Research progress and potential of new enhanced oil recovery methods in oilfield development

This paper reviews the basic research means for oilfield development and also the researches and tests of enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods for mature oilfields and continental shale oil development,analyzes the problems of EOR methods,and proposes the relevant research prospects.The basic research means for oilfield development include in-situ acquisition of formation rock/fluid samples and non-destructive testing.The EOR methods for conventional and shale oil development are classified as improved water flooding(e.g.nano-water flooding),chemical flooding(e.g.low-concentration middle-phase micro-emulsion flooding),gas flooding(e.g.micro/nano bubble flooding),thermal recovery(e.g.air injection thermal-aided miscible flooding),and multi-cluster uniform fracturing/water-free fracturing,which are discussed in this paper for their mechanisms,approaches,and key technique researches and field tests.These methods have been studied with remarkable progress,and some achieved ideal results in field tests.Nonetheless,some problems still exist,such as inadequate research on mechanisms,imperfect matching technologies,and incomplete industrial chains.It is proposed to further strengthen the basic researches and expand the field tests,thereby driving the formation,promotion and application of new technologies.

Effect of CO_(2)flooding in an oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

The dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2)in oil and water and its displacement mechanism were investigated by laboratory experiment and numerical simulation for Block 9 in the Tahe oilfield,a sandstone oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in Tarim Basin,Northwest China.Such parameters were analyzed as solubility ratio of CO_(2)in oil,gas and water,interfacial tension,in-situ oil viscosity distribution,remaining oil saturation distribution,and oil compositions.The results show that CO_(2)flooding could control water coning and increase oil production.In the early stage of the injection process,CO_(2)expanded vertically due to gravity differentiation,and extended laterally under the action of strong bottom water in the intermediate and late stages.The CO_(2)got enriched and extended at the oil-water interface,forming a high interfacial tension zone,which inhibited the coning of bottom water to some extent.A miscible region with low interfacial tension formed at the gas injection front,which reduced the in-situ oil viscosity by about 50%.The numerical simulation results show that enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is estimated at 5.72%and the oil exchange ratio of CO_(2)is 0.17 t/t.

深井、大斜度井尾管悬挂固井工艺

针对深井、大斜度井尾管固井风险高、技术复杂、施工难度大、质量要求高等特点,研制了一种液压—机械联作式自动脱挂尾管悬挂器以及固井工艺,介绍了该悬挂器的结构、工作原理、性能特点。该悬挂器采用液压剪销坐挂、自动脱挂,双胶塞碰压顶替的工作方式,可实现坐封、脱挂、碰压、冲洗连续施工,允许大幅度上提、下放、旋转套管及中途循环钻井液,能够有效解决深井、大斜度井尾管固井坐挂难、倒扣难、留水泥塞等技术难题。通过15口井的现场应用,表明该工艺可提高尾管固井质量、缩短钻完井时间、降低成本、减少井下钻具事故,有进一步推广的价值。

Experimental study on surface-active polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery: A case study of Daqing placanticline oilfield, NE China

Experiments on surface-active polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery were carried out by detection analysis and modern physical simulation technique based on reservoirs and fluids in Daqing placanticline oilfield.The experimental results show that the surface-active polymer is different from other common polymers and polymer-surfactant systems in molecular aggregation,viscosity and flow capacity,and it has larger molecular coil size,higher viscosity and viscosifying capacity,and poorer mobility.The surface-active polymer solution has good performance of viscosity-increasing and viscosity retention,and has good performance of viscoelasticity and deformability to exert positive effects of viscosifying and viscoelastic properties.Surface-active polymer can change the chemical property of interface and reduce interfacial tension,making the reservoir rock turn water-wet,also it can emulsify the oil into relatively stable oil-in-water emulsion,and emulsification capacity is an important property to enhance oil washing efficiency under non-ultralow interfacial tension.The surface-active polymer flooding enlarges swept volume in two ways:Microscopically,the surface-active polymer has mobility control effect and can enter oil-bearing pores not swept by water to drive residual oil,and its mobility control effect has more contribution than oil washing capacity in enhancing oil recovery.Macroscopically,it has plugging capacity,and can emulsify and plug the dominant channels in layers with high permeability,forcing the injected fluid to enter the layer with medium or low permeability and low flow resistance,and thus enlarging swept volume.

Technologies of enhancing oil recovery by chemical flooding in Daqing Oilfield, NE China

By tracking and analyzing the research and practices of chemical flooding carried out in the Daqing Oilfield, NE China since the 1970 s, the chemical flooding theory, technology adaptability and existing problems were systematically summarized, and directions and ideas of development in the future were proposed. In enhanced oil recovery by chemical flooding, the Daqing Oilfield developed theories related to compatibility between crude oil and surfactant that may form ultra-low interfacial tensions with low-acidity oil, and a series of surfactant products were developed independently. The key technologies for chemical flooding such as injection parameter optimization and numerical simulation were established. The technologies of separation injection, cleansing and anti-scaling, preparation and injection, and produced liquid processing were developed. The matching technologies of production engineering and surface facilities were formed. Through implementation of chemical flooding, the Daqing Oilfield achieved outstanding performances with enhanced recovery rate of 12% in polymer flooding and with enhanced recovery rate of 18% in ASP flooding. To further enhance the oil recovery of chemical flooding, three aspects need to be studied:(1) fine characterization of reservoirs;(2) smart and efficient recovery enhancement technologies;(3) environment friendly, high-efficiency and smart matching processes.

污水配制的Al^(3+)交联聚合物凝胶性能特征

用大庆采油二厂的污水(矿化度4013mg/L)配制不同HPAM浓度的Al3+交联聚合物凝胶,在气测渗透率1 25μm2的人造岩心上,按清水(矿化度729mg/L)—凝胶—污水或清水的注入程序,注入量>5PV,测得凝胶中HPAM浓度为0 6、0 5、0 4g/L时,残余阻力系数FRR(368 6～277 4)大于阻力系数FR(266 7～246 0),二者均随HPAM浓度减小而减小;后续注入清水时FRR较低;凝胶中HPAM浓度为0 3g/L时FRR<RR;注入用25%、50%污水稀释的0 6g/LHPAM的凝胶时,FRR略有下降而FR不变。在二维纵向非均质人造岩心上,注凝胶(0 5g/LHPAM)、注水、再注凝胶过程中,入口压力升高而中间点压力基本不变,20天后再注水时两测点压力急剧上升,两测点压力差逐渐减小,与注聚合物溶液时两测点压力升高、注水时又降低的现象形成鲜明对比。初始粘度8 8mPa·s的Al3+交联聚合物凝胶,2天时粘度最高(10 2mPa·s),60天时下降至8 4mPa·s,FR和FRR则随凝胶放置时间加长而增大,由1天时的4 92和3 32增加到10天时的192 4和271 2,FRR>FR;聚合物溶液的粘度略低,在放置过程中FR和FRR大体不变,FR和FRR值很小且FRR<FR。实验温度45℃。图2表7参6。

二连油田巴38断块保护油层钻井液技术

巴38断块储层物性从中孔特低渗到中孔中渗,非均质性强,属于强水敏、强盐敏地层。针对巴38断块储层特征和现场使用的钾铵基聚合物钻井液体系特点,研究出了适用于巴38断块的油层保护剂L-RP-2。该油层保护剂L-RP-2中引入了中-低分子量聚合物,利用聚合物分子链可以将不同形状和不同粒度的惰性颗粒,包括原井浆中的固相颗粒链接起来共同对储层进行有效封堵。室内评价结果表明,油层保护剂L-RP-2对岩心的封堵效率大于85%,封堵深度小于10mm,满足了油层封堵技术的要求。加有油层保护剂L-RP-2的保护油层钻井液体系现场应用40口井,在进行测试的15口井中,12口井共计13层表皮系数均小于零,为完善井,3口井表皮系数小于1,为轻微损害井,可见油层保护剂L-RP-2的应用取得了良好的深护油层效果。

大型酸压技术在富台油田潜山油藏勘探中的应用

富台油田下古生界潜山油藏储层基质渗透率低、裂缝和溶蚀孔洞发育、普遍受到污染,采用酸化压裂措施改造油层以增加油井产能。根据地层测试资料和压力曲线特征,结合储层静态资料指导选择酸压井层及酸压规模,进行常规酸预处理。采用胶凝酸和压裂液交替注入的闭合酸化工艺,增产效果显著,对改善该区深井、超深井的潜山储层的裂缝导流能力、提高油层渗透率和解除油层的污染状况有明显效果。

黄骅坳陷唐家河油田古近系沙河街组沙一段下部储层质量研究

黄骅坳陷唐家河油田古近系沙河街组为水下重力流水道沉积,可划分为3个微相,即水道中心微相、水道侧缘微相和水道间微相。砂体在平面上呈条带状,条带宽度一般为10 0～5 0 0m ,厚度一般为2～10m。根据储层质量的差异性,重力流水道沉积的储层质量可分为4类,各类储层具有不同的岩性、物性及产能特征。断层、砂体及储层质量的差异分布形成了复杂的构造-岩性圈闭,其中,断层与条带状砂体斜交,导致圈闭规模小。其内储层质量的差异分布及复杂的油水关系,则导致离散、零星的含油分布。这一储层定量模式及油层差异分布模式对重力流水道沉积的油气勘探和开发具有较大的指导意义。

高含水期油井出砂预测模型的研究与应用

对取心井测井数据和岩心三轴试验岩石强度数据进行了分析,得到了油层砂岩强度与声波时差、井深的回归关系式。以岩石破坏准则为基础,采用岩石力学的理论和方法,建立了射孔完井临界出砂预测模型。通过孔道出砂预测模型的计算,得到了油井出砂时的临界生产压差和临界产量。该模型预测的结果可用于判断新井投产出砂和目前生产层位出砂的状况。对胜坨油田3口不同区块的生产井进行了计算,预测准确率大于82%,计算结果对该油田高含水开发后期开发方案的设计有指导意义。

Mechanisms and experimental research of ion-matched waterflooding to enhance oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs: A case of Cretaceous limestone reservoirs in Halfaya Oilfield, Middle East

Based on systematically summarizing the achievements of previous ion-matched waterflooding researches,the diversity and synergy of oil recovery enhancement mechanisms and the interaction between mechanisms are examined according to two classification standards,and the influence of behaviors of different ions on different mechanisms and oil displacement efficiency are investigated.Ionic strength is proposed to characterize the behavior differences of univalent and divalent ions,the relationships between ionic strength,effective concentration,and mechanisms are established to characterize the ion behavior behind various mechanisms,and evaluate the performance of ion-matched injection water.The mechanisms of enhancing oil recovery by ion-matched waterflooding include:(1)The ion-matched water can reduce the ion strength and match the ion composition of formation water,thereby reducing the difference between the effective concentration of univalent ions and divalent ions on the surface of carbonate rocks,and improving the effective concentration of potential determining ions(especially SO42-).(2)It can improve wettability,oil-water interface properties,pore structure and physical properties of the reservoir,and finally enable the establishment of a new ionic equilibrium conducive to waterflooding while breaking the original equilibrium.In this study,experiments such as relative permeability curve,interfacial tension,and core-flooding were carried out on carbonate core samples from the Cretaceous Mishrif Formation reservoirs in Halfaya Oilfield,Middle East,a method for injection water evaluation was established and the injection water suitable for these reservoirs was selected:6 times diluted seawater.Compared with ordinary seawater,oil displacement efficiency can be increased by more than 4.60%and compared with the optimum dilution of formation water,oil displacement efficiency can be increased by 3.14%.

Sandbody architecture of the bar finger within shoal water delta front:Insights from the Lower Member of Minghuazhen Formation,Neogene,Bohai BZ25 Oilfield,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Core, well logging and seismic data were used to investigate sandbody architectural characteristics within Lower Member of Minghuazhen Formation in Neogene, Bohai BZ25 Oilfield, and to analyze the sedimentary microfacies, distribution and internal architecture characteristics of the bar finger within shoal water delta front. The branched sand body within shoal water delta front is the bar finger, consisting of the mouth bar, distributary channel over bar, and levee. The distributary channel cuts through the mouth bar, and the thin levee covers the mouth bar which is located at both sides of distributary channel. The bar finger is commonly sinuous and its sinuosity increases basinward. The distributary channel changes from deeply incising the mouth bar to shallowly incising top of the mouth bar.The aspect ratio ranges from 25 to 50 and there is a double logarithmic linear positive relationship between the width and thickness for the bar finger, which is controlled by base-level changing in study area. For the bar finger, injection and production in the same distributary channel should be avoided during water flooding development. In addition, middle–upper distributary channel and undrilled mouth bar are focus of tapping remaining oil.

高温抗盐水泥浆体系在胜利油田深探井的应用

以往胜利油田以东营凹陷沙三中下地层的油藏勘探开发为主,而孔店组、古潜山勘探程度极低,是目前及今后进一步勘探开发的重点对象,而沙四段以下都存在盐膏层,完钻井深都大干4000m,随着井深增加地温越来越高,对水泥浆提出了更高的要求。为保证顺利施工,提高固井质量,必须优选水泥外加剂和调整相适应的高温抗盐体系。经过对外加剂进行筛选,最后选择了河南省卫辉市化工有限公司的系列外加剂,并调配成高温抗盐水泥浆体系以适应150-180℃的井温。该体系在高温下具有良好的稠化性能,稠化曲线呈直角;抗盐性能好,随着盐加量的增大,稠化性能变化不大;抗压强度高。该水泥浆体系成功地完成了胜利油田重点探井郝科1井、丰8井、王古1井和王46井的固井任务。在孔杏组二段的深层发现了含油烃源岩,拓展了东营凹陷的油气勘探空间。

垦东油田固井水泥浆技术

胜利垦东油田地层压力系数低,一般为0.9-1.0,600-700m井段间还有浅气层,要求水泥浆返至地面,固井面临着封固段长、水泥用量大、易漏失憋泵、地温梯度低、水泥石强度发展慢、施工压力高、油气水易侵入造成窜槽等难题。该区块2003年固井30口(其中5口井经补救合格),合格率为93.3%,优质率为60%,固井质量严重威胁着油田的合理开采和产能建设。经室内实验研究和分析对比,优选出了水泥浆配方,并采取了相应的技术措施。现场应用表明,优选出的水泥添加剂相容性好,配伍性强,浆体性能优良,能防止对油层的污染,延长油井寿命;水泥石的渗透率低、强度高、韧性强,大大提高了固井优质率,现场固井20口,合格率达100%,优质率为80%。

抗高温缓凝剂GH-ⅡB在中原油田固井中的应用

针对高温高压深井固井中发生的问题,中原油田采用了加有抗高温缓凝剂GH-ⅡB的水泥浆体系。该缓凝剂是有机多糖化合物经深度氧化后生成的液态物质,其羧基官能团能吸附在水化物表面形成保护膜,并抑制水化物与水接触,减缓水化物晶核的生成,从而降低水泥颗粒的水化速度。室内试验表明,抗高温缓凝剂GH-ⅡB具有较高的热稳定性,对水泥有良好的缓凝特性和一定的减阻能力,可适用于95-160℃的高温区域,稠化曲线近似呈直角;可形成早期强度,减少失重危害,并与其它外加剂配伍性良好。抗高温缓凝剂GH-ⅡB经在40多口探井和深井使用,效果良好,固井合格率达99%,优良率在80%以上。

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield,Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.

Oilfield analogy and productivity prediction based on machine learning: Field cases in PL oilfield, China

In the early time of oilfield development, insufficient production data and unclear understanding of oil production presented a challenge to reservoir engineers in devising effective development plans. To address this challenge, this study proposes a method using data mining technology to search for similar oil fields and predict well productivity. A query system of 135 analogy parameters is established based on geological and reservoir engineering research, and the weight values of these parameters are calculated using a data algorithm to establish an analogy system. The fuzzy matter-element algorithm is then used to calculate the similarity between oil fields, with fields having similarity greater than 70% identified as similar oil fields. Using similar oil fields as sample data, 8 important factors affecting well productivity are identified using the Pearson coefficient and mean decrease impurity(MDI) method. To establish productivity prediction models, linear regression(LR), random forest regression(RF), support vector regression(SVR), backpropagation(BP), extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine(Light GBM) algorithms are used. Their performance is evaluated using the coefficient of determination(R^(2)), explained variance score(EV), mean squared error(MSE), and mean absolute error(MAE) metrics. The Light GBM model is selected to predict the productivity of 30 wells in the PL field with an average error of only 6.31%, which significantly improves the accuracy of the productivity prediction and meets the application requirements in the field. Finally, a software platform integrating data query,oil field analogy, productivity prediction, and knowledge base is established to identify patterns in massive reservoir development data and provide valuable technical references for new reservoir development.

热力解堵技术的研究与应用

针对濮城油田油水井近井地带污染堵塞严重的特点,介绍了一种利用化学药剂在地层发生化学反应产生大量热量以解除地层堵塞,提高油井产量的热力解堵技术。通过若干实例的现场实施证明,热化学解堵剂可以有效地解除地层因蜡质、胶质、沥青质等有机物沉积造成的堵塞,而且药剂用量少、成本低、施工简单、经济效益好,具有广阔的应用发展前景。

特高含水采油期安全混输温度界限试验研究

随着油田开发的深入,大庆油田原油综合含水率不断升高,大部分油井产出液含水率在90%左右。随着含水率的升高,集输原油的能耗也呈急剧上升趋势。为了实现安全不加热集输及降低能耗和生产成本,在大庆油田建立了一套试验装置,以大庆油田采油六厂喇嘛甸油田特高含水油井产出的油气水混合物为试验介质,测试了不同温度、不同含水率、不同产液量及不同含气情况下的压降及油气水混合物的流动状态。试验研究结果表明,在含水率超过85%、产液量为11～105t/d、气油比为40～60m3/t及油气水混合物的流速为0.2～2m/s、气相折算速度为0.15～1.8m/s的条件下,油、气、水三相在水平管道内的流动属于冲击流,油、水两相属于分层流或水为连续相的乳状/悬浮液。在不加任何药剂的情况下,特高含水采油期,油气水安全混输温度界限为23℃,低于原油凝固点。

河道砂侧积体对剩余油分布的影响——以孤岛油田馆上段3～4砂组高弯度曲流河为例

应用现代沉积学的理论,对孤岛油田馆上段3-4砂组高弯度曲流河河道砂侧积体分布特征进行分析;根据 河流相厚油层多侧积体沉积的地质特点,设计了由三个侧积体组成,其间分布两个斜交泥质夹层(侧积层)的三种 夹层位置类型、四种射孔方式、两种注水方式的24个注采模拟方案,研究了不同注采模式下的剩余油分布规律。 研究表明侧积体夹层对剩余油形成和分布具有明显控制作用,其与注采井网的不同配置关系,造成剩余油存在较 大差异。剩余油主要分布在两个夹层的上部,且逆着夹层注水模型的波及系数和采收率略大于顺夹层注水的波及 系数和采收率。应用侧积体理论指导特高含水期曲流河厚油层水平井挖潜取得了良好效果,在孤岛油田中一区馆 陶组第4砂组优化设计水平井7口,初期平均单井产油能力达到了28.5t／d,为同期投产直井产量的3～5倍,综合 含水率仅为56.6％,为油田注聚合物后在特高含水期进一步提高采收率提供了新的思路和方法。