茴香醛对黄曲霉菌的抑制作用

该文研究了茴香醛(p-Anisaldehybe,AS)对黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus,A.flavus)的抑菌效果。通过96孔板二倍稀释法确定了AS对黄曲霉的最小抑菌质量浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌质量浓度(Minimum Fungicidal Concentration,MFC)分别为0.80 mg/mL和3.20 mg/mL。2 MIC AS处理对黄曲霉的孢子萌发抑制率、菌丝生物量合成抑制率、径向生长抑制率和黄曲霉毒素B1合成抑制率皆为100%。与对照组相比,24 h内4 MIC组黄曲霉胞内核酸(A260)和蛋白(A280)释放量增长显著,胞外电导率和pH值均升高。通过荧光增白剂(CalcofluorWhite,CW)染色实验证明,AS处理对黄曲霉细胞壁隔膜无显著性影响。此外,2 MICAS能够有效抑制黄曲霉侵染开心果,第8天时霉菌总数下降了1.89 lg CFU/g。综上所述,AS处理显著抑制黄曲霉菌的生长,对开心果霉菌减控有显著效果,有望开发为新型抑菌剂应用到食品工业中。

开心果-榛子植物基乳饮料的研制

植物基乳制品作为一种新型流行食品,正在面临如何改善原料种类、感官质地、营养特性的挑战.研究以开心果、榛子、赤藓糖醇为主要原料,制备了一款口感和质地俱佳的植物基蛋白乳饮料.首先,以感官评分作为评定指标,通过单因素实验及正交实验对开心果、榛子、赤藓糖醇的配比进行优化研究;其次,以透光率作为评定指标,通过正交实验探究了卡拉胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠3种稳定剂的最适添加量.结果表明,最优原料添加量为:开心果乳液50%,榛子乳液20%,赤藓糖醇5%.最优稳定剂添加量为:卡拉胶0.02%,黄原胶0.18%,海藻酸钠0.02%.在此条件下,得到质地均一、口感香甜的开心果G榛子植物基乳饮料.

Efficiency of sample-based indices for spatial pattern recognition of wild pistachio(Pistacia atlantica) trees in semi-arid woodlands

The efficiency of sample-based indices proposed to quantify the spatial distribution of trees is influenced by the structure of tree stands, environmental heterogeneity and degree of aggregation. We evaluated 10 commonly used distance-based and 10 density-based indices using two structurally different stands of wild pistachio trees in the Zagros woodlands, Iran, to assess the reliability of each in revealing stand structure in woodlands. All trees were completely stem-mapped in a nearly pure（40 ha） and a mixed（45 ha） stand. First, the inhomogeneous pair correlation function [g（r）] and the Clark-Evans index（CEI） were used as references to reveal the true spatial arrangement of all trees in these stands. The sampled data were then evaluated using the 20 indices.Sampling was undertaken in a grid based on a square lattice using square plots（30 m 9 30 m） and nearest neighbor distances at the sample points. The g（r） and CEI statistics showed that the wild pistachio trees were aggregated in both stands, although the degree of aggregation was markedly higher in the pure stand. Three distance- and six density-based indices statistically verified that the wild pistachio trees were aggregated in both stands. The distance-based Hines and Hines statistic（ht） and the densitybased standardised Morisita（Ip）, patchiness（IP） and Cassie（CA） indices revealed aggregation of the trees in the two structurally different stands in the Zagros woodlands and the higher clumping in the pure stand, whereas the other indices were not sensitive enough.

Determination of Chilling and Heat Requirements of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars

Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This experiment was conducted to determine chilling requirement inducing vegetative and flower buds of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi, Ahmad-Ahgaei, and Akbari pistachio. Shoots with enough vegetative and flower buds were taken from pistachio trees during autumn 2007 and 2008 when temperature reached to 15°C. Cuttings with flower buds were kept under （5 ± 1）°C for 0, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 000, 1 050, 1 100, 1 150, 1 200, 1 250, and 1 300 h, respectively, and cuttings with vegetative buds were kept at 51°C until 1 500 h. The results indicated that pistachio cultivars requite chilling time between 750-1 400 h and heat requirements between 8 852-15 420 growing degree hours （GDH）. Consequently, Kalle-Ghuchi had the lowest chilling （750-950 h）, and heat （8 852-9 768 GDH） requirements, Ahmad-Aghaei and Owhadi had intermediate （1 000-1 250 h, 10 656- 13 320 GDH） and Akbari had the highest chilling （1 200-1 400 h） and heat （11 863-15 420 GDH） requirement.

Nutritional Value of Italian Pistachios from Bronte ( <i>Pistacia vera</i>, L.), Their Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity

This study gives an overview on the nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP) of Bronte’s pistachio (Pistacia vera, L., cv. Bianca) from Sicily (Italy). Bronte’s pistachios are rich in fat, protein, dietary fiber, trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na). Lipids mainly consist of MUFA (33.8 g/100g), primarily oleic acid (32.4 g/ 100g);PUFA is mostly represented by linoleic acid (7.49 g/100g). Bronte’s pistachios are also a valuable source of bioactive compounds such as total polyphenols (501.5 mg/100g), lutein (1.26 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.18 mg/100g), γ-tocopherol (19.2 mg/100g) and phytosterols (134.4 mg/100g). Among phytosterols, the main is β-sitosterol (86% of total content), followed by Δ5-avenasterol (6.3%). Phytic acid content is 1763 mg/100g;Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 and Ins(1,2,3,4,5,)P5 have been detected too (31 mg/100g and 10 mg/100g, respectively). The antioxidant activity was determined both in hydrophilic and lipophilic fraction of pistachios, showing >80% of the total antioxidant activity in the hydrophilic, predominately due to phenolic compounds.

Foliar Applications with Plant-Derived Extracts Control Pistachio Psyllid, <i>Agonoscena pistaciae</i>

Citrus and palm trees’ extracts, commercially formulated as ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM, were studied against the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, in field conditions. Generally, foliage spraying application against the pistachio psyllid may cause severe reduction on the honeybee forager population, which visits infested trees to collect honeydew. ProAlexinTM products have the same formulation with Provigoro 14 WA Bee Care?, a natural water acidifier, which not only has negative action on the honeybees, but also shows disinfectant action against Nosema spp. The scope of the present study was to determine any effect of ProAlexin products on the reduction of the population of the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae. Experiments were performed at the orchard of the A.U.A., with two mixtures sprayed on psyllid infested pistachio trees, the first with ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM and the second only with AgrisprayTM. They were both applied with the addition of APG25TM non-ionic surfactant. Results showed that mortality on the trees treated with ProAlexin PNSTM + AgrisprayTM mixture and AgrisprayTM was significantly higher compared with the control. This could be explained due to the phytoalexins that these products elicit, which are part of the plant mechanism against insect herbivores. These products are potentially promising methods to be used in sustainable agriculture approaches against the pistachio psyllid and they should be tested for their effects on the biological control agents of this pest. Beyond this, the results of this study encourage to test their effects on other pests of pistachio and other tree species.

Effects of different levels of feeding of pistachio epicarp silage on wool characteristics of growing Afshari lambs

Sixteen Afshari male lambs (mean live weight 35 ± 1.21 kg, 10 month of age) were used to study the effect of different levels of pistachio epicarp silage (0%, 8%, 17% and 25%) on wool characteristics. The fleece weight (FW), staple length on shoulder (STS), flank (STF), back (STB) and rump (STR), true wool fiber (TW), modulated fiber (MF), kemp fiber (KF) percentage, mean wool fiber diameter (MD) and its coefficient variation (CVMD), breaking load (BL), wool tenacity (WT) and extension (E) were measured. These data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SAS software package. The total mean of FW, STS, STB, STF STR;TW, MF, KF, MD, CVMD, BL, WT and E of wool were 1622.2 ± 0.2 gr, 6.20 ± 0.26 cm, 6.80 ± 0.20 cm, 6.50 ± 0.20 cm, 6.90 ± 0.20 cm, 63.30 ± 1.6 mu, 8.30 ± 1.6 mu, 28.40% ± 2.5%, 37.0 ± 0.9 mu, 47.02% ± 2.99%, 7.60 ± 0.3 kgf, 3.40 ± 0.2 gf/tex and 31.1% ± 1.7% respectively, although there was significant difference among treatments on FW, MF, KF, MD, BL and WT. The results showed that feeding lambs with 25% pistachio epicarp silage of total dry matter intake affected wool characteristics and its effect was similar with the control group.

Phenylalanin Ammonia-lyase Activity,Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Contents in Flowers,Leaves,Hulls and Kernels of Three Pistachio(Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars

Phenylalanin ammonia-lyase(PAL) plays a pivotal role in the production of phenolic compounds,which are responsible for the success of the defense strategies in harsh environments in response to different stimuli.Measurements of the PAL activity,total phenolics,total flavonoids and anthocyanin contents were performed in flowers,leaves and fruits of three pistachio cultivars "Ahmadaghaii","Ohadi" and "Kallehghuchi".The results showed that PAL activity was different in cultivars and in plant organs of pistachio trees(flowers,leaves and fruits).The highest activity rate of their compounds was observed in Ahmadaghaii cultivar.A positive correlation was observed between PAL activity,total phenolics and total flavonoids in leaves,and a negative correlation between PAL activity and anthocyanin contents in leaves and flowers of Ahmadaghaii cultivar.PAL activity and total phenolics in fruits of pistachio suffered a decrease when the maturation processes began.It is suggested that the hulls of the pistachio fruits,containing high level of phenolic compounds(especially in Ahmadaghaii cultivar),may function as a protective layer of defense chemicals against ultraviolet radiation and pathogens.The final concentration of phenolic compounds,flavonoids and antocyanins in the kernel depend on PAL activity in the kernel's cultivar.The results led to the conclusion that increase in PAL activity,phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Ahmadaghaii can help the plant to cope with the stresses better than the other cultivars.Since phenolic compounds are antioxidant and scavenge free oxygen,it is postulated that Ahmadaghaii is the most resistant cultivar to the environmental stresses.

Characterization of seed storage protein patterns of four Iranian Pistachios using SDS-PAGE

We used SDSPAGE to evaluate and characterize the protein patterns of seed storage proteins in four pistachios cultivars (Akbari, Ahmad Aghaei, Fandoghi, and Kaleghouchi). Total protein content of pistachio seeds in all cultivars did not show any significant difference. Results of SDS PAGE pattern of a few protein bands were up regulated whereas some other bands showed down regulation. The identified protein patterns may be used protein marker for pistachio cultivars.

Rosemary and Oregano Essential Oils as Natural Antioxidant to Preserve Pistachio Puree

In this study,the effect of adding essential oil from different plants on prolonging the shelf life of pistachio puree was investigated.For this purpose,Rancimat method,which is one of the accelerated shelf-life test(ASLT)methods,was used to determine the effect of oregano(OO)and rosemary(RO)essential oils on the oxidative stability of pistachio puree.Butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA)and the control sample were used for the comparison.Concentrations used for essential oils and synthetic antioxidants were 150,300 and 600 ppm and 150 ppm,respectively.The conductivity was followed at three temperatures,110,120 and 130℃,with the addition of essential oils and BHA to pistachio puree during ASLT.Pistachio puree with essential oils showed protection against the lipid oxidation process.As the temperature increased induction time was significantly decreased during ASLT(p<0.05).The same concentrations of essential oils and BHA were also added into pistachio puree to observe the change in peroxide value(PV)and free fatty acid(FFA)value under normal storage temperatures 15,25 and 40℃.The PV and FFA increase were lower in RO,OO and BHA added pistachio puree samples during 8-month storage(p<0.05).Six hundred(600)ppm of RO added sample had an antioxidative effect as much as 150 ppm BHA added sample for both ASLT and normal storage conditions.These essential oils could be used as natural antioxidants in foods with high lipid content increasing the shelf life of these products.

Investigating the Effect of Climatic Factors of Roshtkhar Town (Khorasan Razavi, Iran) on the Development and Cultivation of Pistachio Using GIS Software

The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) has significantly helped managers provide optimal models of sustainable agricultural development, identify local features related to agricultural production and their proper zoning, identify agricultural needs and constraints and finally provide the appropriate structure of land use. The main purpose of this study was to determine areas capable of cultivating Pistachio according to the parameters affecting the Pistachio cultivation in Roshtkhar town. Statistics of meteorological stations of the town were taken from Meteorology Organization of Khorasan Razavi for the period of 1989-2010 in order to determine climatic parameters required to cultivate Pistachio. For mapping surface elevation, slope, aspect, and TIN of the geographic organization of armed forces with a scale of 1:250,000 topographic maps were used. For mapping vegetation and land use in the area under study, land capability map of the area on a scale of 1:250,000 from the institute of soil and water was used. Also information on cultivation and annual production of agricultural statistics, published by Agriculture was used. Finally, it was concluded that the northeast and southwest of Roshtkhar town are the most prone areas to cultivate Pistachio.

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定坚果中的黄曲霉毒素含量

开心果、核桃、杏仁是深受人们喜爱的坚果,对人类健康有诸多益处,还是一种极好的营养来源。同时,此类坚果还与化学危害有关,发霉变质产生的真菌毒素时刻威胁着人们健康。为建立快捷、准确、高效的开心果、核桃和杏仁中黄曲霉毒素B_(1),B_(2),G_(1),G_(2)超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。样品以乙腈水提取,通过优化的QuEChERS净化,过MycoSep226多功能净化柱富集,超高效液相色谱质谱联用仪测定。在0.5~5.0 g/kg添加水平下回收率为85.9%~112.4%;相对偏差(RSD)在1.02%~5.75%,黄曲霉B_(1),B_(2),G_(1),G_(2)方法定量限为0.5 g/kg。结果表明,该方法快速便捷、回收率稳定,适用于开心果、核桃和杏仁中黄曲霉毒素B_(1),B_(2),G_(1),G_(2)的定量测定。

开心果壳基活性炭的制备及其吸附性能研究

本文以开心果壳为原料,采用化学活化法制备开心果壳基活性炭。将干燥的开心果壳在450℃管式炉炭化4 h,将活化剂KOH和炭化后的开心果壳粉按照质量比1∶1混合研磨,在800℃条件下活化2 h制备活性炭。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪表征活性炭表面官能团,并研究了pH值、亚甲基蓝初始浓度、温度及吸附时间对开心果壳基活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝的影响。结果表明,开心果壳基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果良好,Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级吸附动力学方程能较好地拟合吸附过程,开心果壳基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附反应为吸热反应,自发进行。

阿月浑子叶片光合作用的光抑制研究

中午或模拟中午强光照射后 ,阿月浑子叶片表观量子效率 (AQY)、最大荧光 (Fm)、初始荧光 (Fo)、可变荧光 (Fv)、光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)、和光化学猝灭系数 (qP)下降 ,而非光化学猝灭系数(qN)升高 ;强光处理后 ,叶片的净光合速率 (Pn)和光呼吸速率 (Pr)均下降 ,但Pr/Pn的比值却升高。

阿月浑子光合特性及其影响因子的研究

阿月浑子叶片光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线， 最高峰在１１ 时， 次峰在１５ 时， 中午有明显的“午休”现象； 季节变化亦呈双峰曲线， 最高峰在６ 月， 次峰在８ 月；６ 月份枝条中部叶片光合速率大于顶部和下部叶片。光合作用的光补偿点和饱和点分别为５１ μｍｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １ 和１ ６００ μｍｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １ ， ＣＯ２ 补偿点和饱和点分别为１３６ μＬ／Ｌ 和８３０ μＬ／Ｌ； 光合作用的最适温度为３０ ℃， 最适土壤相对含水量为７０％ ， 灌水临界期的土壤相对含水量为３０ ％ ～３５％ 。