顶猴的血液学和血液生化指标参考值。结果表明个体性别、年龄和体重等对该指标均有影响。雌性个体的红细胞数、血红蛋白和碱性磷酸酶均低于雄性个体。青幼年个体的白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、单核细胞数、血小板分布宽度、碱性磷酸酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶和胆固醇均高于成年猴,而肌酐和甘油三酯则低于成年猴。个体体重与青年猴的平均血红蛋白含量和肌酐正相关,与成年猴的平均血红蛋白含量、粒细胞百分比、血红蛋白和肌酐正相关,而与成年猴的淋巴细胞数、淋巴细胞百分比、红细胞分布宽度变异系数、天冬氨酸转氨酶和胆固醇负相关。该研究提供的北平顶猴血液学和血液生化指标参考值范围,对其基础研究、疾病诊断和模型建立等具有重要意义。

苏拉维西猴(Macaca nigra)的肝细胞癌

本文报道了一只实验室出生的,成年雄性苏拉维西猴的肝细胞癌的病理解剖学和病理组织学变化,同时还讨论了自发性糖尿病和D型逆转录病毒与肝细胞癌的关系。

恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)生殖周期内性类固醇激素分泌规律的研究

本文用放射免疫测定法对7只雌性恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)的20个月经周期进行了雌二醇、孕酮和睾酮的动态测定分析,其中15个月经周期的中期都有睾酮和雌二醇峰(其峰值分别为1010.7±411.3pg/ml和179.1±91.3pg/ml),孕酮在黄体期的峰值为2.54±0.65ng/ml。正常黄体期的血清孕酮水平不低于1ng/ml。20个月经周期的平均天数为28.6±5.4天,滤泡期和黄体期分别为11.9±2,6和19.2±6.3天。月经周期可用公式Y=18.92±0.03×X^(2)(Y:月经周期,X:黄体期。R=0.9444)表示。实验结果表明,测定周期内三种性类固醇激素可以准确确定排卵。睾酮在生殖周期内的分泌调节机制还待进一步研究。

广西地区红面猴(Macaca arctoides)寄生虫的检查及防治

对广西地区红面猴进行寄生虫检查 ,查出体内寄生虫 12种 ,其中肠道蠕虫 :人蛔虫、结节线虫、毛首线虫、粪圆线虫、食道口线虫、蛲虫 ;肠道寄生原虫 :阿米巴、结肠小袋纤毛虫、肠滴虫。肝囊原虫的感染率分别为野生猴组 5% ,中心猴组 3% ,平南猴组 4 .5% ;查出体外寄生虫 1种 :猴虱 ,感染率分别为野生猴组 7.8% ,中心猴组 0 ,平南猴组 7.6 %。同时感染 2种虫的猴 ,野生猴组 4 8.6 % ,中心猴组 2 2 .4 % ,平南猴组 4 1.4 %。同时感染 3种虫以上 ,野生猴组 36 % ,中心猴组 4 .5% ,平南猴组 35.2 %。没有感染寄生虫的猴 ,野生猴组仅占 3.9% ,中心猴组 34% ,平南猴组 6 .5% ,前者与后者差异不大 (P >0 .0 1) ,但两者与中心猴的差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1)。对寄生虫阳性猴进行全面治疗 ,结果表明 :2 0 %乳剂速灭杀丁对体外寄生虫有较好疗效。复方甲苯咪唑、肠虫清是治疗肠道蠕虫的理想药物。治疗原虫的药物以灭滴灵和喹碘为理想。而对食道口线虫及毛首线虫则用噻苯咪唑最有效。

广西F_3猕猴(Macaca mulatta)生长发育观察

在与 F2 猕猴 GMn- Ns品种相同的生活环境、饲养管理和营养条件下驯养 1997年内出生的 F3猕猴 10只 (其中公 5只 ,母 5只 ) ,并与同年内出生的 F2 猕猴 11只作对照 ,分别测定其体重、躯干长、尾长及血常规等指标 ,统计成活率。结果 F3猕猴公、母平均体重分别由出生时的 36 3g和 339g增加到 12月龄时的 15 96 g和 15 5 0 g,分别比 F2 猕猴公、母的体重小 ,经 t检验差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。公猴和母猴的躯干长分别由 6月龄时的 15 6 mm和15 1mm增加到 12月龄时的 185 mm和 181mm,尾长分别由 6月龄时的 119m m和 12 0 mm增加到 12月龄时的 130mm和 133mm,F3猕猴躯干长在不同月龄时都比 F2 猕猴略小 ,但尾长较接近。F3猕猴 12月龄时的成活率为83.3% ,血常规正常。说明 F3猕猴能在 F2 猕猴的生活环境、饲养管理和营养条件下正常生长发育。

Anatomical and Radiological Description of the Macaca fascicularis Spine in Comparison with the Human Spine

Background: This paper describes and displays the spinal radiological anatomy and associated pathology in a Macaca fascicularis and compares it to the spinal anatomy of humans. Animal models are commonly used in research. As compared to Macaca mulatta, the anatomy of M. fascicularis is less well described in the literature. Materials and methods: The authors anatomically reconstructed and reviewed the defleshed spine of a single adult M. fascicularis visually, radiographically, and with high resolution CT. Results: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 6 lumbar, 3 sacral, and 16 caudal vertebrae were identified. Similarities in the spine to humans were seen as well as differences such as the beaked anterior arch of C1, the anterior pointed lower lumbar vertebrae, the upward curved transverse processes, and presence of three sacral segments. Degenerative changes were seen at multiple locations similar to humans though most pronounced at T3-4. Conclusions: This paper addresses the normal spinal anatomy and degenerative changes in an adult M. fascicularis and compares it to humans.

短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)和猕猴跟骨的功能形态研究

本文从形态描述和统计入手,对短尾猴(macaca arctoides)和猕猴的跟骨进行了比较研究。结果表明,所研究的跟骨变量无论数值大小还是几何图形结构都存在一定差异。特别是跟骨最大宽、跟长、后距骨连结面长、跟骨高度及相对跟长存在显著性差异水平。猕猴跟骨变量间的相关关系比短尾猴的表现得更为紧密。据其形态与功能的关系,我们认为:与猕猴相较,短尾猴更适应于地栖生活。这似乎与短尾猴具更大的体重有关。

成年太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) 第7颈椎的初步研究

对１３例成年太行山猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｔｃｈｅｌｉｅｎｓｉｓ）第７颈椎进行了全面测量，另算出两项指数．用第７颈椎矢径、全宽、椎孔矢径与椎孔横径两两组合为６组，第７颈椎与寰椎矢径、全宽、椎孔矢径与椎孔横径４项指标一一对应组合为４组，进行了相关分析，结果表明：均呈正相关；其中第７颈椎矢径与全宽、椎孔横径与全宽、椎孔矢径与椎孔横径呈高度相关；第７颈椎与寰椎椎孔横径、全宽间呈高度相关．

帕金森病模型猴^(11)C-Raclopride多巴胺D_2受体PET脑显像

目的探讨亚临床期和临床期帕金森病(PD)脑多巴胺D2受体(D2R)功能变化特征。方法建立亚临床期和临床期PD猴模型,合成多巴胺D2RPET显像剂11CRaclopride。对4只健康猴、4只亚临床期和2只临床期PD模型猴分别进行11CRacloprideD2RPET脑显像。利用感兴趣区(ROI)技术半定量分析纹状体D2R功能。结果健康猴11CRaclopridePET脑显像放射性浓聚于双侧纹状体,左右对称,双侧纹状体小脑放射性比值无明显差异(5.06±0.79,5.03±0.78,t=0.704,P>0.05)。亚临床期PD猴11CRaclopridePET脑显像双侧纹状体小脑放射性比值无明显差异(5.03±0.83,4.98±0.77,t=0.926,P>0.05)。与健康猴比较,纹状体小脑放射性比值差异无显著性(5.00±0.74,5.04±0.72,t=1.016,P>0.05)。临床期PD猴11CRaclopridePET脑显像双侧纹状体放射性分布不对称,2只临床期PD猴右侧比左侧纹状体小脑放射性比值分别增高19.69%和22.68%。毁损侧(右侧)纹状体D2R功能发生上调。结论PD亚临床期脑内纹状体D2R功能无明显变化,临床期毁损侧D2R功能出现上调。

中国恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)外周血CD4^+CD25^+T淋巴细胞的研究

目的:研究中国恒河猴外周血中CD4+CD25+T淋巴细胞亚群及其分布频率。方法:利用流式细胞术对50只中国恒河猴外周血CD4+CD25+T淋巴细胞进行了分析。结果:发现所有被检测的恒河猴个体中均存在明显的CD4+CD25+T淋巴细胞亚群;CD4+CD25+T淋巴细胞大约占CD4+T淋巴细胞的9.1%(变化范围为2.6%～18.1%);其中CD4+CD25highT淋巴细胞约占2.5%(0.3%～5.5%)。对不同年龄和性别个体中CD4+CD25+T淋巴细胞频率的初步分析未发现统计学上有年龄或性别差异。结论:中国恒河猴可用于与CD4+CD25+T细胞相关的人类疾病的研究中。

Fossils of Macaca mulatta from Tianyuan Cave, with Notes on Some Previously Unpublished Specimens of Macaca from Zhoukoudian Area

The recently discovered macaque fossils, including isolated teeth and mandible fragments, from Tianyuan Cave and the juvenile maxilla from Wanglaopu Cave near Zhoukoudian can be identified as Macaca mulatta; they represent the first recognized occurrence of fossil M. mulatta in the far north of China. Some previously unearthed but still unpublished Macaca specimens were also studied, including a cranium and the associated mandible from CKT Loc.13A, a maxilla and a mandible from Loc.1, a mandible from Loc.4, and a maxilla from Loc.20, as well as a mandible with complete toothrow from Zhoukoudian but without locality details, all of them can be referred to M. robusta. The study shows M. robusta is more closely related to M. mulatta than to M. anderssonL Zhoukoudian is the richest area of Macacina fossils in North China, totally 2 genera and 4 species were once recognized from 9 localities, namely, Procynocephalus wimani, M. cf. anderssoni, M. robusta and M. mulatta. The fossil records of Macacina in Zhoukoudian area were almost continuous through the Quaternary Period, and it＇s reasonable to assume that Zhoukoudian used to be an evolutionary center for macaques in North China. Therefore, the macaque population of M. mulatta once existed decades ago around Beijing probably originated from the Pleistocene ancestors in the local area, rather than being human-introduced as previously thought.

Replication potentials of HIV-1/HSIV in PBMCs from northern pigtailed macaque （Macaca leonina）

The northern pig-tailed macaque （Macaca leonina） has been identified as an independent species of Old World monkey, and we previously found that PBMCs from M. leonina were susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 （HIV-1）, which may be due to the absence of a TRIM5 protein restricting HIV-1 replication. Here we investigated the infection potentials of six laboratory adapted HIV-1 strains and three primary HIV-1 isolates in PBMCs from M. leonina. The results indicate that these strains are characterized by various but low replication levels, and among which, HIV-INL4-3 shows the highest replication ability. Based on the abundant evidence of species-specific interactions between restriction factors APOBEC3 and HIV/SIV-derived Vif protein, we subsequently examined the replication potentials of v/f-substituted HIV-1 （HSIV） in M. leonina PBMCs. Notably, HSIV-vifmac and stHIV-lsv chimeras, two HIV-1Ni.4-3-derived viruses encoding the viral infectivity factor （Vif） protein from SIVmac239, replicated robustly in cells from M. leonina, which suggests that HSIV could effectively antagonize the antiviral activity of APOBEC3 proteins expressed in cells of M. leonina. Therefore, our data demonstrate that M. leonina has the potential to be developed into a promising animal model for human AIDS.

食蟹猴（Macaca fascicularis）B病毒相关抗体的初步探讨

以人单纯疱疹病毒为抗原，用玻片免疫酶法（ＥＬＡ）检测来自广西中越边境地区及广西灵长类研究中心的食蟹猴Ｂ病毒相关抗体。发现食蟹猴Ｂ病毒相关抗体的阳性率随年龄增长而增加。野外捕获混养组阳性率为８３．４％；野外捕获组阳性率为４９．８％；自繁分笼群养组阳性率为１４．６％。三组中，不同性别之间相关抗体阳性率没有显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），组间Ｂ病毒相关抗体阳性率的差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。

熊猫（Macaca assamensis）精子的电镜观察

用光镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜首次研究了熊猴精子的结构。在光镜及电镜下，熊猴精子头的形状、顶体大小、核的结构等，与猕猴属其他种类相似。精子总长（７９．４９±０．１１μｍ）及各部分的长度与藏酋猴相近，而与猕猴属其他种类存在明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文的结果表明，熊猴可能在种系进化过程中与藏酋猴关系最近，而与猕猴属中其他种分离较早。

成年太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)肩关节变量的研究

本项研究对成年太行山猕猴肩关节变量进行了测量和统计，作了异速生长分析，并对太行山猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｔｃｈｅｌｉｅｎｓｉｓ）、滇南猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｍｕｌａｔａ）、川西猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｌａｓｉｏｔｉｓ）、湘鄂猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｌｉｔｏｒａｌｉｓ）肩关节变量进行了比较和聚类分析。与上述３个亚种相比，太行山猕猴较短的肩胛骨、较小的锁肱指数、较大的三角肌止点指数和较小的摆荡指数，表明太行山猕猴肩关节形态结构更适应于地面上的活动，说明其在地面上活动较多，在树上活动较少。

黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)的主要食性分析

2011年11月至2012年10月,作者采用粪便显微分析法研究了黄山短尾猴的四季食性。结果表明:黄山短尾猴共取食植物26科50种;不同季节间黄山短尾猴食性具有明显变化,冬季取食13科25种植物,春季取食23科46种植物,夏季取食14科32种植物,秋季取食17科37种植物;壳斗科、樟科是黄山短尾猴全年的主要食物,占短尾猴总取食量的51.26%～59.75%,其他科属植物也占有重要地位;甜槠在四季均为黄山短尾猴的主要取食食物,豹皮樟在冬季取食量相对较高,秋季最低,红楠、杉木在冬春季节的取食比例差异最大;黄山短尾猴采取与其他灵长类相似的觅食策略;黄山短尾猴四季食物生态位宽度差异不明显,受人为影响较为明显。