Political Correctness in American English and Its Implication in TEFL

Political correctness （PC） is both a cultural existence and a language phenomenon. It is used to describe language policies intending to avoid offense or disadvmatages to specific groups in society reflecting the language norms of the Americans as well as withdrawing from language discrimination. This paper traces briefly the history of political correctness in American English, make analysis of the connotations of politically correct terms in American English, and illustrates the influence PC has on American English. Finally, some implications in political correctness in TEFL （Teaching English as a Foreign Language） were drawn with the intention to enhance learners＇ competency in language as well as intercultural communication.

Eradicating Fraud in Healthcare： Possibly a Matter of Life or Death

Healthcare fraud, waste, and abuse losses are estimated to be as much as $700 billion per year. These losses contribute to rapidly increasing healthcare costs for all Americans and the lack of healthcare or the malpractice of healthcare for money motivations can result in death. The purpose of this article is to describe several different types of healthcare frauds that occurred and to offer suggestions related to the prevention and/or detection of this type of fraud. With a better understanding of the frauds that can take place, auditors can help protect society from both unfair healthcare costs and medical problems.

Contentious Discourses： Signifying on the Law in African American Writing

African American narratives are peopled with subjectivities struggling to retrieve and reconstruct themselves as persons--and thus citizens--through and against American legal narratives, where personhood and citizenship are concerned. Thus, there was the problematic for blacks of how to apply citizenship to their corporeal existence when they were labeled as property. The historical legal narrative of America was constructed on the power of the dominant white elite to prevent the emergence of a narrative of African American life other than that which they authorize, legislate, and narrate. To this end, it has been argued, that narratives in African American literature treat the question of the legal status of African Americans or have it as a fundamental trope of struggle in the narrative. This idea suggests that the law＇s ability as a shaper and determinant of African American social identity, presets the narrative base for African American narrative. This paper examines the relationship between ＂＇laws of separations＂, and African American narrative through a rereading of works of two contemporary novelists, Toni Morrison and Gloria Naylor. Their works, the author argue, are counter-positioned narratives that create contentious dialogue and elaborate the way in which segregationist codes and Jim Crow laws are grounded in the very nature of citizenship for African Americans.

Border Crossings in Gregory Nava＇s El Norte （1983） and Mi Familia （1995）

This paper presents the experience of border crossing by Hispanic Americans depicted by Gregory Nava in his two films： E1 Norte （1983） and Mi Familia （1995）. The former deals with the journey across the Mexican-American border in a literal sense; the latter describes the metaphorical borderlands separating Latina/os from Anglo-Americans in the USA. Nava＇s depictions emphasize family to counter the popular media stereotypes of Chicana/o as gang members. ＂El Norte＂ expresses immigrants＇ displacement and disillusionment with the American Dream, while ＂Mi Familia＂ places Mexicans within the history of LA （Los Angeles） and translates Latina/o culture into a narrative familiar to the mainstream audience.

A Multicultural Interpretation of Jade Snow Wong＇s Fifth Chinese Daughter

Jade Snow Wong was one of the most famous literary writers to recount the complexity of cross-cultural experiences as Americans became sympathetic toward Chinese at the historic juncture of WWII. Her autobiography, Fifth Chinese Daughter, once represented early immigrants＇ assimilationist position, yet it was lately reread for the strength of her Chinese heritage in a multicultural American society. To interpret the cultural value of Chinese existence in America, this article analyzes the historic contexts of her story, and argues that her life experiences provide insights into fresh meanings of multiculturalism for various ethnic groups, as well as into the particular importance of Chinese American culture in connecting separate worlds within the world of America.

Recent Advances in Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection

An infection by Zika virus(ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, broke out in South American regions in 2015, and recently showed a tendency of spreading to North America and even worldwide. ZIKV was first detected in 1947 and only 14 human infection cases were reported until 2007. This virus was previously observed to cause only mild flu-like symptoms.However, recent ZIKV infections might be responsible for the increasing cases of neurological disorders such as GuillainBarre′ syndrome and congenital defects, including newborn microcephaly. Therefore, researchers have established several animal models to study ZIKV transmission and pathogenesis, and test therapeutic candidates. This review mainly summarizes the reported animal models of ZIKV infection, including mice and non-human primates.

Rates of hospitalization among African American and Caucasian American patients with Crohn’s disease seen at a tertiary care center

Background:There is equivocal evidence regarding differences in the clinical course and outcomes of Crohn’s disease(CD)among African Americans compared with Caucasian Americans.We sought to analyze whether African Americans with CD are more likely to be hospitalized for CD-related complications when compared with Caucasian Americans with CD.Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 909 African Americans and Caucasian Americans with CD who were seen at our tertiary care Inflammatory Bowel Disease(IBD)referral center between 2000 and 2013.We calculated the rate of hospitalization for CD-related complications among African Americans and Caucasian Americans separately.Zero-inflated Poisson regression models with robust variance estimates were used to estimate crude and multivariable adjusted rate ratios(RR)for CD-related hospitalizations.Multivariable adjusted models included adjustment for age,sex,duration of CD,smoking and CD therapy.Results:The cumulative rate of CD-related hospital admissions was higher among African American patients compared with Caucasian American patients(395.6/1000 person-years in African Americans vs.230.4/1000 person-years in Caucasian Americans).Unadjusted and multivariable adjusted rate ratios for CD-related hospitalization comparing African Americans and Caucasian Americans were 1.59(95%confidence interval[95%CI]:1.10–2.29;P=0.01)and 1.44(95%CI:1.02–2.03;P=0.04),respectively.Conclusions:African Americans with CD followed at a tertiary IBD-referral center had a higher rate for CD-related hospitalizations compared with Caucasian Americans.Future studies should examine whether socioeconomic status and biologic markers of disease status could explain the higher risk observed among African Americans.

WORLD

THE UNITED STATES People mourn victims of a mass shooting in Orlando,Florida,during a memorial service in the city on June 13.At least 49people were killed and 53 others wounded by a gunman in the deadliest shooting incident in U.S.history,which took place at the Pulse gay nightclub the day before.The gunman,identified as Omar Mateen of Port St.Lucie,Florida,