Characteristics and demographic factors of traditional Chinese medicine constitution types among elderly individuals in China:A national multistage cluster random study Author links open overlay panel

Objective:To reveal the distribution characteristics and demographic factors of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution among elderly individuals in China.Methods: Elderly individuals from seven regions in China were selected as samples in this study using a multistage cluster random sampling method.The basic information questionnaire and Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire(Elderly Edition)were used.Descriptive statistical analysis,chi-squared tests,and binary logistic regression analysis were used.Results: The single balanced constitution(BC)accounted for 23.9%.The results of the major TCM constitution types showed that BC(43.2%)accounted for the largest proportion and unbalanced constitutions ranged from 0.9%to 15.7%.East China region(odds ratio[OR]=2.097;95%confidence interval[CI],1.912 to 2.301),married status(OR=1.341;95%CI,1.235 to 1.457),and managers(OR=1.254;95%CI,1.044 to 1.505)were significantly associated with BC.Age>70 years was associated with qi-deficiency constitution and blood stasis constitution(BSC).Female sex was significantly associated with yang-deficiency constitution(OR=1.646;95%CI,1.52 to 1.782).Southwest region was significantly associated with phlegm-dampness constitution(OR=1.809;95%CI,1.569 to 2.086).North China region was significantly associated with inherited special constitution(OR=2.521;95%CI,1.569 to 4.05).South China region(OR=2.741;95%CI,1.997 to 1.3.763),Central China region(OR=8.889;95%CI,6.676 to 11.835),senior middle school education(OR=2.442;95%CI,1.932 to 3.088),and managers(OR=1.804;95%CI,1.21 to 2.69)were significantly associated with BSC.Conclusions: This study defined the distribution characteristics and demographic factors of TCM constitution in the elderly population.Adjusting and improving unbalanced constitutions,which are correlated with diseases,can help promote healthy aging through the scientific management of these demographic factors.

Constitution identification model in traditional Chinese medicine based on multiple features

Objective To construct a precise model for identifying traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitutions;thereby offering optimized guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment plan-ning;and ultimately enhancing medical efficiency and treatment outcomes.Methods First;TCM full-body inspection data acquisition equipment was employed to col-lect full-body standing images of healthy people;from which the constitutions were labelled and defined in accordance with the Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire(CCMQ);and a dataset encompassing labelled constitutions was constructed.Second;heat-suppres-sion valve(HSV)color space and improved local binary patterns(LBP)algorithm were lever-aged for the extraction of features such as facial complexion and body shape.In addition;a dual-branch deep network was employed to collect deep features from the full-body standing images.Last;the random forest(RF)algorithm was utilized to learn the extracted multifea-tures;which were subsequently employed to establish a TCM constitution identification mod-el.Accuracy;precision;and F1 score were the three measures selected to assess the perfor-mance of the model.Results It was found that the accuracy;precision;and F1 score of the proposed model based on multifeatures for identifying TCM constitutions were 0.842;0.868;and 0.790;respectively.In comparison with the identification models that encompass a single feature;either a single facial complexion feature;a body shape feature;or deep features;the accuracy of the model that incorporating all the aforementioned features was elevated by 0.105;0.105;and 0.079;the precision increased by 0.164;0.164;and 0.211;and the F1 score rose by 0.071;0.071;and 0.084;respectively.Conclusion The research findings affirmed the viability of the proposed model;which incor-porated multifeatures;including the facial complexion feature;the body shape feature;and the deep feature.In addition;by employing the proposed model;the objectification and intel-ligence of identifying constitutions in TCM practices could be optimized.

The Connotations of the Constitutional Clause on Human Rights Protection From the Perspective of Foreign-related Rule of Law

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is the core normative manifestation of the constitu-tionalization of human rights,and points to the relationship between international law and the Constitution in the sense of positive law.The inclusion of the human rights clauses in the Chinese Constitution itself is an inherent part of the development of China’s socialist constitution,and socialism has already contributed valuable concepts and practices of human rights protection to the modern world in its early stage.The constitutionalization of human rights protection does not necessarily lead to the superiority of international law over the constitutional order of a country,but rather to the convergence of international law and domestic law through the constitutional order.The relevant rules of international law will be effective only when they are transformed into domestic law through the Constitution and the human rights clause in the Constitution.Correspondingly,the domestic legal order is brought into line with the international legal order through the Con-stitution and its human rights clause.Behind the system of fundamen-tal rights in the constitutional order is the value foundation of the en-tire legal system.The advancement of foreign-related rule of law has brought new opportunities for China’s judicial practice to further pro-mote the protection of human rights.In the future,we should further integrate the human rights values embedded in socialism into China’s constitutional practice,enhance human rights protection around the country,and take a more active part in global human rights gover-nance.

Twenty Years of the Implementation of the Human Rights Clause in the Constitution:Achievements,Implications,and Research Topics

On March 14,2004,the Second Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of China adopted the fourth amendment to the Chinese Constitution,the most noticeable highlight of which is the addition of the paragraph“the state respects and protects human rights”as the third clause in Article 33 of Chapter II“Basic Rights and Obligations of Citizens”in the Constitution.The inclusion of the clause of human rights in the Constitution is considered an important milestone in the history of human rights development in the People’s Republic of China.The implementation of the human rights clause not only showcases the values of the Party and the state in respecting and protecting human rights,but also promotes the development of human rights,shapes the culture of human rights,and endows the rule of law with a rich humanistic spirit.Over the past 20 years,the publicity,research and practice of the human rights clause have made the Chi-nese people realize that human rights are not only a“great term”,but also a common value shared by mankind.Amid the once-in-a-century changes of the world,although the development of human rights is facing various challenges,the humanistic spirit contained in the hu-man rights clause has become the internal driving force for building consensus in the whole of society.Reinterpreting the significance and value of the human rights clause can help us conscientiously draw on the experience in the implementation of the clause over the past 20 years and contribute Chinese wisdom and experience to global human rights governance with a more open mind and inclusive attitude.

Constitutional Nature of Personality Rights and Its Manifestation in Civil Law

The formation of personality comes from people’s choices and pursuit of self-realization,which is influenced by objective factors but not determined by them,so personality does not belong to the domain of objectivity.The concept of general personality rights in the German Constitution was initially premised on the objective determinability in the field of personality,but in constitutional jurisprudence,it gradually shifted to something with individual autonomy as the core and personal self-realization as the goal,and the scope of relevant rights expanded accordingly,so that they could not be clearly distinguished from general freedom of action and thus became the general principle of constitutional rights.The protection of constitutional personality rights in the United States and Japan can also confirm this process,providing evidence for the constitutional nature of personality rights.Deeper research shows that constitutional personality rights actually manifest the highest value of modern constitutions—human dignity.In contrast,the theoretical justification of personality rights in civil law just lies in the objectivity and defensive nature of personality elements.

Why The Constitution Should Protect Personal Credit Information?——An Approach of Right Argumentation

Protecting personal credit information through constitutional rights is not only essemtial for individuals to defend against infringements on their personal credit information rights and interests by public power in the social credit system,but also a requirement for unified legislation on social credit to explore the basis for constitutional norms.In the era of the credit economy,personal credit information has become a vital resource for realizing personal autonomy.Along with the increase in the state’s supervision and control of personal credit,the realization of the autonomous value in the interests related to personal credit information has also set more obligations for the state.Therefore,interests related to personal credit information should be regarded as a constitutional right.Because of its significant economic interest and value,the right to personal credit information should be classified as a constitutional property right.As a constitutional property right,the right to personal credit information can not only help protect people’s economic interests,but also achieve the goal of safeguarding their personality interests.

版权优先还是技术优先?——法国应对AIGC版权风险的趋势及启示

以ChatGPT为代表的生成式人工智能(AIGC)的出现,引发了人工智能技术和版权保护之间的紧张关系。在模型训练端,AIGC大规模使用作品,传统版权许可制度失灵;在内容生成端,AIGC的创作自主性提升,其生成内容的“作品”性质和权利归属不明。为规范AIGC技术发展,法国国会提出法案,要求AIGC模型训练一律须取得版权许可,并增设版税制度;将AIGC生成内容的版权归属于原始作品的版权人,并设立标识义务。该法案采取强版权保护和弱技术激励的思路,是法国本土人工智能产业和文化产业实力对比下的无奈之举,对AIGC技术发展有一定的负面影响。当前我国正处于提升人工智能技术国际竞争力的关键阶段,走版权保护和技术发展的平衡道路更具现实可行性。对于AIGC的模型训练,可以采用“法定许可+著作权集体管理”的作品利用方式;对于AIGC的生成内容,在满足“人类最低独创性贡献标准+AIGC生成内容标识义务”后,可将其视为作品进行保护,并将版权归属于AIGC的使用者。

Comparative Study on Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Through the Perspective of Constitution Theory in Huangdi Neijing and Hippocrates Corpus

This article compares the constitution theory of Huangdi Neijing 《黄帝内经》 and Hippocrates Corpus 《希波克拉底文集》 from three aspects:theory,philosophical ideas,and influence on later generations,to analyze the similarities and differences between two medical systems representing TCM and Western medicine in their early stages of origin.From the comparison and analysis of two books’ history,specific theories in constitution,philosophical characteristics and values in history,we can have a deeper perspective to compare TCM and Western medicine,and have a clearer idea for the development of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

The Concept of Human Rights in the Constitution and Its Functional Significance

To practice the constitutional provision that “The state respects and protects human rights”, we should clarify its connotation. The understanding of human rights is a natural requirement and the key. In domestic academia, human rights are considered natural rights and interpreted as “moral rights that everyone should enjoy as a human being”, hoping to provide theoretical support for the development of the system centered on the basic rights of citizens in China.Although it reveals the universal moral connotation of human rights, it does not cover the normative connotation of human rights as common international standards. Therefore, it is impossible to fully clarify the functional significance of the provision. It is conducive to scientifically clarifying the relationship between human rights and basic civil rights,better improving the institutional protection of human rights in China,and promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind to interpret human rights as common international standards that everyone should enjoy for human dignity based on the development of the international legal order under the Charter of the United Nations since the end of the World War Ⅱ.

以“合宪性、涉宪性”为方法——从“连坐规定案”审查意见的方法逻辑切入

《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于完善和加强备案审查制度的决定》第5条规定了涉宪性审查、合宪性审查的双审原理结构:一是通过涉宪性审查穷尽法律问题,通常情形下,合法性审查已实现有效审查,作为重要备位机制的合宪性审查不再启动;例外情形下,穷尽法律问题仍未能实现有效审查,则进而展开合宪性审查。二是通过合宪性审查援引宪法依据,当明确条款并依序援引,禁止向抽象的法规范逃逸。其中,在基本权利审查场域,具体的基本权利规范优先援引,进而依需要辅助援引或单独援引“概括性人权条款”。据此方法规范,“连坐规定案”审查意见在对“连”与“坐”涉宪性审查后,关于“连”的合宪性审查继续展开,所诉诸的“宪法第二章关于‘公民的基本权利和义务’规定的原则和精神”,包括优先援引的第38条人的尊严条款、第33条第2款平等权条款以及补强援引的第33条第3款“概括性人权条款”。

论我国对法律的合宪性审查

长期以来,受观念、制度、程序等因素影响,对法律进行合宪性审查的制度推进较为缓慢。在党的二十大报告正式提出“健全保证宪法全面实施的制度体系”的背景下,落实对法律的合宪性审查,从学理上还是实践中对于完善我国的宪法监督制度都具有重大的意义。要依托法律草案合宪性说明制度,强化对法律草案的合宪性审查工作,还要根据我国宪法监督体制对法律实施阶段的合宪性审查设计科学、合理、可行的机制和程序,构建从事前到事后的全过程的合宪性审查环节,实现对法律是否合宪的有效监督。对法律的合宪性审查有利于保障宪法权威和法治统一,推进宪法全面实施,加快建设社会主义法治国家。

高铁开通对普铁站周边企业污染物排放的影响:事实与解析

本文以二氧化硫(SO2)作为污染物代表,采用双重差分的方法探究高速铁路(高铁)的开通对普速铁路(普铁)车站周边企业污染物排放的影响。研究表明:高铁开通能够推动普铁站周边企业减少污染物排放,经过一系列稳健性检验后,该结论依然成立。具体而言,高铁开通引发的“客货分线”效应改变了普铁站周边企业的生产过程,这些企业会通过减少工业锅炉使用数量、降低工业锅炉燃料消耗、提高污染处理能效、提升技术水平的手段逐步减少污染物排放。

网络暴力与道德宪治:基于系统论的分析

网络暴力是道德系统内在的自我强迫性增长所产生的结构性压迫。道德在互联网的支持下演化出自我再生产的功能系统,由此获得了一种不受外部约束的内部增长态势。道德系统不仅侵蚀了个人心理系统,而且将自己偏执的理性强加给其他社会子系统。对网络暴力的现有法律治理模式可以被归纳为个人主义模式、组织主义模式与国家主义模式,但它们都难以限制道德系统的内在扩张性。系统自控模式主张对道德系统的限制只能来自道德系统自身,通过在系统内部建立对立结构来对系统的病态扩张加以限制。道德宪治就是对系统自控模式的规范化与合理化。道德宪治是通过宪法这个结构性耦合机制,来为道德系统设定社会自治的框架,从而在不破坏道德系统功能自治的前提下,在其内部建立“反向结构”,进而达到以道德限制道德之功效。

行政规范性文件不适当备案审查标准之重述

行政规范性文件不适当备案审查标准源于《宪法》的规定,因此,它具有根本法的地位,直接约束行政规范性文件备案审查权。《立法法》《监督法》等法律、法规以及地方立法之间对不适当审查标准进行具体化规定的内容不尽一致,影响了行政规范性文件备案审查标准的统一性与实效性,对此,应当适时启动修法程序解决。全国人大常委会的《备案审查工作办法》《备案审查决定》从合宪性审查、政治性审查和明显不当三个方面发展了《宪法》规定的不适当备案审查标准,对不适当标准具有重述性意义,旨在满足行政规范性文件的品质符合法治国家、法治政府和法治社会建设的要求。

先合法性后合宪性审查之理论误区

作为“穷尽法律救济途径”的变体,“先合法性后合宪性审查”是司法中心主义宪法实施思维之余韵,虽然蕴含着极为重要的法律命题,但不适用于我国最高国家权力机关宪法监督之备案审查。“法秩序统一”而非主观权利宪法监督模式决定合法性与合宪性审查没有先后之别,抽象审查决定这一顺位缺乏宪法基础,最高国家权力机关监督体制意味其没有宪法空间,法律适用原则决定“没有上位法”亦为伪问题。法治要求“法”突破法律实证主义桎梏,维护党中央权威和国家法治统一;民主集中制要求备案审查“不得回避法律判断”。是故,作为一个假言命题,这一审查原则因前提条件不存在而不能成立。

“法治思想家”郭道晖教授的法理求索

郭道晖是我国著名的法学家和法治思想家,在法治、宪制、人权等领域卓有建树,做出开创性贡献,被尊称为“法治三老”之一。在法治论方面,他深入探究法的本质内涵,明确法与法律的区别,将法的时代精神归结为人权与自由,率先且形象地指出“法制”与“法治”区别,积极推动“法治”入宪。他较早地提出中国法治社会的理想前景与现实基础,率先提出市场经济是法治经济这一论断。他有着极强的立法实践问题意识,率先开展立法理论研究,较早地提出法律民主化的要求和原则。在宪制论方面,他论述了宪制的理念和精神,倡导社会主义宪制之路,提出立宪之后贵在行宪。他较早系统地研究权利和权力的关系,首倡权利推定理论,原创性地阐述了社会权力这一新范畴,倡导以社会权力制约国家权力。在人权论方面,他系统论证了人权的重要价值和基本内涵,重视政治人权的独特价值,详细论述了人权的国家保障义务及具体机制,是推动“人权入宪”的法学家之一。郭道晖精湛深刻的学术思想、忧国忧民的人文关怀、大胆创新的理论勇气、正道直行的学术风骨成为当代法学学人的精神标杆。

宪法的“天衣”在于实施:基于“五四宪法”的宪法监督之“缝”的思考

“五四宪法”的“天衣”之“缝”,典型地体现在其确立了中国宪法监督制度,却落下宪法监督主体虚设、宪法解释缺位、改变或者撤销机制错位的规范之“缝”。“八二宪法”,通过增设全国人大常委会作为宪法监督机关、明确宪法解释权、备案审查等依托机制建章立制等方面,在规范层面的“天衣”补“缝”,也形成了中国宪法监督的“宪法监督—宪法解释—撤销”三元规范结构。循此结构,新时代以来,补强宪法监督机关、落实宪法解释机制、加强和完善备案审查制度,三线接续并进,在全面贯彻实施宪法中编制宪法“天衣”的“无缝码”。如是梳理,以宪法监督为例,在宪法发展的阶段接续中,在规范和实践的螺旋互动中,呈现出中国自主的宪法学知识体系的“五四宪法”之维。

为什么要认真对待党内法规?--从党政关系的宪制功能视角切入

中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心,党政关系是中国宪制的关键问题。新中国成立以来党政关系的实践演进,体现了党对其认识的不断深化。在新时代中国特色社会主义事业的建设中,党政关系的完善与党政机构的统筹设置,彰显了党在组织形态上呈现一定科层制特征的宪制意义。其构成了党内法规体系建设的基础,推动了党内法规的形式理性化。党作为先锋队的政治定位,要求党内法规加强政治领导,强化实质性的价值判断,这有利于促进党内法规与国家法律差异并相协调格局的形成。党内法规的形式理性与实质正当相结合,为中国特色社会主义宪制的实现提供了保障。

Anisotropic time-dependent behaviors of shale under direct shearing and associated empirical creep models

Understanding the anisotropic creep behaviors of shale under direct shearing is a challenging issue.In this context,we conducted shear-creep and steady-creep tests on shale with five bedding orientations (i.e.0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°),under multiple levels of direct shearing for the first time.The results show that the anisotropic creep of shale exhibits a significant stress-dependent behavior.Under a low shear stress,the creep compliance of shale increases linearly with the logarithm of time at all bedding orientations,and the increase depends on the bedding orientation and creep time.Under high shear stress conditions,the creep compliance of shale is minimal when the bedding orientation is 0°,and the steady-creep rate of shale increases significantly with increasing bedding orientations of 30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The stress-strain values corresponding to the inception of the accelerated creep stage show an increasing and then decreasing trend with the bedding orientation.A semilogarithmic model that could reflect the stress dependence of the steady-creep rate while considering the hardening and damage process is proposed.The model minimizes the deviation of the calculated steady-state creep rate from the observed value and reveals the behavior of the bedding orientation's influence on the steady-creep rate.The applicability of the five classical empirical creep models is quantitatively evaluated.It shows that the logarithmic model can well explain the experimental creep strain and creep rate,and it can accurately predict long-term shear creep deformation.Based on an improved logarithmic model,the variations in creep parameters with shear stress and bedding orientations are discussed.With abovementioned findings,a mathematical method for constructing an anisotropic shear creep model of shale is proposed,which can characterize the nonlinear dependence of the anisotropic shear creep behavior of shale on the bedding orientation.

Mechanical behaviors of backfill-rock composites: Physical shear test and back-analysis

The shear behavior of backfill-rock composites is crucial for mine safety and the management of surface subsidence.For exposing the shear failure mechanism of backfill-rock composites,we conducted shear tests on backfill-rock composites under three constant normal loads,compared with the unfilled rock.To investigate the macro-and meso-failure characteristics of the samples in the shear tests,the cracking behavior of samples was recorded by a high-speed camera and acoustic emission monitoring.In parallel with the experimental test,the numerical models of backfill-rock composites and unfilled rock were established using the discrete element method to analyze the continuous-discontinuous shearing process.Based on the damage mechanics and statistics,a novel shear constitutive model was proposed to describe mechanical behavior.The results show that backfill-rock composites had a special bimodal phenomenon of shearing load-deformation curve,i.e.the first shearing peak corresponded to rock break and the second shearing peak induced by the broken of aeolian sand-cement/fly ash paste backfill.Moreover,the shearing characteristic curves of the backfill-rock composites could be roughly divided into four stages,i.e.the shear failure of the specimens experienced:stage I:stress concentration;stage II:crack propagation;stage III:crack coalescence;stage IV:shearing friction.The numerical simulation shows that the existence of aeolian sand-cement/fly ash paste backfill inevitably altered the coalescence type and failure mode of the specimens and had a strengthening effect on the shear strength of backfillrock composites.Based on damage mechanics and statistics,a shear constitutive model was proposed to describe the shear fracture characteristics of specimens,especially the bimodal phenomenon.Finally,the micro-and meso-mechanisms of shear failure were discussed by combining the micro-test and numerical results.The research can advance the better understanding of the shear behavior of backfill-rock composites and contribute to the safety of mining engineering.