Comparison on the Origin and Development of Sophora flavescens in China and Japan

Sophora flavescens , which was first recorded in Shen Nong s Herbal Classic , has the functions of clearing away heat, drying dampness, killing parasites and promoting urination. In its long-term application, traditional Chinese medicine has gradually deepened its understanding of the origin and efficacy of S. flavescens . In order to explore changes in the origin and efficacy of traditional Chinese herb S. flavescens in the history of China and Japan, in this paper, the origin and development of S. flavescens in China and Japan were compared from three aspects: the origin, medicinal efficacy, and processing methods of S. flavescens in China and Japan, hoping to provide clear understanding of the medicinal plant S. flavescens .

Analysis of Lavandulyl Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens with Antiinflammatory Activity Based on Molecular Network Technology

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen lavandulyl flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Sophora flavescens.[Methods]35 compounds were screened from traditional Chinese medicine S.flavescens using the nitric oxide(NO)anti-inflammatory activity model.[Results]Five components,8(xanthohumol),13(kurarinol),27(4-methoxysalicylic acid),28(b-resorcic acid)and 30(b-resorcic acid),exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity,with IC 50 values of 5.99,4.76,6.96,3.41 and 5.22μM,respectively.Especially,8(xanthohumol)and 13(kurarinol)were typical lavandulyl flavonoids in S.flavescens,which were worth further exploration.Furthermore,UPLC-Q-Exactive and GNPS molecular networking technique were used for rapid analysis of lavandulyl flavonoids from S.flavescens.A total of 15 components were identified.[Conclusions]This work lays a theoretical foundation for further separation and analysis of lavandulyl flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity from S.flavescens.

Mechanisms of Sophora flavescens in the treatment of cervical squamous cell carcinoma based on comprehensive biological analysis,network pharmacology,and experimental verification

Objective:This study used comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology analysis to investigate the potentially relevant mechanisms of Sophora flavescens against cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Methods:Consistently altered genes involved in cervical squamous cell cancerization were analyzed in the GEO database.The chemical ingredients and target genes of Sophora flavescens were explored using the TCMSP database.We obtained the potential therapeutic targets of Sophora flavescens by intersecting the above genesets and validated them in the GEPIA database.The interaction between Sophora flavescens and target genes was predicted by molecular docking.RT-qPCR was used to verify the changes of target genes in HeLa cells treated with Sophora flavescens.Single-gene GSEA functional analysis were performed to determine the molecular mechanisms.Results:Fifteen genes related to the transformation of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were identified,among which AR and ESR1 were confirmed as targets for kaempferol,wighteone,formononetin,and phaseolinon.These compounds are the active ingredients in Sophora flavescens.Low expressions of AR and ESR1 correlate with a poor prognosis,while Sophora flavescens treatment increases the expression of AR and ESR1 in HeLa.GSEA analysis showed that AR and ESR1 mainly participate in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusion:Sophora flavescens exert anti-tumor effects by targeting AR and ESR1,which may regulate cancer metastasis.

土壤添加蛇床子(Cnidium monnieri)和苦参(Sophora flavescens)对茄子黄萎病及根际微生物的化感影响

研究了蛇床子、苦参对茄子黄萎病菌的化感抑制作用及对茄子根际微生物数量的影响。结果表明,蛇床子、苦参的提取物抑制了茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长,并随提取物浓度的增加抑制作用增强。在土壤中施入蛇床子、苦参提取物处理茄子苗后表现出一定的抗病效果,其中蛇床子处理的植株发病率最低。在土壤中添加蛇床子和苦参粉末,经腐解后,苦参处理的茄子植株株高、茎粗均高于对照处理,且二者处理后植株干物质含量高于对照。处理后茄子根际微生物中放线菌数量增加,真菌的数量变化差异不明显,细菌的数量相对减少,在初花期微生物的总量均高于初果期和定植期。

Cloning and Sequencing of a Lectin Protein Gene from the Roots of Sophora flavescens

A lectin protein(SFL) with molecular weight about 32 kD which markedly agglutinated rabbit and human red blood cells was purified from the roots of Sophora flavescens Ait. This protein, and apparently inhibited the growth of Fusarium vasinfectum Atk., Gibberella saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc., and Piricularia oryzae Cav. A set of degenerate PCR primer was synthesized according to the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein. The full-length cDNA coding the lectin was cloned by RT-PCR and 5'-RACE and sequenced (GenBank AF285121). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that a preprotein with 284 amino acid residues is firstly translated and then processed to a mature protein with 254 amino acids. A N-Glycosylation site is the Asn 182 residue.

家兔黄艾美耳球虫(Eimeria flavescens)活虫苗免疫预防的研究

本试验使用黄艾美耳球虫(Eimeria flavescens)活虫苗重复免疫2月龄新西兰品种无球虫兔,建立3种免疫程序:Ⅰ均等高剂量免疫;Ⅱ均等低剂量免疫;Ⅲ加倍递增剂量免疫。免疫过程中,对临床症状,增重,卵囊排出量,肠道粘膜的表面形态病变,特异性血清 IgG 效价进行了比较研究。综合分析表明加倍递增剂量免疫组(免疫5次,间隔5 d,起始卵囊量为200个·只^(-1)·次^(-1))效果最好,攻虫后卵囊排出量和增重与对照组相比差异极显著或差异显著(P<0.01,或0.01<P<0.05),保护率86.7%,临床症状和肠道粘膜的病变均比较轻微。免疫保护性明显优于另外2种免疫程序,相当于杀球灵(Diclazuril)1×10^(-6)拌料预防的效果(保护率96.1%)。特异性血清 IgG 效价差异不明显。

Antibacterial Activity of Sophora flavescens Extracts against Pepper Blight (Fusarium oxysporum)

[ Objectlve] The paper was to explore the antibacterial activity of S. fiavescens extracts against pepper blight. [ Methods] Growth rate method and sus- pend-drop method were used to measure the inhibition effect of different solvents and concentrations of S. fiavescens extracts on F. oxysporum. [Result] The inhibi- tion rate of etude extracts of S. flavescens extracted by ethyl acetate and acetone was significantly higher than that of ethanol. With the increasing concentration of ethyl acetate crude extracts of S. flavescens, its inhibition effect against myeelial growth and spore germination of F. oxysporum signitieantly increased. When the mass concentration was 40 g/L, its inhibition rates against myeelial growth and spore germination of F. oxysporum were 94.48% and 89.01%, respectively. [ Con- clusion] The active substance contained in S. flavescens roots had strong inhibition activity against pepper blight, which had the potential value for further research and development.

温度对黄金鲈(Perca flavescens)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在不同水温（15、20、25和30℃）下,对体重（46.1±4.5）g黄金鲈（Perca flavescens）的耗氧率和排氨率进行了测定与分析。结果显示：黄金鲈的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而显著增加（P〈0.01）;耗氧率和排氨率与温度的关系可用指数方程拟合,其方程分别为：RO=0.0682 e0.0633t,R2=0.9879;RN=2.4593 e0.0904t,R2=0.9703;随着温度的升高氧氮比（O：N）逐渐降低;耗氧Q10值和排氨Q10值均在20~25℃之间最小。结果表明：在各温度水平下黄金鲈基础代谢消耗底物主要均以蛋白质为主,脂肪其次,然而随着温度的升高,黄金鲈利用糖类和脂肪供能的比例逐渐下降,而蛋白质供能的比例逐渐增加。黄金鲈的最适生长温度为20~25℃。

Two New Antibacterial Flavanones from Sophora flavescens

Two new lavandulylated flavanones,（2R, 3R）-8-1avandulyl-2＇-methoxy-5, 7, 4＇-trihydroxyflavanonol （1） and 8-1avandulyl-5,7, 4＇-trihydroxyflavonol （2）,were isolated from the dry roots of S opharaflavescens.Their structures were eiucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant antibacterial activities.

Research progress on flavonoids from the roots of Sophora flavescens Alt.and their biological activities

Sophora flavescens Alt.,a perennial herb of Sophora in Leguminosae family,was widely distributed in the north and south of China.Its root is utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine to clear heat,drain dampness,kill insect and promote urination by virtue of bitter and cold.Its chemical components are complex and diverse,mainly including alkaloids and flavonoids.Modern pharmacological studies have found that prenylflavonoids and quinolicidine alkaloids are the characteristic chemical constituents and the main active ingredients,with anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,anti-oxidation,and other various biological activities.This study reviewed the chemical constituents of S.flavescens and the pharmacological effects of flavonoids in it in order to provide reference for further development.

A new lavandulyl flavonoid from Sorphora flavescens Ait

A new lavandulyl flavonoid was isolated from the rhizome of Sorphora flavescens. The structure of new compound was elucidated on the basis of spectral methods including 2D NMR. And it showed potent cytotoxic activity against Hela ceils with IC50 of 1.1 μmol/L.

小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii)的生长发育对自身视觉能力的影响

异速生长普遍存在于昆虫的生长发育过程中,是昆虫适应外界环境的重要策略。视觉线索是小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii)寄主选择和飞行运动的关键信息,随着叶蝉龄期的增长,叶蝉的体型和活动能力逐渐增强,同时复眼的形态也发生显著变化。通过组织学和行为学技术,测定叶蝉不同龄期复眼形态结构和视觉能力的变化特征,明确了叶蝉的视觉能力在生长发育过程中逐渐增强,从1龄至5龄,若虫的光学灵敏度从0.04μm^(2)·sr提升至0.11μm^(2)·sr,视觉敏锐度从0.086 cpd(Cycles per degree,周/度)提升至0.112 cpd,均符合异速生长规律,但增速慢于若虫体型的增长速度。若虫羽化后复眼中部区域的光学灵敏度下降且雌雄虫存在显著差异,虽然成虫的视觉敏锐度有所提升,但依旧属于低分辨率视觉,有效视距非常有限。本研究证实了叶蝉为了优先体型及其运动相关器官的发育,视觉能力增长速度选择放缓且主要注重复眼视野的增加,以便于叶蝉感知大范围的视觉线索。

Exploring the anti-diabetic effects and the underlying mechanisms of ethyl acetate extract from Sophora flavescens by integrating network pharmacology and pharmacological evaluation

Background:Sophora flavescens,a traditional Chinese herb medicine,has been used to prevent and cure type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)both in folk medicine and medical institutions.Modern pharmacological studies have also demonstrated that the flavonoids obtained from Sophora flavescens ethyl acetate extract(SFE)exhibited potential anti-diabetic activity.Our previous study elucidated that SFE exerts anti-T2DM effects by regulating the host-microbial metabolic axis.In the present study,we further explored the pharmacodynamic effect and the potential targets of the anti-T2DM activity of SFE by integrating network pharmacology and pharmacological evaluations.Methods:The diabetic rat model was created by streptozotocin and oral administration with SFE for 8 weeks.Then,the T2DM-related index was estimated to assess the interventional effect of SFE.Network pharmacology was applied to identify the likely targets and the pathways modulated by SFE components.Furthermore,Western blotting was applied to verify the prediction.Results:Pharmacological evaluation in vivo revealed that SFE could markedly improve the blood glucose,serum insulin secretion,insulin resistance,liver glycogen synthesis,and the liver tissue structure in T2DM rats.Through network pharmacology analysis,101 active compounds of SFE and 114 targets belonging to 128 pathways were identified.The insulin,TNF,IL-6,and PI3K/Akt pathway may be the key targets and pathway.Based on the results of network pharmacology analysis,IRS/PI3K/Akt and IKK/NF-κB/TNF pathways were selected for further validation.Subsequently,experimental results of Western blotting confirmed that SFE may exert anti-T2DM effects by modulating the IRS/PI3K/Akt and IKK/NF-κB/TNF pathways.Conclusion:SFE may protect the T2DM rats by relieving the insulin resistance and inflammation through regulating the IRS/PI3K/Akt and IKK/NF-κB/TNF pathways.The results of the present study would improve the comprehension of the pharmacological basis of SFE against T2DM and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical use of Sophora flavescens.

Network-pharmacology and molecular docking-based investigation of mechanism of Sophora flavescens on cancer and inflammation

Objective:In order to explore the systematical regulatory mechanism of Kushen(Sophora flavescens,SF)on inflammation and cancer,we analyzed inter-molecular interactions between herbal ingredients of SF and human inflammation and cancer through network-pharmacology and molecular docking-based approaches.Methods:Firstly,ingredients and potential targets were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform,GeneCards database,Therapeutic Targets Database and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database.Then,protein-protein interaction network and medicine-ingredient-target-disease network were established and analyzed via STRING and Cytoscape.Surflex-dock was performed by SybylX-2.0.Finally,functional enrichment and pathway enrichment were achieved by Gene Ontology database and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database.Results:The results showed that 113 components of SF and 53 potential targets were related in the study.SF exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer mechanism through key targets located in nucleus,such as JUN,MYC,RELA,NCOA,PPARG which may trigger the NF-κB pathway,the Bcl-2/Bax pathway and other pathways to effect DNA transcriptional activity.Conclusions:The study predicted the mechanism of SF on cancer and inflammation.According to the results,we suggest that the ingredients of SF effect on DNA bingding and transcription in nuclear receptors-like JUN,MYC,RELA,NCOA,PPARG.the receptors trigger several pathways including NF-κB pathway,the Bcl-2/Bax pathway and others.Eventually,it regulats inflammatory factors and cell proliferation,senescence and apoptosis.

Uncovering the mechanism of Sophora flavescens in the treatment of glioma based on network pharmacology

Glioma is a common primary intracranial tumor with high mortality and postoperative recurrence.Developing efficient therapies with lower toxicity is urgently needed.Sophora flavescens(SF)is a common Chinese medicine used to treat eczema,wet ulcers and itchy skin.Modern pharmacological studies have showed that SF has anti-glioma effects,but the mechanism of action remains unclear.This study aims to reveal the pharmacological mechanism of SF in treating glioma.The active components and related targets of SF were obtained from TCMSP.Genecard and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM)databases were used to explore the therapeutic targets for glioma.By making Venn diagram,we obtained 132 common targets of compounds and diseases.STRING databases and Cytoscape were used to construct diagrams of Protein-Protein Interaction(PPI)networks.Through the construction of PPI network,potential targets with degree value greater than the median were taken as core targets for further analysis.A total of 66 core targets were screened out.The degree values of TP53,HSP90AA1,MAPK1,and AKT1 were higher,indicating that these genes played important roles in this network.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses were used to further discover the mechanism of active components in SF.Through enrichment analysis,it was found that the core targets were mainly enriched in PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,cell senescence related signaling pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway.In order to further explore the binding between active components and selected target,molecular docking was carried out.Finally,SwissADME was used to determine whether the compound could cross the blood-brain barrier.Based on network pharmacology,we speculated that matrine and formononetin in SF might inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cellular senescence related signaling pathway by targeting AKT1,TP53,MAPK1 and other key targets.In summary,this study preliminarily explored the target and mode of action of SF in the treatment of glioma,laying the foundation for further research on its mechanism.

利用HYSPLIT模型分析茶园假眼小绿叶蝉迁飞扩散行为

【目的】明确假眼小绿叶蝉[Empoasca vitis (G?the)]迁飞扩散行为特征,揭示影响其种群迁飞扩散的关键因素。【方法】利用系留气球悬挂诱虫黄板诱捕不同朝向、不同高度假眼小绿叶蝉,通过HYSPLIT-4气流动力模型和气象数据,分析模拟假眼小绿叶蝉迁飞扩散行为。通过田间虫口调查,结合种群密度与扩散系数分析,明确推动假眼小绿叶蝉种群分布转化的驱动因素。【结果】假眼小绿叶蝉最高飞行高度为8 m,2~8 m高度内,随高度增加,假眼小绿叶蝉数量逐步下降。HYSPLIT-4气流动力模型分析结果表明,假眼小绿叶蝉迁飞轨迹只与迁飞时间有关,高度对其迁飞轨迹与直线扩散距离没有影响。此外,HYSPLIT-4气流动力模型分析结果还表明,假眼小绿叶蝉24 h直线迁飞距离为35.70~178.10 km。种群密度与扩散系数分析表明,假眼小绿叶蝉有聚集分布和随机分布两种分布型,迁飞和扩散是导致两种分布型转化的重要因素。【结论】借助气流,假眼小绿叶蝉可以实现区域性的迁飞。在种群密度驱动下,假眼小绿叶蝉种群分布存在聚集分布和随机分布的转化,也促使假眼小绿叶蝉种群发生田间扩散和区域性迁飞。因此,假眼小绿叶蝉的防控应以主要防治区为中心,向外扩展200 km的范围内开展统防统治。

五味苦参肠溶胶囊联合沙利度胺片治疗难治性溃疡性结肠炎的疗效观察及对炎症因子、免疫功能和氧化应激的影响

目的:探究五味苦参肠溶胶囊联合沙利度胺片治疗难治性溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的疗效及对炎症因子、免疫功能和氧化应激的影响。方法:选取2018年6月~2022年6月于某院就诊的86例难治性UC患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组及观察组,每组43例。对照组患者仅给予沙利度胺片治疗,观察组给予沙利度胺片联合五味苦参肠溶胶囊治疗,两组均连续治疗4周。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))水平、炎症因子水平[超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)、血管细胞黏附分子1(VCAM-1)及白介素-10(IL-10)]及氧化应激指标[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)]水平、改良Mayo内镜评分、临床疗效及临床症状(腹痛、腹泻、脓血便、肛门灼热)改善时间。结果:治疗后,两组患者CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)均较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);CD8^(+)水平较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);hs-CRP、TNF-α、ICAM-1及VCAM-1水平均较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);IL-10水平较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);SOD水平较治疗前升高,MDA水平较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且观察组的改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者改良Mayo内镜评分较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的临床治疗总有效率(93.02%)高于对照组(79.07%,P<0.05);腹痛、腹泻、脓血便以及肛门灼热等临床症状改善时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:与单用沙利度胺片相比,五味苦参肠溶胶囊联合沙利度胺片可进一步改善难治性UC患者的临床症状,缩短症状改善时间,调节患者体内外周血T淋巴细胞水平,改善炎症因子水平以及氧化应激水平,具有较好的治疗前景,值得临床推广。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨黄芪苦参配伍治疗结肠癌的作用机制

目的基于网络药理学及分子对接技术探讨黄芪苦参药对配伍治疗结肠癌的作用机制。方法根据中药系统药理学据库分析平台(TCMSP)筛选黄芪、苦参的所有活性成分;通过TCGA、GeneCards、OMIM得到结肠癌靶点基因;然后利用Cytoscape3.8.2等软件,建立“药-效物质-靶标”模型。利用PPI进行蛋白质交互作用的网络图谱;使用ClusterProfiler对靶点基因进行进一步GO、KEGG分析。对筛选出的黄芪和苦参的关键活性成分和主要靶点利用AutoDock Vina(1.1.2)进行分子对接验证。结果通过网络药理学、分子对接和生信分析,共筛选获得37个活性成分,167个药物治疗结肠癌的交互靶点基因,2616条GO条目;将涉及的排位前20的主要信号通路作图。分子对接结果显示核心成分与IL6、TNF、TP53、AKT1、IL1B靶点之间有较好的结合力。结论初步揭示了黄芪、苦参药对的物质基础及作用机制,为其治疗结肠癌的临床应用提供了理论基础。

小贯小绿叶蝉刺吸对青心大冇美人茶香气和滋味代谢物的影响

为了探究小贯小绿叶蝉刺吸对青心大冇茶树品种制作的美人茶代谢产物的影响,采用感官审评、超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)和气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术,对无叶蝉刺吸鲜叶和叶蝉刺吸鲜叶加工而成的美人茶的感官品质和代谢物进行比较分析。结果表明,有叶蝉刺吸的美人茶品质较好。与无刺吸美人茶相比,有刺吸美人茶中黄酮和黄酮醇及其糖苷、酚酸、茶黄素、糖苷衍生物和单宁含量增加,氨基酸、糖类和脂质含量下降。基于气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV)和偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA),确定了香叶醇、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、水杨酸甲酯和D-柠檬烯这5种特征挥发物。该研究从植物代谢组学角度揭示了有无叶蝉刺吸的美人茶代谢产物的差异性。

基于生物信息学与分子对接技术探讨苦参通过调节免疫相关基因治疗溃疡性结肠炎的分子机制

目的:基于生物信息学和分子对接技术,探讨苦参治疗溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的药理作用机制。方法:通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台及相关文献获取苦参的成分靶点信息,应用GEO数据库中的数据集(GSE206285)获取UC差异表达基因,通过免疫相关基因(IRGs)数据库收集IRGs,再利用STRING平台进行蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用分析,筛选苦参通过调节IRGs的表达治疗UC的核心靶点。通过Metascape平台对相关基因进行富集分析,最后将苦参中主要活性成分与核心靶点进行分子对接验证。结果:苦参通过调节免疫相关蛋白治疗UC的潜在活性成分为槲皮素、木犀草素、刺芒柄花素、8-异戊烯基-山柰酚、菜豆素、怀特酮、大豆抗毒素、高丽槐素、苦参素和苦参碱;核心靶点为基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)9、白细胞介素(IL)1β、CXC趋化因子配体8(CXCL8)、过氧化物酶体增生激活受体γ(PPARG)、前列腺素内过氧化物合成酶2(PTGS2)和IL-6;参与的信号通路为癌症相关通路、脂质与动脉粥样硬化通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路、IL-17信号通路以及肿瘤坏死因子信号通路等;MMP9与怀特酮的结合能为-42.7 kJ/mol;PPARG与菜豆素的结合能为-41.9 kJ/mol;MMP9与木犀草素、PTGS2与木犀草素、PTGS2与菜豆素、PTGS2与大豆抗毒素的结合能均为-40.6 kJ/mol。结论:本研究探讨了苦参通过调节IRGs治疗UC的潜在机制,为苦参临床应用的拓展及UC新的治疗策略提供理论基础。