Active Current Sharing of LCLC Resonant Converter with Switch-Controlled-Capacitor Technology

In this paper,an interleaved LCLC converter with enhancement-mode(E-mode)GaN devices is introduced to achieve the accurate current sharing performance for data center applications. Any tolerance in the resonant tank elements can lead to large load imbalance between any two different phases. Due to the steep gain curves of LCLC converters,conventional current sharing methods are not effective. In the proposed converter,the impedances of the resonant networks are matched by switching a capacitor,i.e.,switch controlled capacitor(SCC),in series with the resonant capacitor in one or some of the phases,which results in accurate load current sharing among the phases with an accuracy around 0.025%. The load share of a phase is sensed through the resonant current on it,and the control logic applied to such current sharing can be achieved. By this method,accurate current sharing is achieved for a wide input voltage range required for the hold-up time in data center applications. Interleaving is applied in the proposed multiphase LCLC converter,resulting in low current stress on the output capacitor and allowing ceramic capacitor implementation. Moreover,phase shedding accomplishes high light load efficiency. The performance of the proposed interleaved LCLC converter is verified by a two-phase 1 k W prototype with an input voltage ranging from 250 V to 400 V and a fixed 12 V output voltage.

Embedded Control of LCL Resonant Converter Analysis, Design, Simulation and Experimental Results

The Objective of this paper is to give more insight into CCM Operation of the LCL Converter to obtain op-timum design using state-space analysis and to verify the results using PSPICE Simulation for wide variation in loading conditions. LCL Resonant Full Bridge Converter (RFB) is a new, high performance DC-DC con-verter. High frequency dc-dc resonant converters are widely used in many space and radar power supplies owing to their small size and lightweight. The limitations of two element resonant topologies can be over-come by adding a third reactive element termed as modified series resonant converter (SRC). A three ele-ment resonant converter capable of driving voltage type load with load independent operation is presented. We have used embedded based triggering circuit and the embedded ‘C’ Program is checked in Keil Software and also triggering circuit is simulated in PSPICE Software. To compare the simulated results with hardware results and designed resonant converter is 200W and the switching frequency is 50 KHz.

In situ atomic-scale observation of size-dependent (de) potassiation and reversible phase transformation in tetragonal FeSe anodes

Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to cost-effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of-2.93 V(vs.-3.04 V for Li+/Li).However,the exploration of appro-priate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ions presents a significant challenge.In addition,the reaction mecha-nisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive.Here,tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs,and their live and atomic-scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high-resolution transmission electron micros-copy.We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions,sequen-tially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions,and the initial intercalation behavior is size-dependent.Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ions is observed in small-sized FeSe nanoflakes,whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large-sized nanoflakes.The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite-element analysis.Despite the different intercalation behaviors,the formed products of Fe and K_(2)Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation.In particular,small-sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling perfor-mance with well-maintained structural integrity.This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic-scale visualization that can reveal size-dependent potassiation dynamics.Moreover,it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.

Analysis and Design of a Kind of Improved Parallel Resonant Converters

Traditional transformer in high-voltage power supplies has many disadvantages such as high turn’s ratio, large volume and great design difficulties. Parallel resonant converters (PRCs) are widely used in high-voltage power supplies. A kind of high-voltage circuit topology can be formed by combining PRCs and voltage-doubler rectifier, which is called parallel resonant dual voltage converters (PRDVCs). In PRDVCs both voltage-doubler rectifier and transformer can boost voltage, which reduced turn’s ratio and volume of the transformer, making it easier to produce. Thus it not only realizes the high-voltage output, but also realizes the miniaturization of high-voltage power supply. Three modes of the converters were researched and simulated. Converting conditions of three modes were given. At last, PRDVCs was used to design a 5000V/50mA high-voltage power supply. The waveforms and results of the experiment were given, which validated the feasibility of the converters and its conversion efficiency might be improved to 93%.

Quasi-Square Wave Mode Phase-Shifted PWM LCC Resonant Converter for Regulated Power Supply

This paper presents an improved self sustained oscillating controller circuit using LCC components for improving the overall efficiency of the system. It has a micro controller based active controller, which controls the performance from no-load up to full-load. The steady state characteristics are developed and a design example is given in detail. The proposed controller allows zero current switching at any loading condition which results in a reasonable reduction of power loss during switching with a promising efficiency. Analytical and experimental results verify the achievement the design specifications.

Theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity —Modeling Earth as a Rotating Solenoid Coil

Presented in this manuscript are conventional electrical engineering tools to model the earth as a rotating electrical machine. Calculations using known parameters of the earth and measured field data has resulted in new understanding of the earth’s electrical system and gyroscopic rotation. The material makeup of the inner earth is better understood based on derived permeability and permittivity constants. The planet has been modeled as simple coils and then as a parallel impedance circuit which has led to fundamental insight into planetary speed control and RLC combination for Schumann Resonance of 7.83 Hz. Torque and Voltage Constants and the inverse Speed Constant are calculated using three methods and all compare favorably with Newton’s Gravitational Constant. A helical resonator is referenced and Schumann’s Resonant ideal frequency is calculated and compared with others idealism. A new theory of gravity based on particle velocity selector at the poles is postulated. Two equations are presented as the needed links between Faraday’s electromagnetism and Newtonian physics. Acceleration and Deceleration of earth is explained as a centripetal governor. A new equation for planetary attraction and the attraction of atomic matter is theorized. Rotation of the earth’s electrical coil is explained in terms of the Richardson effect. Electric power transfer from the sun to the planets is proposed via Flux Transfer Events. The impact of this evolving science of electromagnetic modeling of planets will be magnified as the theory is proven, and found to be useful for future generations of engineers and scientists who seek to discover our world and other planets.

Performance Analysis of PI and Fuzzy Control for Modified LCC Resonant Converter Incorporating Boost Converter

In this paper, the modified LCC type of series-parallel Resonant Converter (RC) was designed and state-space modeling analysis was implemented. In this proposed converter, one leg of full bridge diode rectifier is replaced with Synchronous Rectifier (SR) switches. The proposed LCC converter is controlled using frequency modulation in the nominal state. During hold-up time, the SRswitches control is changed from in-phase to phase-shifted gate signal to obtain high DC voltage conversion ratio. Furthermore, the closed loop PI and fuzzy provide control on the output side without decreasing the switching frequency. The parameter such as conduction loss on primary and secondary side, switching loss, core and copper also reduced. Simultaneously, the efficiency is increased about 94.79 is realized by this scheme. The proposed converter with an input of 40 V is built to produce an output of 235 V with the help of ZVS boost converter [1] even under line and load disturbances. As a comparison, the closed loop fuzzy controller performance is feasible and less sensitive than PI controller.

A Novel Polymorphic Topology with Hybrid Control Strategy Based LLC Resonant Converter for Ultra-Wide Input Voltage Range Applications

To realize effective utilization of renewable energy sources,a novel polymorphic topology with hybrid control strategy based LLC resonant converter was analyzed and designed in this paper.By combining the merits of a full bridge LLC resonant converter,three-level half bridge LLC resonant converter,and variable frequency control mode,the converter realizes an intelligent estimation of input voltage by automatically changing its internal cir-cuit topology.Under this control strategy,different input voltages determine different operation modes.This is achieved in full bridge LLC mode when the input voltage is low.If the input voltage rises to a certain level,it operates in three-level half bridge LLC mode.These switches are digital and entirely carried out by the DSP(Digi-tal Signal Processor),which means that an auxiliary circuit is unnecessary,where a simple strategy of software modification can be utilized.Experimental results of a 500W prototype with 100V~600V input voltage and full load efficiency of up to 92%are developed to verify feasibility and practicability.This type of converter is suitable for applications with an ultra-wide input voltage range,such as wind turbines,photovoltaic generators,bioenergy,and other renewable energy sources.

Interleaved-Connected Split Planar Resonant Inductor Design in 1 kV SiC LLC Converters

Design method of split planar resonant inductor in 1 kV SiC logical link control(LLC)converter is proposed,which ensures the converter power density of 93.59 W/in^3 and peak efficiency of 95.73%.Split resonant inductor helps to provide symmetrical resonant current by symmetrical impedance,and improves the distortion of resonant current,which ensures the efficiency of the whole converter.An interleaved winding connecting scheme improves the power density of the planar magnets,which contributes to power density improvement.Design method and calculation process of such split planar resonant inductor are provided.To verify the feasibility of the proposed design method,a 1 kV/48 V 6.6 kW,210 k Hz SiC LLC prototype was built,and the experimental results are given.

Application of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy

Against the backdrop of global energy shortages and increasingly severe environmental pollution,renewable energy is gradually becoming a significant direction for future energy development.Power electronics converters,as the core technology for energy conversion and control,play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and stability of renewable energy systems.This paper explores the basic principles and functions of power electronics converters and their specific applications in photovoltaic power generation,wind power generation,and energy storage systems.Additionally,it analyzes the current innovations in high-efficiency energy conversion,multilevel conversion technology,and the application of new materials and devices.By studying these technologies,the aim is to promote the widespread application of power electronics converters in renewable energy systems and provide theoretical and technical support for achieving sustainable energy development.

The Long-Lived Photon Echo Response Locking Effect in the Presence of External Non-Resonant Laser Pulses with a Different Spatial Orientation

The correlation of the inhomogeneous broadening of the resonance transition at different time intervals and the efficiency of long-lived photon echo response locking by the action of standing waves of non-resonant laser pulses are considered. It is shown that the long-lived photon echo response locking effect may be observed even at the angles of the relative orientation of the non-resonant standing wave laser pulses of less than one degree, due to the change in the correlation coefficient of inhomogeneous broadening at time intervals between the first and the second and after the third resonant laser pulses.

A COMPUTER-AIDED UNIFIED APPROACH TO MODELING PWM AND RESONANT CONVERTERS

This letter puts forward a method of modeling for the steady-state and small signal dynamic analysis on PWM, quasi-resonant and series/(parallel) resonant switching converters based on pulse-waveform integral approach. As an example, PWM and quasi-resonant converters are used to discuss the principle of the approach. The results are compared with those in the relative literatures. Computer aided analysis are made to confirm the correctness.

An Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy Storage Interface Converter Based on Analogous Virtual Synchronous Generator

In the DC microgrid,the lack of inertia and damping in power electronic converters results in poor stability of DC bus voltage and low inertia of the DC microgrid during fluctuations in load and photovoltaic power.To address this issue,the application of a virtual synchronous generator(VSG)in grid-connected inverters control is referenced and proposes a control strategy called the analogous virtual synchronous generator(AVSG)control strategy for the interface DC/DC converter of the battery in the microgrid.Besides,a flexible parameter adaptive control method is introduced to further enhance the inertial behavior of the AVSG control.Firstly,a theoretical analysis is conducted on the various components of the DC microgrid,the structure of analogous virtual synchronous generator,and the control structure’s main parameters related to the DC microgrid’s inertial behavior.Secondly,the voltage change rate tracking coefficient is introduced to adjust the change of the virtual capacitance and damping coefficient flexibility,which further strengthens the inertia trend of the DC microgrid.Additionally,a small-signal modeling approach is used to analyze the approximate range of the AVSG’s main parameters ensuring system stability.Finally,conduct a simulation analysis by building the model of the DC microgrid system with photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage(BES)in MATLAB/Simulink.Simulation results from different scenarios have verified that the AVSG control introduces fixed inertia and damping into the droop control of the battery,resulting in a certain level of inertia enhancement.Furthermore,the additional adaptive control strategy built upon the AVSG control provides better and flexible inertial support for the DC microgrid,further enhances the stability of the DC bus voltage,and has a more positive impact on the battery performance.

Paralleled DC-DC Power Converters Sliding Mode Control with Dual Stages Design

This paper proposes the new cascaded series parallel design for improved dynamic performance of DC-DC buck boost converters by a new Sliding Mode Control (SMC) method. The converter is controlled using Sliding Mode Control method that utilizes the converter’s duty ratio to determine the skidding surface. System modeling and simulation results are presented. The results also showed an improved overall performance over typical PID controller, and there was no overshoot or settling time, tracking the desired output nicely. Improved converter performance and robustness were expected.

Arm Voltage Balancing Control of Modular Multilevel Resonant Converter

Modular multilevel resonant converter is an promising candidate for high voltage applications since it has advantageous features,such as high efficiency,high voltage capability and easy fault-tolerant operation.However,the inequality of arm inductance in practice will lead to imbalance between the upper and lower arm voltages,which will induce large ripples in the circulating current and a dc bias on the voltage generated by modular circuits.To compensate for the voltage imbalance,effects of arm duty cycle changes on arm voltages are discussed.An arm voltage balancing control method is proposed:adjust arm duty cycle according to arm voltage deviation in every switching cycle.Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and the proposed control method.

Modeling of Canonical Switching Cell Converter Using Genetic Algorithm

The working of Canonical switching cell(CSC)converter was studied and its equivalent circuit during ON and OFF states were obtained.State space model of CSC converter in ON and OFF states were developed using the Kirchhoff laws.The state space matrices were used to construct the transfer functions of ON&OFF states.The step response of the converter was simulated using MATLAB.The step response curve was obtained using different values of circuit components(L,C1,C2 and RL)and optimized.The characteristic parameters such as rise time,overshoot,settling time,steady state error and stability were determined using the step response curve.The response curve shows that there is no overshoot;the rise time and settling time are very low as expected for a converter and its stability is very high but the amplitude is very.The circuit was tuned to attain the expected amplitude using PID controller with the help of Genetic algorithm.The excellent results of circuits’characteristic parameters are very useful guideline for constructing such CSC converters for DC-DC conversions.The circuit characteristic parameters are useful in constructing such CSC converters for DCDC conversions in driving solar energy using solar panel.

ANALYSIS OF ZERO-VOLTAGE QUASI-RESONANT BOOST DC-DC CONVERTER

The zero-voltage quasi-resonant boost switching DC-DC converter has been inves-tigated by using the time averaging equivalent circuit approach of periodically switching linearnetworks.The DC steady state and AC small signal characteristics of the converter are also given.

鞍区肿瘤的MRI表现与鉴别诊断

目的：明确不同类型鞍区肿瘤的MRI特征。材料与方法：回顾性分析44例经手术病理证实的鞍区肿瘤MRI表现。结果：19例垂体大腺瘤、12例颅咽管瘤、9例鞍区脑膜瘤及4例鞍上池表皮样囊肿均有其一定的特征性MRI表现。垂体大腺瘤起源于垂体，大多数向上生长呈“雪人”形，个别向下生长突破鞍底，瘤体内可发生囊变（47％）或出血（32％）而致信号强度不均；颅咽管瘤多发生于鞍上，少数累及鞍内，囊实性或囊性者居多，其中于T1加权像上囊液可呈低、等、高不同信号强度为其特点；脑膜瘤多位于鞍上池前部，信号均匀与脑灰质相似，增强扫描有时可见脑膜尾征；发生于鞍上池的表皮样囊肿沿脑池生长，边缘不规则，信号强度与脑脊液相似。结论：MRI对鞍区肿瘤有重要的鉴别诊断价值。

多波勘探中一些物理负效应的野外补偿方法

PS转换波勘探采用纵波震源,具有采集成本低及劳动强度小的特点,在识别岩性、孔隙中的流体性质以及裂缝描述等方面发挥着日益重要的作用。但在实际多分量采集设计和施工中,或多或少忽略了PS波的传播特性、反射强度、波型转换、介质吸收以及检波器组合等因素的物理负效应,特别忽略了精细的采集设计和合理的采集参数所能带给资料上的细微变化对地质解释的贡献。归纳了导致P波和PS波的传播特性和造成地震成像差异的原因,给出了在野外采集中的补偿办法,并通过实例总结出以前勘探实践中忽略的因素,得出的结论对传统的P波勘探和转换波勘探都有着重要的借鉴作用。