据出土文献说“痛心疾首”及相关字词

成语{痛心疾首}由{痛心}和{疾首}两个词组合而成。卜辞中“疾首”与“首疾”并见。“疾”字在商代甲骨文中就已出现,“病”字则是到了战国时代才出现。在战国出土文献中,“疾”表示的病情比“病”更严重,与《说文解字》的记载相反。{疾}{病}都是非宾格动词,故在“N1+V+N2”这种句式中,可移位为“N1+N2+V”,且N1和N2有领属关系。{痛}{疼}则是典型的不及物动词,不能带宾语,因此{痛心}{疼心}不符合语法规则。“痛心”“疼心”原本作“疾心”。{疾首}和{疾心}本指生理上的疼痛不适感,在春秋末期引申指精神上的痛苦或痛恨,为了强调一种极度的痛苦痛恨而组合成一个四字成语,为了避复,将{疾心}改成{痛心},从而组成{痛心疾首}这个成语。{痛心}一词在汉代以后才开始流行,当是从成语{痛心疾首}中分割出来的。

胸痹心痛危险证型的回归分析

目的了解胸痹心痛诸证型的危险度和临床意义。方法对375例胸痹心痛患者进行证候分类和冠状动脉造影检查,通过二值多元Logistic回归分析,比较不同证型的危险度。结果进入以“冠状动脉狭窄”和“冠状动脉造影01”为因变量方程的依次是血瘀证、痰浊证、气虚证、阴虚证、寒凝证,阳虚证和气滞证未能进入方程。结论胸痹心痛的危险证型按其影响程度依次为血瘀证、痰浊证、气虚证、阴虚证、寒凝证。

心痛泰对痰瘀互结证腹主动脉易损斑块模型兔病理性血管新生及HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR2信号通路的影响

目的探讨心痛泰治疗动脉粥样硬化痰瘀互结证的可能作用机制。方法将60只清洁级兔随机分为假手术组、模型组、氟伐他汀组及心痛泰低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。除假手术组外,其余各组兔采用高脂喂养+腹主动脉球囊损伤法建立痰瘀互结证腹主动脉易损斑块模型。造模后心痛泰低、中、高剂量组分别给予心痛泰含生药1.87、3.73、7.46 g/(kg·d)灌胃,氟伐他汀组给予氟伐他汀钠缓释片1.87 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,假手术组和模型组给予10 ml/d超纯水灌胃,各组均连续灌胃8周。采用HE染色观察易损斑块中病理性血管新生的变化;采用痰瘀互结证中医证候评分表进行证候评分并计算总积分;测定斑块成分(包括细胞外脂质、泡沫细胞、胶原成分、平滑肌细胞各占所在斑块面积的百分比),并计算斑块易损指数;免疫组化法测定斑块组织中缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)、血管生成素2(Ang-2)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)阳性表达;蛋白免疫印迹法测定斑块组织中HIF-1α、VEGF、VEGFR2、Ang-2、FGF蛋白表达。结果HE染色显示,假手术组腹主动脉无斑块形成;模型组可见动脉弹力层破坏,形成易损斑块,内膜下有明显的泡沫细胞,斑块纤维帽破裂;与模型组相比,心痛泰各剂量组和氟伐他汀组斑块组织处的空泡化明显减轻,动脉内膜和斑块的结构更加稳定。与模型组比较,心痛泰各剂量组和氟伐他汀组各证候评分及总积分下降,细胞外脂质含量、泡沫细胞含量降低,胶原含量、平滑肌细胞含量增加,斑块易损指数降低,斑块组织中HIF-1α、VEGF、VEGFR2、Ang-2、FGF阳性表达及蛋白表达降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);且心痛泰中、高剂量组和氟伐他汀组各指标改善优于心痛泰低剂量组(P<0.01)。心痛泰中、高剂量组和氟伐他汀组组间两两比较,各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论心痛泰可能通过下调斑块组织HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR2信号通路,减少病理性血管新生,稳定易损斑块,从而改善动脉粥样硬化之痰瘀互结证。

温阳活血法内外同治阳虚血瘀型不稳定型心绞痛70例临床观察

目的观察温阳活血法内外同治阳虚血瘀型不稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效和安全性。方法将140例不稳定型心绞痛患者随机分为治疗组与对照组各70例。两组均给予常规西药和口服定痛救心汤,对照组另加外用穴位空白贴,治疗组另加外用穴位贴敷心痛膏,两组均连续治疗14天。观察治疗前后两组主要临床症状、心电图、中医证候积分、硝酸甘油停减情况以及血脂[包括血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]和左室射血分数(LVEF)改善情况及不良反应。两组均随访6个月。结果治疗组主要临床症状和心电图疗效总有效率分别为84.3%和77.1%,明显优于对照组的68.6%和64.3%(P<0.05)。治疗后两组中医证候积分均较治疗前降低,并且治疗组较对照组降低更明显(P<0.05或P<0.01)。治疗后治疗组硝酸甘油停减率为80.0%,高于对照组的65.7%(P<0.05)。两组TC、TG、LDL-C水平均较治疗前降低,HDL-C水平较治疗前上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗后LVEF明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组均无明显不良反应发生。治疗组心脏不良事件的发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论温阳活血法内外同治阳虚血瘀型不稳定型心绞痛临床效果肯定,无明显不良反应。

CLINICAL REPORT ON MULTI-CENTER RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE BY ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE AT QI■X■(丘墟GB40)

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of electro acupuncture at QIǖXǖ（丘墟GB40） for treating migraine and provide clinical study for Acupoints Dictionary of People＇s Republic of China. Methods Multi-center （3 First-Class hospitals） study was adopted, and the involved 3 hospitals did clinical observation according to the requirements of the project. The methods are as follows. All cases were randomized into treatment group and control group according to their sequence. QIǖXǖ（丘墟GB40） was selected in treatment group, while Tiānshū （天枢 ST25） was selected in control group. Both groups were performed electro acupuncture, and syndromes indexes of migraine and 5-HT were observed before and after treatment. All data were analyzed by statistic software SPSS11.5. Results There was significant difference of VAS margin between two groups in each center and the combined center （u= -3. 362, P=0. 001 ）. There was significant difference of therapeutic effect of 4-week treatment between two groups in each clinical center and the combined center. The therapeutic effect of 3-month treatment between two groups in No. 1 and No. 3 hospitals, showed significant difference, the treatment group was better; while that of No. 2 hospital had no obvious difference. The therapeutic effect of 6-month treatment between two groups in each center and the combined center had significant difference, the treatment group was better. Conclusion The therapy of electro acupuncture at QIǖXǖ（丘墟GB40） is effective for migraine.

基于《古今名医临证金鉴》的历代名医论治胸痹心痛的用药规律研究

目的:探讨古今名医论治胸痹心痛的用药规律,为临床用药提供借鉴。方法:整理《古今名医临证金鉴·胸痹心痛卷》中历代名医论治胸痹心痛的有效经验方,将复方录入Excel2010建立数据库,采用古今医案云平台(V2.3)进行频次分析、关联规则和聚类分析,采用SPSS Modeler18.0进行因子分析。结果:共纳入74位医家的333首经验方,涉及中药289味,以甘草、丹参、茯苓、半夏、当归、郁金、桂枝、薤白、麦冬、瓜蒌、红花、五味子、党参、白芍、陈皮为核心中药。药性以温、平为主,药味以甘、辛、苦为主。归经以心经为主,与肺、肝、脾、胃经密切相关。功效以燥湿化痰和活血化瘀为主,辅以补脾益气,养阴生津。关联规则获得茯苓-甘草、五味子-麦冬、瓜蒌-薤白、半夏-茯苓、等17个核心药对。因子分析将药物分为6个公因子,涵盖生脉散、瓜蒌薤白半夏汤、橘红汤、桂枝汤、等方,累计贡献度64.68%。聚类分析将药物分为4个组合,共奏豁痰宽胸、健脾利湿、活血化瘀、益气养阴、气血阴阳并调之效。结论:本研究通过数据挖掘总结了历代名医论治胸痹心痛的临证经验,为临床用药提供借鉴。

Relationship between resistin level in serum and acute coronary syndrome or stable angina pectoris

Objective： To investigate the relationship between serum resistin level and acute coronary syndrome （ACS） or stable angina pectoris （SAP）. Methods： Sixty-five patients, with coronary artery disease, were enrolled and divided into three subgroups： acute myocardial infarction （AMI）, unstable angina pectoris （UAP） and SAP, and 26 healthy people were recruited as controls in the cross-sectional study. Serum resistin levels were determined by ELISA （enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay）, and WBC （white blood cell count）, hsCRP （high sensitive C-reaction protein）, CKmax （maximum of creatinkinase）, CK-MBmax （maximum of isozyme of creatinkinase） and cTnImax （maximum of troponin） were measured by standard laboratory methods. Results： The serum resistin levels were 4 folds higher in AMI patients, 2.43 folds in UAP patients and I. 12 folds in SAP patients than in the healthy controls （P〈0.05）. The resistin levels were also significantly different between AMI [（8.16±0.79） ng/ml], UAP [（5.59±0.75） ng/ml] and SAP [（3.45±0.56） ng/ml] groups （P〈0.01）; WBC, hsCRP, CK CK-MBmax and cTnlmax were significantly increased in AMI patients over UAP and SAP patients. Spearman analysis showed that serum resistin levels were positively correlated with WBC （r=0.412, P=0.046）, hsCRP （r=0.427,p=0.037）, CK CK-MBmax and cTnImax （r=0.731, 0.678, 0.656; P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Serum resistin levels increased with inflammatory factors and myocardial impairment. The results suggest that human resistin might play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and AMI as an inflammatory factor.

Psychological controversies in gastroparesis: A systematic review

To systematically review literature addressing three key psychologically-oriented controversies associated with gastroparesis.METHODSA comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases was performed to identify literature addressing the relationship between gastroparesis and psychological factors. Two researchers independently screened all references. Inclusion criteria were: an adult sample of gastroparesis patients, a quantitative methodology, and at least one of the following: (1) evaluation of the prevalence of psychopathology; (2) an outcome measure of anxiety, depression, or quality of life; and (3) evidence of a psychological intervention. Case studies, review articles, and publications in languages other than English were excluded from the current review.RESULTSPrevalence of psychopathology was evaluated by three studies (n = 378), which found that combined anxiety/depression was present in 24% of the gastroparesis cohort, severe anxiety in 12.4%, depression in 21.8%-23%, and somatization in 50%. Level of anxiety and depression was included as an outcome measure in six studies (n = 1408), and while limited research made it difficult to determine the level of anxiety and depression in the cohort, a clear positive relationship with gastroparesis symptom severity was evident. Quality of life was included as an outcome measure in 11 studies (n = 2076), with gastroparesis patients reporting lower quality of life than population norms, and a negative relationship between quality of life and symptom severity. One study assessed the use of a psychological intervention for gastroparesis patients (n = 120) and found that depression and gastric function were improved in patients who received psychological intervention, however the study had considerable methodological limitations.CONCLUSIONGastroparesis is associated with significant psychological distress and poor quality of life. Recommendations for future studies and the development of psychological interventions are provided.

SERUM LEVELS OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN PATIENTS WITH ANGINA PECTORIS AND ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Objective. To determine whether serum vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)concentrations are altered in several kinds of coronary heart disease patients. Materials and methods. Using a VEGF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), serum VEGF concentrations were determined in antecubital venous blood of 16 patients with stable angina pectoris(SAP), 16 with unstable angina pectoris(UAP) and 16 with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) before and after thrombolytic therapy, and of 16 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers who used as controls. Results. The concentrations of serum VEGF in patients with SAP(9860±2699pg/ml) and UAP (10361±2489pg/ml) tended to be higher than those in control subjects(8044±2457pg/ml), but the differences did not reach statistical significance (P>005 for each). Before thrombolytic therapy, the concentrations of serum VEGF in patients with AMI (28592±12515pg/ml) were significantly higher than those in patients with SAP, UAP or control subjects (P<001,respectively), and correlated with synchronous serum creatine kinase (CK) and its MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) contents(r=0866,P<0001 and r=0948,P<0001;respectively). Three hours after thrombolysis, the concentrations of VEGF had fallen to 11157±3129pg/ml (P<001 vs. before thrombolytic therapy and P<005 vs.control subjects). Conclusion. The present study shows that serum concentrations of VEGF in patients with AMI are markedly elevated and that increased serum VEGF levels may be one of the most sensitive indexes in diagnosing AMI and judging reperfusion.

Distress management in cancer patients:Guideline adaption based on CAN-IMPLEMENT

Objective This study aimed to adapt relevant clinical practice guidelines for distress management in cancer patients based on A Guideline Adaptation and Implementation Planning Resource(CAN-IMPLEMENT),and develop Cancer-related Distress Management Guidelines in the context of the research site.Methods According to CAN-IMPLEMENT,the symptoms of cancer patients in Shanghai were investigated,and a work plan was formulated to adapt cancer-related distress management guidelines.The relevant clinical practice guidelines for distress management in cancer patients were searched,screened and assessed,the contents of the included clinical practice guidelines were screened,extracted and integrated,and the Cancer-related Distress Management Guidelines was developed.After peer review,the Cancer-related Distress Management Guidelines was finally formed.Results The physical symptom distress score was higher than the psychological symptom distress score among cancer patients in Shanghai.Two clinical practice guidelines related to distress management in cancer patients were included after searching,screening,assessment and selection systematically.The domain scores of the draft Cancer-related Distress Management Guidelines on Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II(AGREE II)were 73.75%–87.50%,respectively.The scores of most recommendations on feasibility,appropriateness,meaningfulness and effectiveness were at least 90%.The final guidelines included 13 recommendations.Conclusions The quality of the draft Cancer-related Distress Management Guidelines based on two included guidelines was well-accepted.The final Cancer-related Distress Management Guidelines needs to be further verified in clinical practice for feasibility,suitability and effectiveness.

Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium score in patients with stable an-gina pectoris after percutaneous coronary intervention

Objectives To evaluate the prognostic value of the coronary artery calcium （CAC） score in patients with stable angina pectoris （SAP） who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods A total of 334 consecutive patients with SAP who underwent first PCI following multi-slice computer tomography （MSCT） were enrolled from our institution between January 2007 and June 2012. The CAC score was calculated according to the standard Agatston calcium scoring algorithm. Complex PCI was defined as use of high pressure bal-loon, kissing balloon and/or rotablator. Procedure-related complications included dissection, occlusion, perforation, no/slow flow and emer-gency coronary artery bypass grafting. Main adverse cardiac events （MACE） were defined as a combined end point of death, non-fatal myo-cardial infarction, target lesion revascularization and rehospitalization for cardiac ischemic events. Results Patients with a CAC score〉300 （n=145） had significantly higher PCI complexity （13.1%vs. 5.8%, P=0.017） and rate of procedure-related complications （17.2%vs. 7.4%, P=0.005） than patients with a CAC score≤300 （n=189）. After a median follow-up of 22.5 months （4-72 months）, patients with a CAC score≤300 differ greatly than those patients with CAC score＆gt;300 in cumulative non-events survival rates （88.9 vs. 79.0%, Log rank 4.577, P=0.032）. After adjusted for other factors, the risk of MACE was significantly higher [hazard ratio （HR）：4.3, 95%confidence inter-val （95%CI）：2.4-8.2, P=0.038] in patients with a CAC score〉300 compared to patients with a lower CAC score. Conclusions The CAC score is an independent predictor for MACE in SAP patients who underwent PCI and indicates complexity of PCI and proce-dure-related complications.

Left atrial area index predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with unstable angina pectoris

Background The left atrial size has been considered as a useful marker of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, it is not well known whether left atrial area index （LAAI） has predictive value for prognosis in patients with unstable angina pectoris （UAP）. This study was aimed to assess the association between LAAI and outcomes in UAP patients. Methods We enrolled a total of 391 in-hospital patients diag- nosed as UAP. Clinical and echocardiographic data at baseline were collected. The patients were followed for the development of ad- verse cardiovascular （CV） events, including hospital readmission for angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction （AMI）, congestive heart failure （CHF）, stroke and all-cause mortality. Results During a mean follow-up time of 26.3±8.6 months, 98 adverse CV events occurred （84 hospital readmission for angina pectoris, four AMI, four CHF, one stroke and five all-cause mortality）. In a multivariate Cox model, LAAI [OR： 1.140, 95% CI： 1.01±1.279, P = 0.026], diastolic blood pressure （OR： 0.976, 95% CI： 0.956-0.996, P = 0.020） and pulse pressure （OR 1.020, 95% CI： 1.007-1.034, P = 0.004） were independent predictors for adverse CV events in UAP patients. Conclusions LAAI is a predictor of adverse CV events independent of clinical and other echocardiographic parameters in UAP patients.

Coronary revascularization in the elderly with stable angina

A proportion of elderly with coronary artery disease is rapidly growing. They have more severe coronary artery disease, therefore, derive more benefit fi＇om revascularization and have a greater need for it. The elderly is a heterogeneous group, but compared to the younger cohort, the choice of the optimal revascularization method is much more complicated among them. In recent decades, results has improved dramatically both in surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）, even in very old persons. Despite the lack of evidence in elderly, it is obvious, that coronary artery bypass surgery （CABG） has a more pronounced effect on long-term survival in price of more strokes, while PCI is certainly less invasive. Age itself is not a criterion for the selection of treatment strategy, but the elderly are often more interested in quality of life and personal independence instead of longevity. This article discusses the factors that influence the choice of the revascularization method in the elderly with stable angina and presents a complex algorithm for making an individual risk-benefit profile. As a consequence the features of CABG and PCI in elderly patients are exposed. Emphasis is centered on the frailty and non-medical factors, including psychosocial, as essential components in making the decision of what strategy to choose. Good communication with the patients and giving them unbiased information is encouraged.

Symptoms of Early Cancer Especially Barrett’s Carcinoma

The incidence of the adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (AC) has been rising exponentially in the Western World within the last 30 years. The reasons for this increase are not yet understood. Massive and long lasting gastroesophageal re?ux causes the Barrett’s esophagus which is considered to be a precancerosis. Therefore early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of gastroesophageal re?ux is essential for the prevention of this tumor. This makes heartburn the leading clinical symptom in the patient’s history. In patients with heartburn it is possible to early endoscopically diagnose a Barrett’s esophagus or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. However only few patients with this increased risk receive an index-endoscopy. In clinical studies a high rate of early carcinomas could be found and could be treated with mucosectomie or ablation. The majority of patients with AC present with symptoms suggestive of progressed disease such as dysphagia or weight loss. The prognosis in patients in late disease stages are with a 5-year survival of only 30% far worse than in patients with early carcinoma (85%). However the early symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation are unspeci?c and make an e?ective diagnostical strategy di?cult. To optimize screening it would be bene?cial to identify patients with high risk for the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

Core outcome set for stable angina pectoris in traditional Chinese medicine(COS-SAP-TCM)

Objective:This study aimed to develop a core outcome set(COS)for use in future studies of stable angina pectoris(SAP)in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods:Systematic literature reviews and qualitative interviews with cardiologists and patients with SAP treated using TCM were conducted to generate a set of outcomes.Outcomes were prioritized by stakeholders via two rounds of an online Delphi survey and face-to-face consensus meetings.Following the final consensus meeting,a final COS was generated.Results:An initial set of 324 outcomes was identified.A preliminary list of 65 outcomes was employed in the Delphi study.In total,223 participants from seven stakeholder groups were invited to score outcomes in the first Delphi round:87 completed round 1 and 47 completed round 2.Thirty-one participants attended the consensus meeting and agreed on a final core set of outcomes comprising six items across four domains:frequency of angina attack,duration of angina attack,Seattle angina questionnaire,total exercise duration in the exercise treadmill test,cardiovascular events,and QT interval on electrocardiography.Conclusions:The COS developed in this study provides the minimum requirements for measurement and reporting in future TCM clinical trials for the treatment of SAP.The employment of this COS may reduce heterogeneity across trials and facilitate evidencebased decision-making for stakeholders.

Is the ratio of apoB/apoA-1 the best predictor for the severity of coronary artery lesions in Chinese diabetics with stable angina pectoris？ An assessment based on Gensini scores

Background There is a paucity of data about the best lipid ratio predicting the severity of coronary artery disease （CAD） in patients with diabetes mellitus. We determined the relationship between five conventional lipid ratios and the extent of coronary artery lesions in Chinese Type 2 diabetics with stable angina pectoris （SAP）. Methods A prospective cohort study within 373 type 2 diabetic patients diag- nosed with stable CAD by coronary angiography was performed. All patients were classified into three groups according to the tertiles of Gensini scores （GS, low group 〈 8 points n = 143; intermediate group 8-28 points, n = 109; high group 〉 28 points, n = 121）. Association between the ratios of apolipoprotein （apo） B and apoA-1, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol （TC/HDL-C）, triglycerides and HDL-C （TG/HDL-C）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and HDL-C （LDL-C/HDL-C）, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C and GS were evaluated using the receivers operating characteristic （ROC） curves and multivariate logistic regression models. Results The ratio of apoB/apoA-1, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and Non-HDL-C/HDL-C were correlated with Gensini scores. Area under the ROC curves for predicting high Gensini scores in the ratios of apoB/apoA-1, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and Non-HDL-C/HDL-C were 0.62, 0.60, 0.59 and 0.60, respec- tively （P 〈 0.005 for all）. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusted with demographic characteristic and other lipid parameters, the ratio of apoB/apoA-1 is qualified as an independent discriminator for the severity of CAD. However, after fiu-ther adjusting different baseline variables, such as left ventricular ejective fraction, hemoglobin Alc, leukocytes count and serum creatinine, none of the above lipid ratios remained. Conclusions Compared with other lipid parameters, the ratio of apoB/apoA-1 appears to be more significantly correlated with the extent of coronary artery lesions in Chinese diabetics, but it was not an independent predictor in these settings.

Prevalence of linked angina and gastroesophageal reflux disease in general practice

AIM： To evaluate the association between gastroesophageal reflux diseases （GERD） and coronary heart diseases. METHODS： One thousand nine hundred and seventy consecutive patients who attended our hospital were enrolled. All of the patients who first attend our hospital were asked to respond to the F-scale questionnaire regardless of their chief complaints. All patients had a careful history taken, and resting echocardiography （ECG） was performed by physicians if the diagnostic necessity arose. Patients with ECG signs of coronary artery ischemia were defined as ST- segment depression based on the Minnesota code. RESULTS： Among 712 patients （36%） with GERD, ECG was performed in 171 （24%）, and ischemic changes were detected in eight （5%）. Four （50%） of these patients with abnormal findings upon ECG had no chest symptoms such as chest pain, chest oppression, or palpitations. These patients （0.6%; 4/712） were thought to have non-GERD heartburn, which may be related to ischemic heart disease. Of 281 patients who underwent ECG and did not have GERD symptoms, 20 （7%） had abnormal findings upon ECG. In patients with GERD symptoms and ECG signs of coronary artery ischemia, the prevalence of linked angina was considered to be 0.4% （8/1970 patients）.CONCLUSION： The present study suggested that ischemic heart disease might be found although a patient was referred to the hospital with a complaint of GERD symptoms. Physicians have to be concerned about missing clinically important coronary artery disease while evaluating patients for GERD symptoms.

Effects of adjuvant Chinese patent medicine therapy on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease angina pectoris:a population-based retrospective cohort study

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of Chinese patent medicine(CPM) in reducing the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE) in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) angina pectoris and improving clinical effectiveness and provide evidence for its use as clinical adjuvant therapy.Methods: Twenty-eight thousand five hundred and seventeen patients hospitalized with CHD angina pectoris from 6 hospitals were divided into CPM group(n = 11,374) and non-CPM group(n = 17,143) to evaluate the incidence of MACE, including myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting.Results: The incidence of MACE in the CPM group was lower than that in the non-CPM group. CPM therapy was an independent protective factor that reduced the overall risk of MACE [adjusted hazard ratio = 0.40, 95% confidence interval(0.33;0.49)]. Patients in the CPM group who received one, two, or three types of CPM could benefit from adjuvant treatment with CPM, and taking more types of CPM was associated with a lower risk of MACE. In addition, the male population was better than the female population at taking CPM, and middle-aged people aged 55 to 64 were more suited to take CPM based on Western medicine.Conclusions: The use of CPM as adjuvant therapy can decrease the occurrence of MACE in patients with CHD angina pectoris,especially in men and middle-aged people, and the drug treatment plan should be optimized accordingly. However, this conclusion needs further verification by prospective cohort studies in the future.

Origin of and therapeutic approach to cardiac syndrome X:Results of the proton pump inhibitor therapy for angina-like lingering pain trial (PITFALL trial)

AIM: To investigate the frequency of gastroen-terological diseases in the etiology and the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of cardiac syndrome X (CSX) as a subform of non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP). METHODS: We investigated 114 patients with CSX using symptom questionnaires. A subgroup of these patients were investigated regarding upper gastrointestinal disorders (GIs) and treated with PPI. Patients not willing to participate in investigation and treatment served as control group. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients denied any residual symptoms and were not further evaluated. After informed consent in 27 of the remaining 78 patients, we determined the prevalence of disorders of the upper GI tract and quantifi ed the effect of treatment with pantoprazole. We found a high prevalence of gastroenterological pathologies (26/27 patients, 97%)with gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and acid reflux as the most common associated disorders. If treated according to the study protocol, these patients showed a significant improvement in the symptom score. Patients treated by primary care physicians, not according to the study protocol had a minor response to treatment (n = 19, -43%), while patients not treated at all (n = 26) had no improvement of symptoms (-0%). CONCLUSION: Disorders of the upper GI tract are a frequent origin of CSX in a German population and can be treated with pantoprazole if given for a longer period.