《世本》成书年代问题考论

《世本》一书的成书年代问题,在战国史学史与历史文献学研究上十分重要。据司马迁未见及此书和对刘向整编图书工作的考析,盖为西汉季年刘向汇编战国时诸多零散文献而成书,先秦时期并无此书存在。但学界多将其定位先秦史籍,谬说流播已久,乃至误以为《史记》仿其体例,误指《世本》为第一部分类编纂的通史著述云云,造成极大学术混乱,应当予以纠正。误判《世本》为先秦史籍的学术教训,表明在中国史学史的研究中,必须尽力重新审视具体的史籍和史学现象,不能现成地借用旧有成说。

异体字取象视角下《世说新语补》的文字学价值

本文以校勘精良的《世说笺本》对勘朝鲜活字本《世说新语补》（明代王世贞所著）,考察二书的汉字使用情况。从50组代表例字总结出的规律为：朝鲜活字本《世说新语补》喜用异体字,它们多与碑刻、书法、古玺等用字一致,从造字取象及构形理据的保持看,这些异体字失去理据者多,而通行楷字的繁体字理据保持较好。尚未发现学界针对朝鲜活字本《世说新语补》和日本刻本《世说笺本》的专门研究,这一领域的域外善本汉籍研究,包括异体字整理及汉字取象及理据考察、文献文本整理、中韩中日汉籍交流特点等,均具有重要价值。

《史记》“孔子生年”索源

自异载孔子生年之《史记》问世，二千余年孔诞之争不决；然，《史记》“鲁襄公二十二年”者，何所据源，诚当考辨析明之．考《世本》载记孔子生年说，纯系子虚乌有．至今所见文献，可为《史记》“孔子生年”载记之源者，惟公、谷二传《春秋》耳；不过司马迁之误解《春秋》历纪，乃助后世曲纪孔子生辰千有余年矣．

Optimization of conditions for tetraspore release and assessment of photosynthetic activities for different generation branches of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory

Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory is an economically important alga that is primarily used for agar production.Although tetraspores are ideal seeds for the cultivation of G.lemaneiformis,the most popular culture method is currently based on vegetative fragments,which is labor-intensive and time-consuming.In this study,we optimized the conditions for tetraspore release and evaluated the photosynthetic activities of different colonies formed from the branches of G.lemaneiformis using a PAM(pulse-amplitude-modulated) measuring system.The results showed that variations in temperature and salinityhad significant effects on tetraspore yield.However,variations in the photon flux density(from 15 μmol m-2 s-1 to 480 μmol m-2 s-1) had no apparent effect on tetraspore yield.Moreover,the PAM-parameters Y(I),Y(Ⅱ),ETR(I),ETR(Ⅱ) and Fv/Fm of colonies formed from different branches showed the same trend:parameter values of first generation branches>second generation branches>third generation branches.These results suggest that the photosynthetic activities of different colonies of branches changed with the same trend.Furthermore,photosynthesis in G.lemaneiformis was found to be involved in vegetative reproduction and tetraspore formation.Finally,the first generation branches grew slowly,but accumulated organic compounds to form large numbers of tetraspores.Taken together,these results showed that the first generation branches are ideal materials for the release of tetraspores.

The Four Different Aspects of Man-World Relations and the Ontological Nature of Culture

In traditional philosophy, man is usually treated as a subject of knowledge, not as a subject of activity. This naturally led to an ignorance of his creative side and had its echoes in the models of the world put forward. Thus, when the world was mentioned the world meant was that perceived by man and the world man created or planned to create himself was given either a secondary treatment or else it was completely forgotten. But, as man is carrier of active spirit, the things he creates have their place in this world along those created by God. It is without doubt that things created by man are not produced against God＇s will. Still, human creativity is the corruption of the original creation, of the harmony of the world, of the book of nature. Man brings order, so to speak, to the world. He achieves this however at the cost of corrupting the Great Order within some narrow limits. Man himself is among the many highly interesting books written before and there exist as many variations of this book as there are human beings. What is the most difficult for man is though, to read his own book, to understand himself. In this article, the concept of the culture as a human creation is analyzed in the light of Man-World and Man-Nature-God relations. In this case, the author firstly explains the four different world models and then determines the boundaries of science and culture, as well as the individual and social strata of culture.

Economic Development and Small Businesses in Japan

Japan’s economy lost most of its industrial production force as a result of World War II. However, from 1955 onwards, Japan has achieved rapid economic growth, joining the group of the world’s most developed countries by the early 1970s. The period from 1955 to the early 1970s is generally regarded as a period of High Economic Growth. There are various opinions regarding the factors that enabled Japan to attain such high economic growth, referred to as the Economic Miracle. It can be said that Japan’s post-war economic development was the result of advancements in technological innovation on the basis of financial assistance from the United States, which established Japan’s position in the world economy, loans from the bank, and the introduction of technology from abroad. Needless to say, the “high growth of post-war Japanese capitalism has not been achieved only by giant companies alone. On the contrary, without small businesses, especially in their roles as subcontractors, it would have been impossible to achieve such high growth, which has drawn attention internationally” （Nomura, 1981, p. 126）. The purpose of this presentation is to make clear the role of small businesses in the process of economic development.

Facts and Fiction. Events and Stories in Relation to Texts and the World

This paper, as a part of a larger research project entitled Amazon. Realities in the Novels and the Imaginary Reports of Travelers, focuses on the following objectives： （1） the ＂referentiality＂ of the text to the external world （goal, empirical stuff）; and （2） understanding fictionality in terms of＂make-believe＂ and the principle of＂internal coherence＂. The main section sets out the theoretical foundation of the relation between facts/events and fiction, both as pragmatic and fictional texts. Then, the paper investigates in which forms and ways existing facts, data, occurrences, events and narratives in various kinds of texts constitute a representation and interpretation of the world. The central focus of the study is on the Amazon region. The study is an experiment in joining together different types of texts around the notion of＂referentiality＂; emphasizing reference to the external world （factuality）, the reading of the component elements of a language and a discourse （narratology）, historical reading against the horizon of expectation （reception theory） and the interpretation of the retrospective.

A PATH-DEPENDENT MODEL OF INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT FLOW IN A LARGE ECONOMY IN A PROCESS OF INTEGRATION

This paper meant to analyze the spatial evolution of a large country in its process of integration with the world economy in general, and, to look into the possible effect of China′s accession into WTO on the future development of its spatial economy in particular. Through an approach of increasing returns, external economy, product differentiation and path-dependence, with foreign trade costs incurred by different regions within the large country discriminated, a model of investment and employment flow is developed as a simulation of a large country′s process of integration with the world economy. The modeling indicates that in the process of integration, as there exist differences in foreign trade costs among different regions within the large country, either the spatial economy of the country deviates from its symmetric structure in autarky and falls into a core-periphery relationship, or the effect of industrial agglomeration is reinforced, amplified and locked in, if the agglomeration had been started. The economic gap on either the aggregate or structural basis between different regions within the large country will increase rapidly as the integration proceeds.

The development of Japanese accounting system from Meiji Restoration to twenty first century

Japanese accounting system has been strongly influenced by the culture and foreign influences. The initial regulatory framework was based on German model. After Second World War, the accounting system moved to the American investor orientated approach, then later the development was the results of the own needs and satisfaction with the culture influences.

The Analysis on the Translation Process of Chapter Two in A Bite of China

Taking Chapter Two in A Bite of China as research subject, the purpose of the present paper is to analyze the writing and stylistic characteristics, and to introduce the translation process of the text as well as to introduce Chinese cuisine culture to the English world. Based on Skopos Theory and the English translation of the text, this paper analyzes different strategies and methods in the process of translation, including domesticating, foreignizing, inversion, division and so on. This paper also analyzes the difficult problems and the solutions in translation. The author hopes the strategies and specific methods mentioned in this paper can make contribution to practical translation work and chinese food culture in A Bite of China can be better presented in the English world

Escaping and Transforming Consciousness, Emotions, and Body

＂Emotion is a specific manner of apprehending the world＂ and transforming the world rather than an ＂accidental modification of a subject who is surrounded by an unchanged world,＂ according to Jean-Paul Sartre. Both Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions and Being and Nothingness set out to investigate these relationships in broadly two ways. One, consciousness of the world of others is experienced through our emotions （anger, fear, shame, and pride for instance） as a body that escapes our grasp in being-seen-by-another. Two, we apprehend the world through our emotions in the process of magical transformation （for example, fear, melancholy, and sadness）. This paper examines emotions on two levels： how we experience our ontological state as being-for-itself-in-itself and being-in-the-world-for-others; and how we conceive emotions as ＂magic＂ changing its relationship with the world ＂so that the world should change its qualities.＂ What is of critical interest here is the relationship between consciousness and emotions. Situating this discussion in the context of Satre＇s critique on psychology, it proceeds to advance his existential psychoanalysis, starting with establishing a place for emotions and concluding with its transformative power to escape their situations.

The Food Safety and Consumer Behavior

Food is becoming increasingly a world problem. Determining factors in food consumption are price, income, culture, desires, preferences, and food safety. Price and income are main factors but not the only guide for consumers. Food safety is becoming an equal factor in importance just as price and income in food consumption. Many individuals consider that potential risk of food consumption is too high compared to health benefits that they may provide. In recent times, because of food-related health crises, consumers are losing their confidence. Consumer confidence is lost and in order to regain the lost confidence, governments are setting high food standards, however, millions of people fall ill and economic cost is high. This article intends to provide an overview of the current food safety and consumer behavior, based on reviews of the existing literature.

Economic Consequences of Tahoku Earthquake of March 11, 2011 in Japan

The paper considers the economic consequences of Tahoku earthquake occurred on March 11,2011 at 5：46：23 （UT） at the distance of 70 km from the northeast shore of Japanese coast Honshu. This earthquake had a magnitude of 9 and became the strongest in the whole history of the seismological observations in this part of the planet. The generated tsunami killed more than 15,700 people, damaged 332,395 buildings and 2,126 roads. The total economic loss in Japan was estimated at $309 billion. The catastrophe in Japan also impacted global economy. To reveal its impact, the authors used regional and global stock indexes, production indexes, stock prices of the main Japanese, European and US companies, and import/export dynamics. The authors demonstrated that the catastrophe substantially affected the markets and on the short run in some indicators it exceeded the effect of the global financial crisis. The authors concluded that it is necessary to treat possible strong earthquakes in different regions of the world as one very important factor that can affect the world economy.

Agricultural policy reforms and WTO commitments on domestic support in Japan

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of Japan＇s agricultural domestic policy since 1995 in the context of the current international negotiations in the WTO Doha Round, which has as one aim further reductions of trade-distorting support among member countries. Apparently, Japan＇s attitude towards agricultural domestic policy reform is one of compliance with the WTO, which requests member countries to reduce their Aggregate Measure of Support （AMS） through trimming trade-distorting （amber box） support and/or transforming traditional-type agricultural subsidies to decoupled-type ones. Japan reduced its amber box support by nearly 80 percent between 1995 and 2000. This drastic reduction is mainly attributable to Japan＇s removal of rice from the amber box in 1998. In addition, following the WTO＇s principle of decoupling, Japan launched an extensive agricultural subsidy reform in 2007. This paper, however, shows the ironical realities of Japanese agricultural policy. Neither a sharp reduction of amber box support nor Japan＇s 2007 reform necessarily means there will be a reduction of trade-distorting effects. On the contrary, the 2007 reform may in fact stimulate domestic rice production.

Three-Dimensional World of Similes in English Fictional Writing

The paper offers a three-dimensional linguosemiotic study of similes, which implies integral analysis of their semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects. Such an approach to the study of similes is quite new as they have been hitherto considered either from a literary viewpoint as one of the stylistic expressive means of language or in the philosophy of language in correlation with metaphor. The three-dimensional linguosemiotic methodology of research has enabled us： （1） to reveal the cognitive, psychological, and metaphorical essence of similes and work out the invariant conceptual model which remains unchanged throughout their structural-semantic variation in the text; （2） to single out pragmatic features of similes, the set of which defines their linguistic status as a language-in-use construct, i.e., textual phenomenon; （3） to study the denotational-cognitive aspect of similes pointing out the parameters according to which similes have been differentiated into semantic types and subtypes and （4） to generalize the syntactical aspect of similes and define the set of their structural modifications in the text conditioned both by the intralinguistic regularities and by pragmatic factors. Therefore, we have worked out an interdisciplinary theory of similes implying the synergy of the data of linguistic, literary, cognitive, and psychological studies

Strategy Analysis of the Biggest World Supermarkets With Open Capital and Which Act in the Brazilian Market

In view of the growth of retail, as well as the performance of large multinational supermarket branch in the Brazilian market, the purpose of this article is an analysis of the strategies of Casino, Carrefour, Walmart and open in the country capital, analyzing their operational, financial indicators socio-environmental initiatives. In order to achieve the main objective of this work, the construction of a method that validates this search was necessary. The main strategies and indicators of the three groups in four areas： corporate strategy, operational areo, financial areo, social and environmental issue, were analyzed. Study of qualitative, descriptive and exploratory character is realised through the importance of these three companies worldwide. As conclusions, it has been the expansion strategies that geared toward developing countries, adherence to new store formats, specializing in electronic commerce, as well as the superiority of Walmart （net sales） and Casino （Profitability）.

The Legacy of Conventional Textbook Trade Theory in the Light of Globalization

The term “globalization” designates the rapidly advancing international economic integration through substantial growth in trade of goods and services as well as surging cross-border factor mobility from the early 1990s onwards. This acceleration in the liberalization of world trade and capital movements is largely attributable to technological progress which significantly curtailed the expenses for transport as well as communication. In conjunction with the progressing opening of major newly industrializing economies endowed with abundant and cheap labor forces, it has reinforced a geographical fragmentation of production processes according to cost considerations. This phenomenon termed as “vertical specialization”, “outsourcing” or also “slicing the value chain” in turn has translated into a hike in FDI and international trade of intermediate products. The main objective of this paper is to identify adequate trade models for assessing the corresponding effects of those developments. In this context, textbook trade theories spanning from comparative advantage à la Ricardo to the new-new trade theory are examined. Subsequently, we expand on globalization-induced new forms of trade （intra-firm trade, trade within the value chain） and finally conclude with our findings to properly account for those trends.

The Power of Social Capital in Massive Multiplayer Online Games＂ Cooperation and Cronyism in World of Warcraft

The number of people playing Massive Multiplayer Online Games （MMOGs） is growing steadily, yet there are limited studies on the social impact that this online activity has. This research, using both quantitative and qualitative data, focused on whether users of the most popular MMOG, World of Warcraft （WOW）, exhibited behaviors of social capital in their online gaming activity and whether there was any correlation to offiine social capital. The findings indicated that cooperation provided the best indicator to make a correlation about a gamer＇s offiine social capital behaviors. One conclusion, stemming from this is that, in virtual worlds, the added social capital can lead to cronyism and help those in power maintain the status quo.

Max Weber on Religious Ethics and Life Conduct

The purpose of this paper is not to provide an overview of the contributions of Weber＇s sociology of religion, but to discuss an issue that guides his comparative studies of religions, which is to say the influence of religious beliefs on the life conduct. The principal aim is to highlight how the images of the world produced by world religions are responsible, in part, by the variability of economical conducts. In this sense, the paper discusses the explanation of Weber to the fact the capitalist system has been a singularity of the West, although in other civilizations, there has been some of the necessary conditions for its development. In the conclusion, it is said that the emphasis on the practical effects of religious beliefs, as well as the recognition of religion as a form of rationalization of the world, are the central dimensions of Weber＇s thought about religious phenomena.

From a Local Jazz Club to the Best Venue in the World： Montmartre Jazz House, Copenhagen, 1959-1976

Montmartre Jazz House in Copenhagen became one of the most famous venues in Europe. This paper describes its history,, from the first concert performed by the American jazz musician George Lewis and His New Orleans Orchestra to the turbulent and economical difficult years in the 1970＇s when the owner, Herluf Kamp-Larsen, had to declare himself bankrupt. A couple of Danish jazz musicians, trumpet player Palle Mikkelborg （1941-） and pianist Ole Kock Hansen （1945-）, explain the importance of the venue, and some of the most legendary jazz musicians that were hired during the clubs history are mentioned. The paper is based upon the author＇s book upon the venue and gives a survey of the history of Montmartre Jazz House. The research for the book includes lots of concert reviews, interviews with many musicians, members of the staff and Herluf Kamp-Larsen, and besides, the writer had access to the archive of the jazz house.