从《红楼梦》和《百年孤独》看文学预言现象的生成

文学经典作品普遍存在着预言现象。本文以中西文学经典之作《红楼梦》和《百年孤独》为案例 ,运用共同性比较手法 ,研究文学预言造成的结构机制、文化艺术原因 。

「重慶森林」と『ノルウェイの森』における主人公たちの孤独——「モウ」と「僕」の孤独について

映画『重慶森林」の男性主人公である「モウ」、「663」と小説『ノルウェイの森』の男性主人公「僕」の行動を分析し、その孤独感における作者·監督の表現手法とその違いを明らかにしたい。

Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders?

Children with autism are commonly affected by gastrointestinal problems such as abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of probiotics in this population, as it hypothetically may help to improve bowel habits and the behavioral and social functioning of these individuals. The gut microbiome plays an important role in the pathophysiology of organic as well as functional gastrointestinal disorders. Microbial modification with the use of antibiotics, probiotics, and fecal transplantation have been effective in the treatment of conditions such as recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, pouchitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. The present review presents a number of reported clinical, immunological and microbiomerelated changes seen in children with autism compared to normally developed children. It also discusses gut inflammation, permeability concerns, and absorption abnormalities that may contribute to these problems. Most importantly, it discusses evidence, from human and animal studies, of a potential role of probiotics in the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism.

The impact of perceived social support, loneliness, and physical activity on quality of life in South Korean older adults

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to propose and test a conceptual model that explains the interrelationships among perceived social support, loneliness, physical activity(PA), and quality of life(QoL) among active older adults in South Korea.Methods: Data were collected from 332 individuals over the age of 65 using a systematic stratified convenience sampling method. Survey data were collected and analyzed using a structural equation model(SEM).Results: Perceived social support had a significantly positive effect on PA(b = 0.14, p < 0.01) and QoL(b = 0.28, p < 0.001) while decreasing loneliness(b = —0.55, p < 0.001). PA had a significant positive effect on QoL(b = 0.12, p < 0.01), and loneliness had a negative effect on QoL(b = —0.37, p < 0.001). Loneliness mediated the relationship between perceived social support and QoL.Conclusion: The SEM results of the current study support the proposed model that explained the interrelationships among perceived social support, loneliness, PA, and QoL among active older adults in South Korea. These findings suggest the importance of incorporating social support mechanisms for PA interventions in order to enhance QoL. The findings of this study can help create more effective health and physical education programs for the older generations in South Korea to enhance their QoL.

EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE ON CEREBRAL IMAGES IN AUTISM CHILDREN

Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on images in autism children. Methods; A total of 27 cases of autism children were subjected into this study. By using a SPECT, the cerebral images were collected before and after acupuncture treatment and analyzed according to the recommended methods in 《Clinical Nuclear Medicine》 for assessing the state of blood flow, radioactivity quantity distribution and radioactivity count in bilateral hemispheres. 'JIN's three-needling' was employed. The acupuncture treatment was given once every other day, with 4 months being a therapeutic course and an interval of one month between two courses. Results: After acupuncture treatment, of the 22 cases, 20 had remarkable improvement and 2 had improvement in cerebral blood flow, with the total effective rate being 90.8%. Before the treatment there were significant differences between the left and right cerebrum (P<0. 001), and between the left and right frontal lobes in radioactive areas (P<0.01); however, after treatment, no differences were found between them (P>0.05). After treatment, the radioactivity count in the whole brain decreased significantly in comparison with that of pretreatment (P<0.01). It indicates the improvement of cerebral blood flow and cellular metabolism after the treatment. Conclusion: Acupuncture can significantly improve cerebral blood flow in autism children.

神异的母性 多舛的命途——乌苏拉形象探析

乌苏拉形象堪称是马尔克斯笔下一位令人惊异的母性神 ,其中包含着马尔克斯母性济世的理想 ,体现了人类集体无意识中母性崇拜、大地崇拜的原型性深层心理 ,其文化内蕴是极其耐人玩味的 :乌苏拉是一株至死不肯退弃的文明衍生之根 ,她的生命韧度启示着文明悲剧中终得存留的希望与未来。

To Withstand Loneliness in the Process of Urbanization——Research on the Construction and Planning of Metropolitan Suburban Rural Tourism Scenic Areas

Abstract The conflicts between rurality and urbanization,tradition and modernity,industry and environmental resource in the rural tourism have become major difficulties of its sustainable development in China.This paper analyzed the characteristics and difficult situations of metropolitan suburban rural tourism,put forward four kinds of region-city functions in the development of metropolitan suburban rural tourism,and researched on the construction of rural tourism scenic areas in metropolis suburb—"to Withstand Loneliness in the Process of Urbanization"—as the following aspects:the space organization mode,localization,social organization and management,the product organization and spatial planning modes and contents.

Study of ^(99m)Tc-TRODAT-1 Imaging on Human Brain with Children Autism by Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Objective ： Evaluate the application values of ^99mTc-2 β [ N, N＇-bis （ 2-mercaptoethyl ） ethylenediamiino ] methyl, 3 β -（4-chlorophenyl） tropane （ TRODAT-1 ） dopamine transporter （DAT） SPECT imaging in children autism, and offer the academic foundation to etiology, mechanism and clinical therapy of autism. Methods：Ten autistic children and ten healthy controls were examined with ^99mTc-TRODAT-1 DAT SPECT imaging. Striatal specific uptake of ^99mTc-TRODAT-1 was calculated with region of interest analysis according to the ratios between striaturn and cerebellum [ （ STR-BKG）/BKG ]. Results ： There was no difference in semiquantitative dopamine transporter between bilateral striatum in autistic children （ P = 0. 562） and in normal controls （ P = 0. 573 ） ; dopamine transporter in brain of patients with autism increased more significantly than that in normal controls （ P = 0. 017）. Conclusion ： Dopaminergic nervous system is dysfunction in human brain with children autism, and DAT ^99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging on human brain will help the imaging diagnosis of children autism.

Clinical observation on acupuncture at thirteen ghost acupoints for children with autism spectrum disorder

Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of needling thirteen ghost acupoints for children with autism spectrum disorder. Methods： A total of 90 cases with autism spectrum disorder （ASD） aged between 2 and 6 years were randomly allocated into 2 groups by random number table. The control group （n=45） received routine rehabilitative training, and the treatment group （n=45） received acupuncture at thirteen ghost acupoints plus routine rehabilitative training. The Beijing Gesell developmental （Gesell） scale and autism behavior checklist （ABC） were used to assess the intellectual, language and behavior development before and 3 months after the treatment. Results： After the treatment, the total effective rate in the treatment group was 82.2%, versus 55.6% in the control group, showing a statistical significance （P〈0.05）. As for the scores of social, emotional and language in Gesell scale, there were significant intra-group differences in the treatment group （all P〈0.05）, and all the five subscales in the Gesell scale in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group （all P〈0.05）. As for the scores of ABC, there were significant intra-group differences in the treatment group （P〈0.05）, and the scores in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group （all P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Rehabilitation training plus acupuncture at thirteen ghost acupoints can significantly improve the intellectual, language and abnormal behavior in autism spectrum disorder children.

Genetic architecture, epigenetic influence and environment exposure in the pathogenesis of Autism

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a spectral neurodevelopment disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population. ASD is characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction, communication deficits and restricted patterns of behavior. Multiple factors, including genetic/genomic, epigenetic/epigenomic and environmental, are thought to be necessary for autism development. Recent reviews have provided further insight into the genetic/genomic basis of ASD. It has long been suspected that epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, chromatin structures and long non-coding RNAs may play important roles in the pathology of ASD. In addition to genetic/genomic alterations and epigenetic/epigenomic influences, environmental exposures have been widely accepted as an important role in autism etiology, among which immune dysregulation and gastrointestinal microbiota are two prominent ones.

The complex genetics in autism spectrum disorders

Autism spectrum disorders(ASD) are a pervasive neurodevelopmental disease characterized by deficits in social interaction and nonverbal communication, as well as restricted interests and stereotypical behavior. Genetic changes/heritability is one of the major contributing factors, and hundreds to thousands of causative and susceptible genes, copy number variants(CNVs), linkage regions, and micro RNAs have been associated with ASD which clearly indicates that ASD is a complex genetic disorder. Here, we will briefly summarize some of the high-confidence genetic changes in ASD and their possible roles in their pathogenesis.

Improved symptoms following bumetanide treatment in children aged 3-6 years with autism spectrum disorder:a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial

With the current limited drug therapy for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder(ASD),we herein report a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy,safety,and potential neural mechanism of bumetanide in children with ASD aged 3-6 years old.A total of 120 children were enrolled into the study and randomly assigned to either 0.5 mg bumetanide or placebo.In the final sample,119 children received at least one dose of bumetanide(59 children) or placebo(60 children) were included in the final analysis.The primary outcome was a reduction in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale(CARS) score,and the secondary outcomes were the Clinical Global Impressions Scale(CGI)-Global Improvement(CGI-I) score at 3 months and the change from baseline to 3-month in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule(ADOS).Magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) was used to measure y-aminobutyric acid(GABA) and glutamate neurotransmitter concentrations in the insular cortex(IC) before and after the treatment.As compared with the placebo,bumetanide treatment was significantly better in reducing the severity.No patient withdrew from the trial due to adverse events.The superiority of bumetanide to placebo in reducing insular GABA,measured using MRS,was demonstrated.The clinical improvement was associated with a decrease in insular GABA in the bumetanide group.In conclusion,this trial in a large group of young children with predominantly moderate and severe ASD demonstrated that bumetanide is safe and effective in improving the core symptoms of ASD.However,the clinical significance remains uncertain,and future multi-center clinical trials are required to replicate these findings and confirm the clinical significance using a variety of outcome measures.

Parenting stress and affective symptoms in parents of autistic children

We examined parenting stress and mental health status in parents of autistic children and assessed factors associated with such stress. Participants were parents of 188 autistic children diagnosed with DSM-IV criteria and parents of 144 normally developing children. Parents of autistic children reported higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety than parents of normally developing children. Mothers of autistic children had a higher risk of depression and anxiety than that did parents of normally developing children. Mothers compared to fathers of autistic children were more vulnerable to depression. Age, behavior problems of autistic children, and mothers' anxiety were significantly associated with parenting stress.

Defining language impairments in a subgroup of children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is diagnosed on the basis of core impairments in pragmatic language skills, which are found across all ages and subtypes. In contrast, there is significant heterogeneity in language phenotypes, ranging from nonverbal to superior linguistic abilities, as defined on standardized tests of vocabulary and grammatical knowledge. The majority of children are verbal but impaired in language, relative to age-matched peers. One hypothesis is that this subgroup has ASD and co-morbid specific language impairment(SLI). An experiment was conducted comparing children with ASD to children with SLI and typically developing controls on aspects of language processing that have been shown to be impaired in children with SLI: repetition of nonsense words. Patterns of performance among the children with ASD and language impairment were similar to those with SLI, and contrasted with the children with ASD and no language impairment and typical controls, providing further evidence for the hypothesis that a subgroup of children with ASD has co-morbid SLI. The findings are discussed in the context of brain imaging studies that have explored the neural bases of language impairment in ASD and SLI, and overlap in the genes associated with elevated risk for these disorders.

Family-based association study of ZNF533, DOCK4 and IMMP2L gene polymorphisms linked to autism in a northeastern Chinese Han population

Objective： A study in a Caucasian population has identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） in ZNF533, one in DOCK4, and two in IMMP2L, which were all significantly associated with autism. They are located in AUTS1 and AUTS5, which have been identified as autism susceptibility loci in several genome-wide screens. The present study aimed to investigate whether ZNF533, DOCK4, and IMMP2L genes are also associated with autism in a northeastern Chinese Han population. Methods： We performed a similar association study using families with three individuals （one autistic child and two unaffected parents）. A family-based transmission disequilibrium test （TDT） was used to analyze the results. Results： There were significant associations between autism and the two SNPs of ZNF533 gene （rs11885327： X^2=4.5200, P=0.0335; rs1964081 ：）（2=4.2610, P=0.0390） and the SNP of DOCK4 gene （rs2217262 X^2=5.3430, P=0.0208）. Conclusions： Our data suggest that ZNF533 and DOCK4 genes are linked to a predisposition to autism in the northeastern Chinese Han population.

Autism genetics: Methodological issues and experimental design

Autism is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder of developmental origin, where multiple genetic and environmental factors likely interact resulting in a clinical continuum between "affected" and "unaffected" individuals in the general population. During the last two decades, relevant progress has been made in identifying chromosomal regions and genes in linkage or association with autism, but no single gene has emerged as a major cause of disease in a large number of patients. The purpose of this paper is to discuss specific methodological issues and experimental strategies in autism genetic research, based on fourteen years of experience in patient recruitment and association studies of autism spectrum disorder in Italy.