40 Years of Rural Cooperative Medical Service

Our story dates from 40 years ago, on August 10, 1966, when China＇s first institution of rural medical service was inaugurated at a county called Changyang, Hubei Province, Central China, where people of Tujia, an ethnic minority group, live in compact communities. It was actually a clinic at a Dujia Village in the county, which charged itself with the task of making primary or basic medical care available and affordable-- to all the villagers. China has undergone tremendous changes since then, and now its economy becoming increasingly market-oriented. Despite that, rural cooperative medical service has kept expanding at Changyang though having experienced twists and turns over the past four decades. The county has been chosen by the central authorities to try out a new type of rural medical service, which in many ways is different from the old pioneered by Dujia in Changyang County.

Issues concerning Migrant Workers' Participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System and Countermeasures——Based on the Survey in Wenjiang District and Jintang County, Chengdu City

We conduct questionnaire survey of migrant workers in Wenjiang District and Jintang County of Chengdu City,respectively,using the method of key-point investigation and the sampling survey. We describe the status quo of the sample migrant workers' participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System,analyze the issues concerning migrant workers' participation in the New Rural Cooperative Medical System,and put forward the countermeasures and recommendations as follows: using many types of medical insurance; establishing universal reimbursement points in strange land and premium-paying system for migrant workers; making the proportion of reimbursement open and transparent; establishing and improving medicare security system for migrant workers.

Government Responsibility in New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System from the Perspective of Equity and Efficiency

Equity and efficiency,as two essential parts of social security,always influence construction of China's new rural cooperative medical care system.The new rural cooperative medical care system is a rural social security system particularly intended to make it more affordable for the rural poor.It is a multi-channel fundraising system with fund of comprehensive arrangement for serious disease composed by the government,collectives and individuals.Since its implementation,it has made considerable achievements,but there are still many apparent and hidden problems.Through analyzing existing problems in the implementation of new rural cooperative medical care system,from the perspective of equity and efficiency,it reached the conclusion that government should take corresponding responsibilities.At the same time of constantly increasing efficiency,it is recommended to attach importance to the equity,so as to realize the objective of improving the security level of new rural cooperative medical care system.

Restraining Factors and Improving Paths for the Operation Mechanism of New Rural Cooperative Medical System in China

The new rural cooperative medical system has achieved periodical achievements since its establishment.Nevertheless,there are many factors hampering the development of the new system,such as the high cost,the difficulties in fund procurement,the lack of management,the narrow coverage of benefit,the ineffective constraint to the designated medical institutions,the high fund balance rate,and the poor medical facilities and services in rural areas.Countermeasures are put forward to solve these problems,including improving the system design,expanding the coverage of the system,expanding the fund sources,reducing the financing costs,strengthening the fund supervision,enhancing the supervision of designated medical institutions,and improving the capacity of health services in rural areas.

Impact of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme on Health Care Service Utilization in Rural China

Using the 2000, 2004, and 2006 CHNS longitudinal survey data and econometric methods （random-effect probit regression model and DID methods）, this study conducted an empirical analysis to estimate the impact of NCMS. The major conclusions are as follows. First, predisposing factors, enabling factors, health care need factors, and lifestyle factors affect health care utilization. Second, results using DID methods indicate that NCMS did not affect health care service utilization （outpatient and inpatient） of individuals when ill, but it might increase the possibility of getting a health examination. Third, there is no difference in health care service utilization （both outpatient and inpatient） between the NCMS enrollment group and the non-enrollment group in both working age group （15-59） and the elderly group （60 and over）. Therefore, it can be said that NCMS did not affect the health care utilization in both the group. However, NCMS positively affects disease prevention behavior （visiting the hospital to receive a health examination） in the working age group, but the effect did not appear in the elderly group.

The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and Its Implications on Rural Labor Migration in China：Evidence from Longitudinal Surveys

In 2003, China initiated the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme （NRCMS） in order to provide basic health care coverage for the rural population. However, the NRCMS has had a marked impact on rural-urban labor migration as its current regulations present a barrier for cross-region participation in the NRCMS, and its reimbursement system is biased when the enrollees seek medical services outside their location of hukou, a household registration system in China. This paper performs a variety of empirical tests on a panel data set from the China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS） to study how the NRCMS affects rural residents＇ work location choices. We observed a ＂locking effect＂ on potential rural migrant workers and a ＂pulling effect＂ on existing ones. According to the results, the NRCMS has discouraged rural residents from working outside their location of hukou, lowering the probability of relocation by 3.52 percent. Meanwhile, the NRCMS system actually encourages existing migrant workers to return home. This paper concludes that the NRCMS has to some extent restrained the free flow of the labor force and exacerbated the migrant worker shortage.

新型合作医疗试点地区农民卫生服务需求利用调查

目的:了解四川省5个新型合作医疗的试点县(市)的农民的卫生服务需求利用情况,分析存在的问题,为进一步制定政策提供依据。方法:采用分层抽样的方法,在各试点县(市)分别抽取9个村,对当地农民进行现况调查。结果:5县(市)农民两周患病率为15 .9%、慢性病患病率为13 .4 %。各试点地区两周患病率、慢性病患病率及两周患病就诊率的差异都有统计学意义(P <0 . 0 5 )。在两周未就诊和年内应住院未住院原因中,经济困难所占比例分别是2 4 .3%和4 5. 4 %。农民就医最经常去的医疗机构是村卫生室和乡(镇)卫生院。结论:应加强试点地区三级卫生网的建设,尤其是乡(镇)卫生院及村卫生站的建设,以满足农民卫生服务的需求以及开展新型合作医疗的需要。

The impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the“health poverty alleviation”of rural households in China

This study investigates the impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme(NRCMS)on rural households to escape poverty.We employ the instrumental variable method,the IVProbit model,to analyze the national data from the rural-resident field survey by the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2016.Based on the large-scale data,we found that,first,the hospitalization of family members is the key factor in increasing the risk of the family falling into poverty.The NRCMS has significantly reduced the likely risk of falling into poverty.Second,the impact of the NRCMS on poverty alleviation varies among groups with different levels of income.There is no impact on the upper-middle and high-income groups;in contrast,the NRCMS has substantially improved the capacity of low-income rural families to prevent poverty due to illness,especially for the lower-middle-income group.Third,there exist significant regional differences in the impact of NRCMS on the health poverty alleviation of rural households in China.The NRCMS has successfully reduced the risk of rural households in the western region falling into poverty,simultaneously,no significant impact on those in the eastern and central regions.In order to diminish and eliminate poverty eventually and boost rural residents'capacity for income acquisition,we propose the following:raise the actual compensation ratio of the NRCMS,control the rising expense of NRCMS by promoting the payment method reform,construct the comprehensive healthcare system in the western region,strengthen the medical security for the poor in remote area,and enhance the living environment for rural residents.

On Rural Medical Care and Health Undertaking Development during New Medical Reform

Based on in-depth survey of township hospitals in Lushan County of Henan Province, this paper studies the development situations of rural medical care and health undertaking in the course of new medical reform. Results show that both rural medical institution and public health undertaking have considerable development in this course. Working capital situation gradually turns better. However, there are still problems and challenge of shortage of high quality medical care personnel, lack of employment mechanism, poor medical environment, and imperfect bidding and purchasing system of medicines. To further develop rural medical situation, it should improve medical environment, speed up informationization construction, and give prominence to functional orientation.

Rural Cooperative Economic Organized United Association: A Case Study of Baoding City of Hebei Province

Taking its development in Baoding City as an example, we introduced service fields of rural cooperative economic organized united association. It mainly includes setting up service platform and providing scientific and technological services; organizing economic and trade negotiation and exchange, and promoting farmer-supermarket partnership; providing financial services and solving fund-raising problems. In line with these fields, we analyzed existing problems: (i) regional development is unbalanced and organization lacks internal connection; (ii) the development in some counties (cities) is to be improved, and the promotion effect is not significant; (iii) there is shortage of talent and the innovation strength is not enough; and (iv) it lacks system and management lacks restriction mechanism. Finally, we put forward countermeasures and recommendations: strengthen propaganda and cultivate farmers' cooperative awareness; incorporate rural cooperative economic organized united association into formal system arrangement, and absorb professional talents; innovate upon organization system of rural cooperative economic organized united association and improve service methods; improve internal operating mechanism and innovate upon working contents of rural cooperative economic organized united association at new development background.

农村医疗保障:新型农村合作医疗该向何处去

认为新型农村合作医疗的设计具有内在的制度缺陷,在产生和发展路径上具有对传统合作医疗、城市社会医疗保险和商业医疗保险制度的严重依赖,但各制度面对的环境和基础却并不相同。农村医疗保障体系的建立,必须立足于我国农村现有的社会结构和传统文化环境,根据不同地区经济社会和人文发展的分异性与不同保障形式所要求的制度基础和条件,选择不同的农村医疗保障模式。同时,要注重发挥非正式保障制度的作用。

Survey Pinpoints Farmers＇ Changing Needs for Medical Services

Our survey indicates that rural people＇s satisfaction with medical service in the countryside is currently low. Intermediate variables of comments on medical institutions, medical staff and medicine directly influence their satisfaction with rural medical service. Among initial variables, except for age, legion, occupation and family income which also directly influence overall satisfaction, factors like education, primary type of illness among family members and diagnostic procedure and treatment afterwards have all indirect impact on overall satisfaction.

新型农村合作医疗的社会保险性质探析——兼论合作医疗中“合作”的内涵

通过对历史资料的梳理发现,新型农村合作医疗的"合作"与传统合作医疗的"合作"具有不同的内涵。传统合作医疗不属于社会保险制度,而新农合不仅在学理上具备了社会保险基本特征,还具备了比较成熟的社会保险要素,即政府主导作用的发挥、社会保险参量的设计、大数法则的运用、权利与义务相结合的原则以及实际上的强制性。明确新农合的社会保险性质,将有利于控制自愿参合带来的"逆向选择",促进城乡基本医疗保险制度的无缝衔接,加快政府责任边界的明晰化。因此,应将新农合向带有强制性的农村基本医疗保险制度发展,同时把政府定额财政补贴变为按比例补贴。

基于DEA-GIS方法的我国农村医疗卫生资源配置效率及公平性研究

背景“强基层”是我国医改重心之一,研究我国农村医疗卫生资源配置的效率及公平性对推动基层医疗卫生服务有序发展具有重要意义,但目前罕有基于数据包络分析-地理信息系统(DEA-GIS)方法兼具公平和效率研究的相关文献。目的分析2020年我国29个省份农村医疗卫生资源配置的效率及公平性,为优化我国农村医疗卫生资源配置和完善乡村医疗卫生服务体系提供参考。方法本研究数据来源于《中华人民共和国行政区划统计表》《2021中国卫生健康统计年鉴》。综合现有文献研究、数据可得性及征得专家咨询意见,选取我国29个省份(不含北京市、上海市和港澳台地区)的乡镇卫生院和村卫生室作为研究对象,以乡镇卫生院和村卫生室机构数(以下简称卫生机构数)、乡镇卫生院床位数(以下简称床位数)、乡镇卫生院和村卫生室卫生技术人员数(以下简称卫生技术人员数)作为投入指标;乡镇卫生院和村卫生室诊疗人次数(以下简称诊疗数)、乡镇卫生院入院数(以下简称入院数)作为产出指标。运用DEA模型评估我国农村医疗卫生资源配置效率,利用卫生资源集聚度和GIS技术将农村医疗卫生资源配置情况进行空间制图,分析其公平性。结果2020年我国农村医疗卫生资源有4个省份DEA有效、7个省份DEA弱有效、18个省无效。其中,DEA无效地区均存在不同程度的投入过剩现象,仅山东省和西藏自治区存在产出不足的问题。分区域分析结果显示,农村医疗卫生资源集中分布在东部地区,中部地区次之,西部地区集聚度最低。结论政府需重视提升农村医疗卫生资源配置的技术效率,通过优化投入产出结构、减少资源冗余,合理统筹东中西部的资源配置,对各地区精准施策促进公平和效率。

Management Mode of Rural Credit Cooperatives

Cooperative financing, with existing problems involving legal person man-agement and property supervision is highly demanded by farmers in China. It is fea-sible to explore a shareholding system to resolve the management mode issue of rural credit cooperatives in order to introduce investments, formulate the right struc-ture for rational stock and to establish effective monitoring mechanism for property right. Hence, information issuing would be reinforced and a rural credit cooperative would be established to be a modern financial enterprise with transparent property rights.

金融科技推动农村普惠金融发展的案例比较研究——以江苏省内三家上市银行为例

近年来,金融科技助力普惠农村群体已渐成趋势,农村金融普惠性不断增强,乡村贫困人群也能够逐步享受到高效便捷的金融服务。在江苏省内,江苏银行、南京银行及紫金银行在运用金融科技创新推动农村金融普惠发展的过程中,分别从自身发展战略及物理网点在农村地区的布局出发,践行着不同的实践路径。本文通过论述三家案例银行运用金融科技提升农村金融普惠性的实际应用情况,并总结归纳出可借鉴经验,以期探讨并提出金融机构基于金融科技提升农村普惠金融发展的有效策略。

Research on Rural Public Service System Based on the Data of "The Eleventh Five-Year Plan"

Rural public service is the services provided to rural residents to fulfill the needs of agricultural production, development of rural economy and improvement of peasant's living standard. Improving rural public service system is good for promoting the development of rural economy, enhancing the quality of peasant's living standard, narrowing the gap between rural and urban areas and constructing socialistic harmonious society. Currently, our rural power grid construction can meet the essential needs of economic and social development in rural areas. Rural water conservancy structure also fulfills the needs of agricultural production and peasant's life. Rural traffic condition has an obvious improvement. Education, culture, medical care and other public services all have a general enhancement. However, comparing to the city, rural public service system still exists some problems including imperfect infrastructures, low-quality education and medical treatment, low-level living environment and so on. Therefore, it is needed to establish a long-acting system of rural public service to boost the reform of rural basic education, improve the facilities of rural medical treatment, promote the reform of rural cooperative medical service, enhance the management of rural governance and improve the quality of rural life and environment.

Research on the path of medical service combination from the perspective of departmental cooperation

As an innovative mode of social endowment, combining medical care with modern medical care technology and old-age service is an important direction of a series of social problems caused by the deepening of aging and the intensification of aging process in China. It is the inevitable choice for the development of Chinese characteristics for the aged. At present, with the continuous development of the combination of medical care and rehabilitation, the process of combination of medical care and breeding is slow, and the problems of inter departmental cooperation, high cost of resource integration and low service efficiency have emerged. The paper puts forward that multi head management of different responsibility management body is a bottleneck problem that hinders the integration of medical care. From the objective and subjective two points of view, the administrative system level barrier and the inter departmental interest game are the important reasons that obstruct the medical support and break through the estrangement of the Department and realize the cooperation. Then, according to the theory of large part system reform, the author boldly proposes the idea of establishing a new comprehensive functional department that specializes in the management of pension related affairs.

城乡基本医疗保险制度实施对家庭消费的影响效应及作用机制

基于1988—2018年中国家庭收入调查数据,以城乡基本医疗保险制度实施为准自然实验,采用双重差分法考察了城镇基本医疗保险与新型农村合作医疗保险(即新农合)对家庭消费率的影响及其机制。结果显示:相较于未参保家庭,参加城镇医保的家庭消费率显著高出1.01%,但新农合的影响不显著;机制分析发现,城镇医保促进了参保家庭的总消费和分项消费支出,但新农合对消费支出无显著影响,同时,城镇医保和新农合对总收入和大部分分项收入无显著影响,这与基准回归结果一致;异质性分析表明,城镇医保更多地提升了中老年、非富裕、不健康群体,以及西部地区的家庭消费率。对此,应当充分发挥基本医疗保险制度对提振家庭消费率的积极作用,对“大水漫灌”式的财政补助应进行反思;改变基本医保“户保分离”“业保分离”的现状;加强针对特定人群的医保政策;注重提高参保青年和健康群体的获得感。

府院合作的“领办型医联体”提升县级医疗机构服务能力的思考

加强紧密型医联体建设,是推进医药卫生体制改革,促进区域优质医疗资源扩展和平衡布局,构建优质高效分级诊疗体系的重要举措。府院合作的“领办型医联体”建设对于提升县级医疗机构服务能力,统筹负责区域内居民预防、治疗、康复、健康促进等一体化连续性医疗服务具有重要意义。笔者以成都市某区某三级综合医院为例,介绍府院合作的“领办型医联体”建设的主要做法和主要成效、存在问题和对策建议,以推进医联体建设长效运行。