《说文解字·水部》补校

本文通过《原本玉篇残卷》等清代乾嘉学者未及见到的资料，对大徐本《说文解字》水 部“泓、滴、瀑、潦”等十个字在释文方面所存在的明显问题进行了补校。

中国科学院水利部水利科学研究院历史探实

1957年在国务院科学规划委员会的指导下,中国科学院、水利部、电力部和交通部达成协议,决定将中国科学院水工研究室和水利部北京水利科学研究院合并,成立由中国科学院和水利部共同领导的水利科学研究机构。国务院的介入和4个部级机构的共同决策,注定此次合并事件非同寻常,在新中国水利科技发展史上有着重要地位和意义。依据档案、人物传记、报刊、史志资料等,本文对此次合并的缘由、过程、结果,以及国务院科学规划委员会在合并中的作用进行了论述。文章指出,此次合并是国家主导下的一次对全国水利科研力量布局的优化和调整,也是中华人民共和国成立初期为建立高效的水利科研体系而进行的一次积极探索。新机构的成立不仅体现了国家倡导的在科学研究领域增产节约的精神,而且使高级水利研究人才布局进一步优化,确立了新机构在全国水利科学研究中的中心地位,为顺利完成十二年科技规划的水利工作奠定了基础。

Creep experiment and rheological model of deep saturated rock

By the methods of uniaxial single-stage loading and graded incremental cyclic loading, the creep experiments were performed on the deep saturated rock from Dongguashan Mine, and the creep curves of saturated rock under different loading stresses were obtained. By comparing with the creep rule of dry rock in the same location, the creep rule of deep saturated rock was analyzed. Based on the united rheological mechanical model, the rheological model of deep saturated rock was recognized, and the parameters of the model were determined. The results show that the creep curves are very smooth under low stress, but the phenomena of wave and catastrophe turn up under high stress, and the bearing capacity of rock is weakening over time. The rheological properties of saturated and dry rocks are very different under tlie condition of deep high stress, especially when unloading, degradation and damage of rock quality is more serious, and the effect of water cannot be neglected. The H--HIN--NJS model （Schofield-Scott-Blair model） was selected to represent the rheology rule of deep saturated rock, and the fitting curves of model agree well with the experiment data, so the selected model is reasonable.

QTL Analysis of Rice Peduncle Vascular Bundle System and Panicle Traits

A double haploid (DH) population of rice (Oryza sativa L.) derived from anther culture of ZYQ8/JX17, a typical indica and japonica hybrid, was used for genetic analysis of rice peduncle vascular system and panicle traits. The number of large vascular bundles (LVB), the number of small vascular bundles (SVB) in the peduncle, and the panicle traits including the number of primary rachis branches (PRB), the number of spikelets per panicle (SNP), peduncle top diameter (PTD), and panicle length (PL) were investigated in the parents and DH lines. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for each trait were analyzed based on the constructed molecular linkage map of this population. Three QTLs for LVB (qLVB_1, qLVB_6 and qLVB_7) were detected on chromosomes 1, 6, and 7, respectively. Two putative QTLs for SVB (qSVB_4 and qSVB_6) were mapped on chromosomes 4 and 6 respectively. Four QTLs (qPRB_4a, qPRB_4b, qPRB_6 and qPRB_7) on chromosomes 4, 6, and 7, respectively, were detected for PRB. Three QTLs (qSPN_4a, qSPN_4b and qSPN_6) were identified on chromosomes 4 and 6, respectively, which could significantly affect SPN. Five QTLs for PTD (qPTD_2, qPTD_5, qPTD_6, qPTD_8 and qPTD_12) were identified on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 8, and 12, respectively. Three QTLs for PL (qPL_4, qPL_6 and qPL_8) were detected on chromosomes 4, 6, and 8, respectively. Clustering of QTLs, such as qLVB_6, qSVB_6, qSNP_6, qPTD_6, and qPL_6 detected in the interval G122_G1314b on chromosome 6, was found. These results suggest that some QTLs for peduncle vascular bundle system are possibly responsible for the panicle traits.

Mapping QTLs for Panicle Traits Based on Rice RIL Population Derived from TD70 and Kasalath

Two hundred and forty recombinant inbred lines （RIL） derived from a cross TD70/Kasalath and its linkage map including 141 SSR markers were used to map QTLs controlling panicle length （PL）, total seeds per panicle （TSP） and grain density （GD） in 2010 and 2011. The results showed that a total of 23 QTLs controlling three panicle traits were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10, respec- tively, including 5 QTLs controlling PL, 8 QTLs controlling TSP, 10 QTLs controlling GD, with the LOD value ranging between 2.5-9.3, and the QTLs explained the ob- served phenotypic by 4.0%-20.8%. The marker interval RM5699-RM424 on chro- mosome 2, RM489-RM1278 on chromosome 3, RM3367-RM1018 on chromosome 4, RM3343-RM412 on chromosome 6 were common marker intervals for TSP and GD; six QTLs （qPL3, qTSP4, qTSP6-2, qTSP7, qGD3-2 and qGDT） were detected in two years. Among these QTLs, the qPL3, qTSP6-2, qGD3-2 and qGD7 were major QTLs. All QTLs for PL mapped in the present study had been mapped QTLs previously by other research groups, 16 QTLs controlling TSP and GD were new ones which contributed the observed phenotypic variance range by 4%-9.5%. These results laid a founda^ion for further fine positioning or cloning these QTLs.

Investigation and Analysis of Spawning Site of Overwintering-generation Chilo suppressalis(Walker) Adults on Rice Seedlings

Chilo suppressalis （Walker） is one of the important pests in rice produc-tion. ln this paper, the spawning condition of Chilo suppressalis on rice seedlings in Wuxue, Qichun, Chongyang and Xiaogan of Hubei Province was investigated, and the spawning habit of overwintering-generation Chilo suppressalis on rice seedlings was analyzed. The results showed the overwintering-generation Chilo suppressalis prefers to spawn on verdant rice leaf blades （face, upper part）. The investigation on spawning habit of Chilo suppressalis would provide a theoretical basis for the fore-casting and control of Chilo suppressalis.

Effect of Seed Coat on Drying Kinetics of Kidney Bean Seed

Kidney bean seed was dried in a laboratory scale fixed bed. The effect of seed coat on drying dynamic characteristics and the changes of seed coat structure were investigated. A mathematical model was established to simulate the drying process and determine the moisture diffusivity. Numerical results agree well with the experimental data. The average moisture diffusivity of the seed with separated coat is 1.67 times larger than that of the seed with coat, and the moisture diffusivity of seed cotyledon is 3.2 times larger than that of the seed coat. It is proved that the seed coat is the most main resistance of mass transfer and is also one of the key points of the optimization of heat and mass transfer for seed drying.

China Powers Up Hydropower Construction in Western Region

This paper introduces the abundant hydropower resources in western region in China, the role hydropower will play in the extensive development of western region, the finished reconstruction activities, as well as the basic thought and near and long term targets on western hydropower development.

Mapping of QTLs for Dehiscence Length at Basal Part of Thecae in Rice Based on TD70/Kasalath RIL Population

A population of 240 recombinant inbred lines （RIL） was derived from a cross between Japonica rice cultivar TD70 and Indica cultivar Kasalath, and their linkage map including 141 SSR markers was used to locate the QTLs controlling the length of dehiscence at the basal part of thecae （LDBT）. Then, the correlations between LDBT and other agronomic traits of rice were analyzed. Two QTLs con- trolling LDBT were mapped on chromosome 6 and 8, respectively, qLDBT6 was mapped between RM3 and RM3628 markers on chromosome 6 with a LOD value of 3.23, contribution rate of 6.18% and additive effect of 17.74%. qLDBT8 was mapped between RM1376-RM4085 markers on chromosome 8 with a LOD value 2.95, contribution rate of 8.00% and additive effect of 20.09%. This domain probably had a relationship with the sterility of rice. The LDBT of RILs had extremely signifi- cant positive correlations with flag leaf width, 1 000-grain weight, grain width, grain length and grain thickness, but no significant correlations with other agronomic traits, such as plant height, heading date, tiller number, flag leaf length, average and the maximum temperature during heading period or rice.

GC/MS Analysis of Organic Compounds in Hot Water-Extractable Fraction from Shenfu Coal

Shenfu Coal was extracted with hot pure water and slurry was isolated. The concentrated benzene-soluble fraction (CBSF) was analyzed with GC/MS and four types of organic compounds (OCs) were detected: HACOCs,DTEs,DMDT and LCAs. The amount of benzyl benzoate which is the most abundant OC was calculated by an inter-nal standard method with an indicated amount of BP. The broken hydrogen bonds and ether bonds were responsible for the extraction of OCs from the coal .DTEs,DMDT and LCAs are essentially insoluble in water,whereas they are soluble,probably owing to intermolecular interaction of OCs with HACOCs.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on Soluble Sugar,Starch and Root Tissue Structure of the Peach Trees

[Objective] The research aimed to provide theoretical basis for the cultivation and production of peach.[Method] The three-year-old seedling peach tree was used as the materials,and NH4NO3 was used as the experimental nitrogen fertilizer.Three nitrogen levels,0,3,6 g per pot respectively were set to study the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer on the contents of soluble sugar,starch and internal structure of the root of the peaches.[Result] The contents of soluble sugar of roots and leaves increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level,and the level of 6 g per pot was the highest,which showed extreme differences between the level of 3 g per pot and the control.However,starch contents showed opposite results,which decreased as the level of nitrogen fertilizer increased.Compared with the 3 g per pot level of nitrogen fertilizer and the control,the internal structure of root applied with nitrogen fertilizer of 6 g per pot level had larger fibrovascularcylinder,advanced vascular bundle,small-spaced thin-walled cells,smooth and full cells with smooth cell wall.[Conclusion]Appropriate nitrogen levels can accelerate the accumulation of soluble sugar and the growth of root tissue structure.

Effects of rotational speed and fill level on particle mixing in a stirred tank with different impellers

The particle mixing was studied in a cylindrical stirred tank with elliptical dished bottom by experiments and simulations.The impeller types used were double helical ribbon(HR) + bottom HR,pitched blade ribbon + bottom HR,inner and outer HR + bottom HR,and pitched blade ribbon + Pfaudler + bottom HR labeled as impellers Ⅰ to Ⅳ,respectively.The quantitative correlations among the rotational speed,fill level and power consumption for impeller Ⅰ and impeller Ⅱ were obtained by experiments to validate the discrete element method(DEM) simulations.The particle mixing at different operating conditions was simulated via DEM simulations to calculate the mixing index using the Lacey method,which is a statistical method to provide a mathematical understanding of the mixing state in a binary mixture.The simulation results reveal that as the rotational speed increases,the final mixing index increases,and as the fill level increases,the final mixing index decreases.At the same operating conditions,impeller Ⅲ is the optimal combination,which provides the highest mixing index at the same revolutions.

Dynamics of Anchor Last Deployment of Submersible Buoy System

Submersible buoy systems are widely used for oceanographic research,ocean engineering and coastal defense.Severe sea environment has obvious effects on the dynamics of submersible buoy systems.Huge tension can occur and may cause the snap of cables,especially during the deployment period.This paper studies the deployment dynamics of submersible buoy systems with numerical and experimental methods.By applying the lumped mass approach,a three-dimensional multi-body model of submersible buoy system is developed considering the hydrodynamic force,tension force and impact force between components of submersible buoy system and seabed.Numerical integration method is used to solve the differential equations.The simulation output includes tension force,trajectory,profile and dropping location and impact force of submersible buoys.In addition,the deployment experiment of a simplified submersible buoy model was carried out.The profile and different nodes' velocities of the submersible buoy are obtained.By comparing the results of the two methods,it is found that the numerical model well simulates the actual process and conditions of the experiment.The simulation results agree well with the results of the experiment such as gravity anchor's location and velocities of different nodes of the submersible buoy.The study results will help to understand the conditions of submersible buoy's deployment,operation and recovery,and can be used to guide the design and optimization of the system.

A quasi-synoptic interpretation of water mass distribution and circulation in the western North Pacific II:Circulation

Using the data of conductivity-temperature-depth （CTD） intensive observations conducted during Oct-Nov. 2005, this study provides the first three-dimension quasi-synoptic description of the circulation in the western North Pacific. Several novel phenomena are revealed, especially in the deep ocean where earlier observations were very sparse. During the observations, the North Equatorial Current （NEC） splits at about 12°N near the sea surface. This bifurcation shifts northward with depth, reaching about 20°N at 1 000 m, and then remains nearly unchanged to as deep as 2 000 m. The Luzon Undercurrent （LUC）, emerging below the Kuroshio from about 21°N, intensifies southward, with its upper boundary surfacing around 12°N. From there, part of the LUC separates from the coast, while the rest continues southward to join the Mindanao Current （MC）. The MC extends to 2 000 m near the coast, and appears to be closely related to the subsurface cyclonic eddies which overlap low-salinity water from the North Pacific. The Mindanao Undercurrent （MUC）, carrying waters from the South Pacific, shifts eastward upon approaching the Mindanao coast and eventually becomes part of the eastward undercurrent between 10°N and 12°N at 130°E. In the upper 2 000 dbar, the total westward transport across 130°E between 7.5°N and 18°N reaches 65.4 Sv （1 Sv = 10-6 m3s^-1）, the northward transport across 18°N from Luzon coast to 130°E is up to 35.0 Sv, and the southward transport across 7.5°N from Mindanao coast to 130°E is 27.9 Sv.

Percutaneous aspiration and drainage with adjuvant medical therapy for treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts

AIM:To determine the efficacy and success of percutaneous aspiration irrigation and reaspiration(PAIR) in the management of hepatic hydatidosis.METHODS:Twenty-six patients with 32 hepatic hydatid cysts had PAIR.Twenty-two patients received at least 2 wk of drug therapy before the procedure was carried out to reduce the risk of recurrence from spillage during the procedure.The procedure was performed under local anesthesia with a 19-gauge 20 cm long needle,the cyst was punctured,cystic content(approximately 30 mL) was aspirated by a 12-14 F pigtail catheter and aspirated fluids were sent for analysis.Once the cyst was almost empty,two-thirds of the net amount of material aspirated was replaced by hypertonic saline and left in the cavity for about 30 min,with the catheter left in place for reaspiration of most of the fluid.When the amount of fluid drained was less than 10 mL per 24 h,the drainage catheter was removed.RESULTS:All 32 cysts showed evidence of immediate collapse after completion of the procedure,and before discharge from hospital,ultrasound examination showed fluid reaccumulation in all cysts.Serial follow-up showed a progressive decrease in the size and change in the appearance of cysts.To confirm the sterility of these cystic cavities,seven cysts were reaspirated on average 3 mo after the procedure.Investigations revealed no viable scolices.CONCLUSION:PAIR using hypertonic saline is very effective and safe with proper precautions.

Effects of Saline Administration, Abdominal Compression, and Prolongation of Acquisition Delay on Image Quality Improvement of CT Urography

Objective To retrospectively evaluate the effects of saline administration following contrast material injection, abdominal compression and two delay phase acquisition on image quality improvement of computed tomographic urography (CTU). Methods Medical records and informed consents of patients were obtained. In totally 122 patients (50 men, 72 women), two delay phase images with CTU were performed. Scans began simultaneously with a contrast bolus injection of 100 mL (300 mgI/mL) followed by a saline bolus injection of 100 mL at a rate of 5 mL/s. Two delay phase images were taken at 400 and 550 seconds for each patient. Examinations were taken by using abdominal compression or not. The distention and opacification of the urinary tract were evaluated by two interpreters together on transverse images and post-processing images. Effects of four techniques (saline administration and abdominal compression, saline administration only, compression only, and neither saline administration nor compression) and two delay phase acquisition on image quality improvement were analysed by using ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results Saline administration improved opacification (P<0.05) and increased overall image quality (P<0.01) of the intrarenal collecting system and proximal ureter. Abdominal compression (P<0.05) and delayed phase image acquisition of 550 seconds (P<0.01) all improved distention of the intrarenal collecting system and proximal ureter but did not improve opacification. No statistically significant effects on the distal ureter were found. However, there were more visualized distal ureteral segments with the longer imaging delay. Conclusion Saline administration, abdominal compression and longer imaging delays are all effective in improving image quality of 64-detector row CTU.

Low- and Mid-High Latitude Components of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Their Reflecting Variations in Winter Climate over Eastern China

The present study defines a low-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 10 25°N, 105 135°E) and a mid-high-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 30 50°N, 110 125°E) of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which are denoted as EAWM-L and EAWM-M, respectively. The study examines the variation characteristics, reflecting variations in winter climate over eastern China, and associated atmospheric circulations corresponding to the two components. The main results are as follows: 1) the EAWM-L and EAWM-M have consistent variation in some years but opposite variations in other years; 2) the EAWM-M index mainly reflects the extensive temperature variability over eastern China, while the EAWM-L index better reflects the variation in winter precipitation over most parts of eastern China; and 3) corresponding to the variation in the EAWM-M index, anomalous winds over the mid-high latitudes of East Asia modulate the southward invasion of cold air from the high latitudes and accordingly affect temperatures over eastern China. In combination with the variation in the EAWM-L index, anomalous low-latitudinal winds regulate the water vapor transport from tropical oceans to eastern China, resulting in anomalous winter precipitation. These pronounced differences between the EAWM-L and the EAWM-M suggest that it is necessary to explore the monsoons' individual features and effects in the EAWM study.

Research of Underwater Bottom Object and Reverberation in Feature Space

The critical technical problem of underwater bottom object detection is founding a stable feature space for echo signals classification. The past literatures more focus on the characteristics of object echoes in feature space and reverberation is only treated as interference. In this paper, reverberation is considered as a kind of signal with steady characteristic, and the clustering of reverberation in frequency discrete wavelet transform （FDWT） feature space is studied. In order to extract the identifying information of echo signals, feature compression and cluster analysis are adopted in this paper, and the criterion of separability between object echoes and reverberation is given. The experimental data processing results show that reverberation has steady pattern in FDWT feature space which differs from that of object echoes. It is proven that there is separability between reverberation and object echoes.

Spatiotemporal variation in community structure of marine benthic ciliates in the Yellow Sea during and after macroalgal and giant jellyfish blooms

The annual bloom of the green macroalgal Ulva prolifera from May through July since 2008 and another of giant jellyfi sh Nemopilema nomurai from June through September have been frequent events in the Yellow Sea. However, the patterns of benthic ciliate communities during and after the blooms are still not known. In combination with analyses of benthic environmental factors, we investigated the distribution and community composition of benthic ciliates in the Yellow Sea in July and November 2011. In July, ciliates had high standing crops and diversity in the northern Yellow Sea, and in the inshore area off the southern Shandong Peninsula, where large numbers of green macroalgae accumulated. In November, the abundance, biomass and diversity of ciliates were high in the sea areas off the Shandong Peninsula and Changjiang estuary, where a large quantity of jellyfi sh occurred in August. Neither the abundance nor the biomass had signifi cant diff erence between seasons, or between diff erent compartments of the Yellow Sea. The species number, and both Margalef and Shannon-Wiener indices of ciliates were all signifi cantly higher in November than in July. In both seasons, prostomateans and karyorelicteans consistently constituted the fi rst and second most important ciliate groups in biomass; and carnivorous ciliates constituted the primary feeding type in terms of biomass as well as species richness, followed by bacterivores, algivores and omnivores. Compared with that in June 2007 when no macroalgae occurred, the percentage of small-sized bacterivores(e.g. Metacystis spp., Euplotes spp. and scuticociliates) increased in July 2011. The proportion of carnivorous ciliates increased in November, and this increased dominance of carnivorous ciliates may be a response to the increase in predominance of heterotrophic nanofl agellates, which might in turn be ascribed to an eff ect of green macroalgal and giant jellyfi sh blooms in the Yellow Sea.

Numerical simulation of calm water entry of flatted-bottom seafloor mining tool

The hydrodynamic problem of a two-dimensional model of seafloor mining tool entering still water vertically at constant speed was analyzed based on the velocity potential theory. For the assumption that the water entry occurs with very short time interval, the viscosity and gravity of fluid were neglected. Considering the characteristic shape of it, the seafloor mining tool was simplified as a flat-bottom body. The governing equations were the Reynolds time-averaged equations and the k-e model. Finite element analysis was undertaken using the CFD software, Fluent. The impact pressures on the bottom of the mining tool were computed based on the improved volume of fuid method （VOF）. The pressure distribution, the maximum impact pressure, and the impact duration time during the water entry of mining tool are presented at various deploying velocities, the two peak pressures in the impact process are observed, and the relationship between the maximum impact pressure and the deploying velocity is obtained. The results are compared with those based on other prediction theories and methods.