词人论词——读刘永济先生的《词论》

刘永济(1887—1966),字弘度,湖南长沙人,著名中国文学史专家,原武汉大学一级教授。弘老对中国古典文学有很深的造诣,尤擅词学,一生教词、写词、论词,颇有建树。他的《词论》、《微睇室说词》、《唐五代两宋词简析》、《屈赋通笺》、《【文心雕龙】校释》。

李清照的《词论》及其后期词创作

对李清照的《词论》历来毁誉不一。从《词论》文本来看 ,她强调词“别是一家”,也就是说 ,她认为词与诗的最大区别就在于它的音乐性。她的词正是其理论指导的产物 ,尤其是后期词在折射深广社会内涵的同时 ,更注重音乐性 ,与《词论》相印证 ,努力实践着她的词的创作宗旨。

“肆意笔落,无所羞畏”:李清照诗词创作观再解读

李清照一向被归为正宗的婉约派,但也有不少学者如繆钺、龙榆生则认为李清照的词作蕴有潇洒的气度,并非婉约可以全然概括,这种说法是有一定道理的。事实上,李清照的诗作不仅没有流于俗套,并且十分善于采用诗歌创作的技巧作词。从李清照唯一的词学文论——《词论》切入,通过考察李清照的具体创作和传统诗教观念,可以进一步呈现出李清照诗词创作观念的丰富内涵。

Thesaurus-based approach for building domain ontology with a case study of military aircraft prototype ontology construction

To alleviate the amount of work involved in constructing a domain ontology, starting with the base of an existing terminological-rich thesaurus is better than starting from scratch. With a case study of reengineering the Defense Science and Technology Thesaurus into a prototype military aircraft ontology, a four-phase thesaurus-based methodology is introduced and investigated, which consists of identifying the application purpose, overall design, designing in detail and evaluation. Designing in detail is the core step, converting the terms and semantic relationships of the thesaurus into an ontology and supplementing richer semantic relationships. The resulting prototype ontology includes 87 concepts and 34 relationships, and can be extended and scaled up to a full-fledged domain ontology in the future. Eight universal genres of relationships of this ontology are preliminarily summarized and analyzed, including equivalent relationships, approximate relationships, generic/abstract relationships, part/whole relationships, cause/effect relationships, entity/location relationships etc., and the normalization of semantic relationships is critical to the merging and reusing of follow-up multiple ontologies.

On Second Language Learners＇ Lexical Competence

The paper discusses SL learners＇ lexical competence from O＇Connor＇s Five Steps of Vocabulary Acquisition Theory, Collins ＆ Loftus＇s Semantic Network Theory and Fay ＆ Cutler＇s Mental Lexicon Theory. From the discussion, the author finds that second language learners＇ lexical competence includes the following aspects： the ability to recall the words which are similar to the target words in spelling and pronunciation; the ability to recall the synonyms of the target words; the ability to recall the antonyms of the target words; and the ability to recall the related words which come together with the target words in a context. Meanwhile it advances some strategies to develop the corresponding competence.

A perspective from Kenneth＇s works： On musical term translation

This paper mainly discusses some translation issues on musical works and terms of musical documents. Musical term translation is established by usage, musical researchers and those who understand music have no problems of understanding the musical terms and musical instruments and names of famous musicians. Foreign scholars obtain the ideas of Chinese culture by means of published writings in the mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong, and also from the media and the Internet. Since there are cultural differences of mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong, they may make misunderstanding in their works related to Chinese musicians, historical events and even musical instruments. Accurate back-translation of specific terms from the works written by foreign scholars requires corresponding specific and historical knowledge, consulting dictionaries and skills of using the Internet.

An investigation of the effect of L2 proficiency and topic familiarity on L2 Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition： An empirical study based on theory of interactive reading

Based on the interactive theory of reading, this study mainly explored the etlects ot topic familiarity and second language proficiency on IVA （Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition） of second language through reading. By using two different measures （translation production and selection）, this study found： （1） Vocabulary can be acquired incidentally in reading passages; （2） There are no significant interactive effects of topic familiarity and second language proficiency on vocabulary acquisition, but the two independent variables of topic familiarity and second language proficiency exerted their positively significant effect on incidental vocabulary acquisition, and （3） As for the two vocabulary measures, learners can acquire more words in translation selection than in translation production.

An OWL-based WordNet lexical ontology

This paper discribes a data representation for WordNet 2.1 based on Web Ontology Language (OWL). The main components of WordNet database are transformed as classes in OWL, and the relations between synsets or lexcial words are transformed as OWL properties. Our conversion is based on the data file of WordNet instead of the Prolog database. This work can be used to enrich the work in progress of standard conversion of WordNet to the RDF/OWL representation at W3C.

The Key to Second Language Writing Performance： The Relationship Between Lexical Competence and Writing

Vocabulary knowledge is an important component of the writing skill and it has many dimensions, such as size, depth, and productive, in interaction with writing skill. To evaluate this relation and determine which dimension is the most effective for second language writing quality, the present study was conducted. Turkish EFL （English as a Foreign Language） learners＇ lexical competence and writing abilities were examined through their vocabulary profiles and academic essays. The results of each vocabulary measure indicated that the participants had a limited vocabulary size, containing words mostly from 2,000 to 3,000 frequency bands and thus, the productive vocabulary knowledge of the participants mostly consisted of lk ＋ 2k words and the use of academic words in their essays was very low. The results of the study revealed that the lexical competence covering the main components of vocabulary knowledge was a good predictor of the students＇ quality of writing performance.

Realization of Implicit Evaluation in News Text

Martin＇s Appraisal System Theory presents a powerful tool to decode the journalist＇s attitude or world view in news text. The evaluation in this Appraisal System can be further classified into explicit evaluation, which inscribes the attitude through the attitudinal vocabulary and implicit evaluation, which invokes the attitude through the use of non-core lexis. Martin （2005） pointed out that the implicit evaluation is realized by three approaches： lexical metaphor, the selection of ideational meanings, and graduation. However, the invoked attitude can be achieved by an amount of resources other than the above approaches. In this paper through the exploration of invoked attitude in the English-language China Doily, we find that the attitude is also invoked through grammatical metaphor, general noun as well as conjunction. It is of great significance to decode the journalists＇ or newspapers＇ viewpoints by exploring the implicit evaluation in the news text.

How to Write English Titles, Abstract and Key Words for Folklore Papers： Practice and Analysis

Folklore research entails field trips, serve as secondary role. Writing of title, abstract and while textual study and circumstantial investigation merely keywords for folklore papers differs from that of other types of articles. Proceeding from writing strategies and linguistic features, the authors intend to share their experience with fellow researchers.

English Connector as Binding Term for Conjunction and Relative Pronoun

As grammatical words, conjunction and relative pronoun play a similar role. They join clauses, phrases, and even words. The terms independent and dependent clauses have become popular for quite a long time. When the concept of clause and sentence meets at the presence of NP （Noun Phrase） and VP （Verb Phrase）, there is a right to consider construction as an S or a sentence leaving the conjunction and relative pronoun as means of uniting device and leaving every NP-VP construction as equal units. By employing an embedding theory, we can see hidden parts of a sentence and their roles in other sentences. This article tries to see if it is still necessary to distinguish between dependent and independent clauses.

The Discussion on Teaching of Writing Based on the Error Analysis of Vocabulary in College Students＇ English Writing

At first, this paper presents the origin, developments and main view of Error Analysis. Then, based on the theories of Error Analysis, this paper collected and analyzed 398 errors in 30 compositions randomly selected from CLEC, written for the exam of CET-4. The results showed that errors were mainly expressed form the aspects of usage of words and forms, and rooted from three sources, the shortage on knowledge of grammar and the lack of standardization on language usage, intralingual transfer and the interlingual transfer. Then, this paper touched upon the principles and methods of English writing to provide with some suggestions for the teaching of English writing in China.

The Attics of My Life： Joy Within the Melancholic Lyrics of John Keats and The Grateful Dead

This essay is a culmination of intensive research exploring the commonality between Dr. John Keats＇ poetry and the lyrics of The Grateful Dead. As this is the 50th anniversary of The Grateful Dead, it is appropriate to celebrate that with a scholarly paper. In teaching my course The GrateJid Dead as Poets I discovered compelling intersections between English Romantic poetry and the lyrics of The Grateful Dead. These findings are useful and important because the work of the Dead spans five decades and endures in ways that assure their place in literary history as well as the music world. The importance of The Grateful Dead cannot be overstated. They bring hope, love, joy and philanthropy to the world, as did the English Romantic poets. There is much yet to explore; this essay is about only a few of the many Grateful Dead lyrics.

A Study on the Teaching of Lexical Phrases in Non-English Majors＇ Argumentative Writing

Compared structural approach with communicative approach, the former puts too much emphasis on linguistic knowledge and neglects the language application, while the latter lays too much emphasis on the communicative classroom activities and neglects the systematic study of linguistic knowledge. Both of them cannot meet the requirements of improving the non-English major students＇ argumentative writing scores. So based on the Lexical Approach theory, taking the College English Integrated Course 4 （LI, 2003） as the main teaching material and lexical phrases as teaching and learning units, this study explores the effectiveness of the Lexical Approach in improving non-English major students＇ argumentative writing through classroom activities of input, absorption, and output of lexical phrases. The results show that lexical phrases have more effects on students＇ English competence than single words. They can help to improve the argumentative writing scores and cultivate an interest in learning English independently.

The Application of the Semantic Field Theory in College English Vocabulary Instruction

词汇是语言的一个重要因素。本文研究语义场理论在大学英语词汇教学中的运用。作者首先探讨了如何建立各种语义关系,包括同义、反义、上下义等纵向语义关系及搭配、多义、隐喻等横向语义关系。然后,文章呈现了运用语义场理论进行词汇教学的综合教学过程。本研究的教学意义在于建立新词项的纵向语义关系可以帮助扩大学习者的词汇量;而建立新词项的横向语义关系可以加深学习者对词汇,尤其是其内涵及搭配的掌握。

The English Past Tense Debate in the Chinese EFL Learners' Mind:A Masked Priming Study

The involvement of rule-based computation is the focus of the past tense debate. The present masked priming study contributed to the debate by investigating how Chinese EFL learners processed regular English past tense forms. The results show that, for the past tense forms of relatively high frequency, at the early stage of processing, the highly proficient group can make use of morphological rule to decompose regular past tense forms. The lower proficiency level group, however, cannot decompose past tense forms. It is suggested that surface form frequency of past tense inflections and foreign language proficiency are the two factors that affect the way complex words are processed. Our data supports the dual-route model of Declarative-Procedural memory in the past tense debate.

An ERP Study on the Processing of Chinese Applied-Object Structures

Verb-argument relation is a very important aspect of syntax-semantics interaction in sentence processing. Previous ERP （event related potentials） studies in this field concentrated on the relation between the verb and its core arguments. The present study aims to reveal the ERP pattern of Chinese applied object structures （AOSs）, in which a peripheral argument is promoted to occupy the position of the patient object, as compared with the patient object structures （POSs）. The ERP data were collected when participants were asked to perform acceptability judgments about Chinese phrases. The result shows that, similar to the previous studies of number-of-argument violations, Chinese AOSs show a bilaterally distributed N400 effect. But different from all the previous studies of verb-argument relations, Chinese AOSs demonstrate a sustained anterior positivity （SAP）. This SAP, which is very rare in the studies related to complexity of argument structure operation, reflects the integration difficulty of the newly promoted arguments and the progressive nature of well-formedness checking in the processing of Chinese AOSs which is in accordance with the metonymic mechanism of non- patient objects in the relevant cognitive study. It shows that, in Chinese, which is a paratactic language, semantics （thematic roles） plays a more important role in the syntax-semantics interface than that in hypotactic languages.

The Relationship Between Voice Development and the Quality of EFL Writing： A Study on First-Person Pronouns in the Revision Process

This article investigates the formative influence of voice on the argumentative writing performance of intermediate students of English. Its aim is to achieve a better understanding of how the students＇ voice develops in the revision process in relation to the rubric and the essay scores. The data consist of Chinese sophomores＇ multi-draft essays. As first-person pronouns are the most visible representation of a writer＇s voice, this article gives a detailed description of the features and developmental patterns of first-person pronouns （FPPs）. The results reveal that revision-induced changes in FPP can be beneficial to the quality of essay writing but only in a limited number of cases if the students are not formally instructed in voice, which carries pedagogical implications to empower students＇ self-identity in EFL writing.