从《为奴隶的母亲》看旧中国妇女的悲剧命运

柔石小说《为奴隶的母亲》揭示了封建社会中国妇女共同的悲剧命运。春宝娘的一 生展现了旧社会妇女只能作为被卖物品、生育工具而存在的悲剧现实。自然，悲剧的形成 在于封建制度和封建意识对妇女的压迫和束缚。然而，除了社会历史原因之外，妇女自身 的惰性也是使她们沦为“奴隶”的重要原因。

浪漫情歌——《我的父亲母亲》

不同于《一个都不能少》的纪实客观,影片《我的父亲母亲》描绘的是一片纯洁无瑕、温馨悠远的爱情天空,象一篇娓娓动听的情爱散文飘逸在观众的心灵世界,更象一首浪漫温柔、甜美无比的爱情诗歌萦绕在每个人的情感空间。片中的茂密柔和的白桦林、橙色温暖的阳光、波浪起伏的麦田,还有漫天飞舞、

美与爱的神话——对《我的父亲母亲》的女性主义批评

引言:日益完善的电影制作体制使得对一部影片的感受与理解不再从“看电影”这个核心行为开始,《我的父亲母亲》尚未公映,前期的宣传已让我们对人物、对情节颇为熟悉,于是在“看电影”之前,观众在心理上、情感上已做了种种准备,从而使观看过程显得轻松而有序,引发的感受填充了前设的框架:

A meta-analysis of lamivudine for interruption of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus

AIM： To determine the therapeutic effect of lamivu- dine in late pregnancy for the interruption of motherto-child transmission （MTCT） of hepatitis B virus （HBV）. METHODS： Studies were identified by searching available databases up to January 2011. Inclusive criteria were HBV-carrier mothers who had been involved in randomized controlled clinical trials （RCTs） with lamivudine treatment in late pregnancy, and newborns or infants whose serum hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg）, hepatitis B e antigen （HBeAg） or HBV DNA had been documented. The relative risks （RRs） for inerruption of MTCT as indicated by HBsAg, HBV DNA or HBeAg of newborns or infants were calculated with 95% confidence interval （CI） to estimate the efficacy of lamivudine treatment. RESULTS： Fifteen RCTs including 1693 HBV-carrier mothers were included in this meta-analysis. The overall RR was 0.43 （95% CI, 0.25-0.76; 8 RCTs; Phet- erogeneity= 0.04） and 0.33 （95% CI, 0.23-0.47; 6 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.93） indicated by newborn HBsAg or HBV DNA. The RR was 0.33 （95% CI, 0.21-0.50; 6 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.46） and 0.32 （95% CI, 0.20-0.50; 4 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.33） indicated by serum HBsAg or HBV DNA of infants 6-12 mo after birth. The RR （lamivudine vs hepatitis B immunoglobulin） was 0.27 （95% CI, 0.16-0.46; 5 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.94） and 0.24 （95% CI, 0.07-0.79; 3 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.60） indicated by newborn HBsAg or HBV DNA, respectively. In the mothers with viral load 〈 106 copies/mL after lamivudine treatment, the efficacy （RR, 95% CI） was 0.33, 0.21-0.53 （5 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.82） for the interruption of MTCT, however, this value was not significant if maternal viral load was 〉 106 copies/mL after lamivudine treatment （P = 0.45, 2 RCTs）, as indicated by newborn serum HBsAg. The RR （lamivudine initiated from 28 wk of gestation vs control） was 0.34 （95% CI, 0.22-0.52; 7 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.92） and 0.33 （95% CI, 0.22-0.50; 5 RCTs; Pheterogeneity = 0.86） indicated by newborn HBsAg or HBV DNA. The incidence of adverse effects of lamivudine was not higher in the mothers than in controls （P = 0.97）. Only one study reported side effects of lamivudine in newborns. CONCLUSION： Lamivudine treatment in HBV carrier- mothers from 28 wk of gestation may interrupt MTCT of HBV efficiently. Lamivudine is safe and more efficient than hepatitis B immunoglobulin in interrupting MTCT. HBV MTCT might be interrupted efficiently if maternal viral load is reduced to 〈 106 copies/mL by lamivudine treatment.

Comparison of three different recombinant hepatitis B vaccines:GeneVac-B,Engerix B and Shanvac B in high risk infants born to HBsAg positive mothers in India

AIM： To evaluate a low cost Indian recombinant hepatitis B vaccine GeneVac-B for its immunogenicity and safety in comparison to Engerix B and Shanvac B vaccine in high risk newborn infants born to （hepatitis B surface antigen） HBsAg positive mothers.METHODS： A total of 158 infants were enrolled in the study. Fifty eight infants were enrolled in the GeneVac-B group while 50 each were included for Engerix B and Shanvac B groups. A three-dose regimen of vaccination; at birth （within 24 h of birth）, 1st mo and 6 too. were adopted with 10 μg dosage administered uniformly in all the three groups. Clinical and immunological parameters were assessed for safety and immunogenicity of the vaccines, in all the enrolled infants.RESULTS： Successful follow up until seven months of age was achieved in 83% （48/58） for GeneVac-B, 76% （38/50） and 64% （32/50） for Engerix B and Shanvac B groups respectively. 100% seroconversion and seroprotection was achieved in all the three groups of infants. The geometric mean titers of anti-HBs one month after the completion of three dose of vaccination were 90.5, 80.9 and 72.5 mTU/mL in GeneVac-B, Engerix B and Shanvac B vaccine group respectively. Furthermore the level of anti-HBs increases with age of babies who were born to HBsAg positive mothers. The GMT values of anti-HBs were 226.7, 193.9 and 173.6 mIU/mL respectively in GeneVac-B, Engerix B and Shanvac B groups one year after the completion of the three doses of vaccine. No systemic reactions were reported in infants during the entire vaccination process of GeneVac-B and the other two vaccines. Clinical safety parameters remained within the normal limits throughout the study period.CONCLUSION： The study concludes that there is no significant difference between the three recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Administration of these vaccines within 24 h of birth to babies, born to HBsAg positive mothers will reduce the incidence of HBV infection.

A novel large animal model of recurrent migraine established by repeated administration of inflammatory soup into the dura mater of the rhesus monkey

Several animal models of migraine have been established, and those based on trigeminovascular system activation are widely accepted. How- ever, most of these models have been established on lower animals, such as rodents, and involve only a single administration of a noxious stimulus. In this study, an inflammatory soup （10 μL）, consisting of prostaglandin E2 （0.2 mM）, serotonin （2 mM）, bradykinin （2 raM） and histamine （2 raM）, was injected into the dura mater of conscious rhesus monkeys through an indwelling catheter. The infusion started on day 8 and was repeated every 3 days, for a total of six administrations, to induce neurogenic inflammation. We performed behavioral assessments and measured the expression of the oncogene c-fos, neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） and calcitonin gene related peptide （CGRP） ill the trigeminal system and in multiple brain regions involved in pain processing by immunohistochemical staining. Compared with monkeys in the control group, three of the four animals in the inflammatory soup group displayed decreased motor behaviors, and two showed increased ipsilateral nose and mouth secretions during the stimulus period. Higher expression levels of c-fos, nNOS and CGRP were found in various brain areas of experimental animals compared with controls, including the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons and other areas involved in pain perception. These results suggest that repeated inflammatory soup stimulation of the dura activates the trigeminovascular system and produces migraine-like pathological changes and abnormal behaviors in conscious rhesus monkeys.

Pretransplantation fetal-maternal microchimerism in pediatric liver transplantation from mother

AIM To investigate the rates of pretransplantation fetalmaternal microchimerism(MC) and its effect on rejection in children receiving maternal liver grafts. METHODS DNA or blood samples before liver transplantation(LT) were available in 45 pediatric patients and their mothers. The presence of pretransplantation MC to non-inherited maternal antigens(NIMAs)(NIMA-MC) in the peripheral blood was tested using nested PCRsingle-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for the human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-DRB1 alleles. NIMA-MC was successfully evaluated in 26 of the 45 children. Among these 45 pediatric LT recipients,23 children(51.1%) received transplants from maternal donors and the other 22 from non-maternal donors.RESULTS Among these 26 children,pretransplantation NIMAMC was detected in 23.1%(n = 6),6.1(range,0.8-14) years after birth. Among the children with a maternal donor,the rate of biopsy-proven cellular rejection(BPCR) was 0% in patients with NIMA-MC positivity(0/3) and those with HLA-DR identity with the mother(0/4),but it was 50% in those with NIMA-MC negativity(5/10). Patients with NIMA-MC positivity or HLA-DR identity with the mother showed significantly lower BPCR rate compared with NIMA-MC-negative patients(0% vs 50%,P = 0.04). NIMA-MC-positive patients tended to show lower BPCR rate compared with NIMAMC-negative patients(P = 0.23). CONCLUSION The presence of pretransplantation NIMA-MC or HLADR identity with the mother could be associated with BPCR-free survival in pediatric recipients of LT from maternal donors.

The Effects of Fetal Movement Counting on Mental Health of Mother in Third Trimester A Randomized Controlled Trial

Anxiety is one of the psychological problems in pregnant women that sometimes takes the form of pathological and affects the mental health of mother. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fetal movement counting on mental health of mother. In a randomized-controlled trial, 208 nulliparous women were randomly divided into two groups. At 28th weeks, both groups completed the GHQ-28. Then the intervention group started to count fetal movements from 28th to 37th weeks of gestation and the control group received routine prenatal care. Again, both groups completed the questionnaire at 37 weeks＇ gestation and the results were compared. Analysis was performed by SPSS and a P value 〈 0.05 was considered significant. The mean scores of mental health of mothers in 28th and 37th of pregnancy was respectively 23.52 ± 10.23 and 21.09 ± 10.12 in the intervention group and the difference was significant （P = 0.025）. The mean in the control group was 23.69 ± 9.43 and 23.88± 8.60 respectively, and the difference was not significant （P = 0.52）. In comparing the mean scores between the two groups, it was found that the difference was not significant at 28th weeks of gestation （P = 0.37）, but it was significant in 37th week （P = 0.002） and the counting of fetal movements could improve the mental health of mothers compared to control group. The women who had fetal movements counting at weeks 28 to 37 Of gestation reported better mental health than the control group. The mother renorted concerns about decreased fetal movement was similar in the two grouns.

A boy with 9p+ resulting from maternal t(4;9) translocation:a case report

Increasing cases of 9p syndrome have been reported since the first description in 1970. In the present case, a extra segment of the end of chromosome 9p resulting from a maternally inherited translocation t（4; 9）（q31 ;p24） was described in a liveborn boy with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. The extra part of chromosome 9p includes segment of the chromosome region 4q31→qter of his mother but deletes a small segment 9p24→pter. To our knowledge, this is the first ease described in a liveborn child. This paper also includes a review and tabulation of clinical features seen in the 34 reported eases. The new ease had most characteristics reported eases besides worried-face, fat and abnormal lower digestion tract, which is a modification and double expansion of the previous summarization on 9p syndrome.

The Application of X-STR： Two Case Reports

The usefulness of the X-chromosomal STRs （short tandem repeats） for forensic purposes seems to be restricted, but may be valuable in some paternity cases. Due to the particular mode of inheritance, X-chromosomal X-STR has the advantage in female traces identification against male contamination and in complex kinship cases, such as deficiency cases （mother-son or father-daughter）, grandparent-grandchild comparisons, half-sisters testing, etc. In this study, 4 blood samples from two paternity cases without father were examined with TYPER19 Amplification kit first, from the result, it is hard to judge the relationship between the mother-sons, then TYPERX19 kit was conducted to obtain the full profiles of the two pairs of the mother-son, from the genetypes of the samples, it can be inferred that neither of the two pairs of mother-son were in line with the kinship, which provides important evidence for the two paternity cases. All together, the X-chromosome marks included in the TYPERX19 kit can offer the possibility to solve complex kinship cases where autosomal STR markers cannot provide the information needed.

The Beacon in Darkness--Analyzing the Figure ofMa Joad in The Grapes of Wrath

In the novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck portrayed a great female Ma Joad who was diligent, kindhearted, brave, friendly and willing to help other with her universal love. Influenced by the Great Depression and drought, the Joads had to move westward and found a new life in California. In the process of long journey, they met all kinds of difficulties; however, Ma Joad held the whole family together and guided them to overcome hardships and found their way out with her positive and decisive attitude towards life. Meanwhile, Ma＇s wisdom and independent thought reflected the feminism. Ma Joad symbolized the hope of beckon that lightens the darkness in their way to exploration.

A Sensitive Competitive ELISA for Determination of Biotin in Transformed Yeast Culture Media

Aim To develop a sensitive competitive ELBA for the determination of biotinin transformed yeast culture media. Methods The ELBA plate was firstly coated with Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae, and then successively incubated with rabbit anti-Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae serum andgoat anti-rabbit IgG-biotin to form the solid biotin, which competed with the biotin in the solution(standard or sample) for the limited streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase conjugate. The standardcalibration curve for biotin analysis was constructed in the range of 50 - 2000 ng·L^(-1). ResultsThe detection limit for biotin was found to be 83 ng·L^(-1), which was about 1000 times lower thanthe lowest determination concentration in the reported ELISA for biotin analysis. The relativestandard deviations for the spiked samples at biotin concentrations of 200 ng·L^(-1), 500ng·L^(-1), and 1000 ng·L^(-1) were 24.87%, 6.15% , and 7.86% , respectively, with the averagerecovery of 101.13% . The wild yeast and its sixty-three transformed yeast culture media wereapplied to the developed ELBA for the determination of biotin. It was found that the biotinconcentrations in more than 85% of the tested samples were enhanced with different increase factorsafter transformation. Conclusion Utilization of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae as the coating proteinimproves the precision and accuracy of the ELBA assay, which might be used for the biotin assay inother media.

Mothers overcoming remorse to care for self and baby:An emerging concept

Objectives:Mothers with substance use disorder(SUD)experience a range of emotions such as feeling ostracized,diminished,and distressed while watching their baby experience withdrawal from substances.Being fully present in the now moment is to trust self to do what is best by moving beyond perceived boundaries to care for self and baby.The process of concept building arose from nursing practice encounters in a special care nursery(SCN)for babies who experienced withdrawal from substances.Method:Liehr and Smith’s 10-phase concept building approach was used to guide the development of this concept.Concept building began with a practice story.The emerging concept was named,core qualities identified,and supported through a literature review.The middle range theory of uncertainty in illness was chosen to serve as theoretical support for the concept.A model was created to provide clarity on the relationships within the concept.Result:A mini-saga was gathered from a mother in the SCN whose newborn had experienced withdrawal from substances.The minisaga follows:Due to the baby’s discomfort and judging eyes of the staff,she was unable to mother her baby.As the baby recovered,she asked for help,comforted her baby,and gained confidence to move beyond perceived boundaries to become the mother she envisioned.Overcoming perceived boundaries to attend to self and baby is trusting oneself to do what is best in spite of feeling ostracized,diminished,and distressed while watching baby withdraw from substances.Conclusion:This concept provides the perspective of mothers with SUD through intermodernism from experiences in nursing practice.The Uncertainty in Illness theory further allows practitioners to gain an understanding of the role uncertainty plays in this unique situation.

Signal Analysis by New Mother Wavelets

Based on the general formula for finding qualified mother wavelets [Opt. Lett. 31 （2006） 407] we make wavelet transforms computed with the newly found mother wavelets （characteristic of the power 2n） for some optical Gaussian pulses, which exhibit the ability to measure frequency of the pulse more precisely and clearly. We also work with complex mother wavelets composed of new real mother wavelets, which offer the ability of obtaining phase information of the pulse as well as amplitude information. The analogy between the behavior of Hermite Gauss beams and that of new wavelet transforms is noticed.

Mother Images in Carol Ann Duffy＇s Poetry

＂Mother＂ is sometimes associated with ＂other＂. The same is true in some of Carol Ann Duffy＇s poems, in which some mothers are described as institutionalized in the patriarchal society and considered as ＂the other＂, losing self-identity. Duffy also describes women fighting against the patriarchal control generation after generation until they are finally free. Some mothers exhibit their own potentials as mothers, either able to or unable to fulfill the duties of both material and spiritual caretakers of the family.

Communicating with Maternal Spaces-Reading Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day with Reference to Luce Irigaray

Focusing on African American novelist Gloria Naylor’s fiction Mama Day, this article intends to analyze Mama Day and George’s distinctive relationships with maternal spaces, particularly based on French philosopher Luce Irigaray’s philosophy concerning maternal spaces and a feminine way of communication. It is to argue that the two characters’ different ways of communicating with the maternal spaces result in their different endings in the narrative, as well as their different degrees of healing, either healing their own wounded relationships with their mothers or healing the disconnection between men and women. This finding unravels Naylor’s implicit ethical and philosophical messages in writing George’s mystic and tragic death. In addition, by engaging Mama Day in active and feminine communication with maternal spaces, Naylor successfully re-establishes “the missing pillar” of the female ancestry that Irigaray observes on Western civilization, thus offering a possibility for a woman to construct her female subjectivity with reference to her maternal origin.

The Universal Mother Metaphor in Tremblay＇s For the Pleasure of Seeing Her Again

Although reviewers of Tremblay＇s play For the Pleasure of Seeing Her Again （1998） focus on the monologues of the angry mother who rants about everyday concerns for the well-being of her child, a character much like the one who initiated Tremblay＇s career （the old song）, the author will focus on how the narrator＇s memory of his mother stage by stage in his life enacted before our eyes, permits Tremblay to self-consciously explain that his artistry reaches far beyond bringing the people he knew best in his youth, who had no knowledge of theater history, acting, and directing and staging, to the stage. His growth as an artist and his ＂new songs＂ are a result of his own continuous development of that knowledge

Culture Differences Reflected in the Novel The Kitchen God＇s Wife by Amy Tan

The paper is to study the culture differences in the novel The Kitchen God＇s Wife by Amy Tan. Amy Tan was an oversea Chinese. Her mother was born and grew in old China. With the influences of her mother, Tan＇s novel inevitably reflects the Chinese culture. For herself, she was born and grew up in the States; she has been influenced by the American culture. So in her novel both the Chinese culture and American culture can be found. In this paper, the Chinese culture will mainly be talked about and analyzed, with some slight of American culture mentioned. The paper will start with the definition of culture, and the implication and features of Chinese and American culture will be explained. In the body of the paper, the typical symbols and manifestation of Chinese culture will be shown. And the conclusion is the main character＇s acceptance of the two cultures in the end.

Sherwood Anderson＇s “Mother” and the Evaluation of the Genre

Sherwood Anderson＇s Winesburg, Ohio （1919） has been the focus of numerous studies from a number of standpoints. This paper explores a short story ＂Mother＂ （1919） from Winesburg, Ohio and studies it from an evaluation-based perspective embracing the analysis of the artistic language and the style of the author＇s narration. The main focus of the study is concentrated on the genre-related issues as well as on the determining the reason why Anderson avoids the development of the given text and transforming it into the regime of a more large-scale prose. As it turns out from the analysis, Anderson elaborates a specific style of narration and creates the form that can be characterized as the mode of ＂epic sketch＂. Anderson favors to use much smaller meter and scope, and that choice serves the writer＇s purpose to describe the psychological portrait of one of the characters of the above-mentioned short story.