《说文解字·雨部》字形演变及文化内涵解读

《说文解字》是我国第一部分析字形探求字的本义的字书,首创部首分类法,不仅阐释汉字源流,也反映当时的文化和思想。《说文解字·雨部》字反映了古人对自然现象的关注。从雨的含义和字形演变入手,归纳整理字形构造、意义分类,进而窥探《说文解字·雨部》46个字的基本面貌和其中的意义。

釋甲骨文“[雨各]”及相關諸字——從一版氣象背甲談起

本文以清晰的甲骨照片爲依據,重新釋讀了《合集》21936這版龜背甲的兩條卜辭,指出這兩條卜辭占問的内容爲殷代氣象,從而揭示出這版龜背甲的價值。同時,釋出本版寫法特殊的“啓”“雷”和“[雨各]”三字,豐富了我們對商代文字形體複雜性的認識。本文還以“[雨各]”字考釋爲契機,連帶討論了甲骨文“玫”“[女各]”“烙”諸字的釋讀,或講解用法,或分析形體結構,提出了一些新的看法。

论塔特·休斯的《雨中鹰》与《牧神集》

塔特·休斯 ( 1 930 - 1 998) ,英国桂冠诗人。他在其最初的两部诗集《雨中鹰》与《牧神集》中以暴力为主题 ,通过动物寓言式的方式对人的本能以充分展现 ,继而展开对人性深层次的剖析。本文试图通过探讨暴力主题的发生机制 。

从新出楚简看《诗经·雨无正》的诗旨——兼论东周时期的“周亡”与“周衰”观念

《雨无正》系《诗经·小雅》之一,列于《节南山之什》第四篇,前人谓之"变雅"。其诗旨素有三端:刺厉王、刺幽王和平王东迁后诗。随着《诗论》与《系年》等新出楚简的公布,可考证《雨无正》当为两周之际二王并立时诗,其绝对时间大致在公元前762-前759年左右,作者为平王的近侍之臣,诗旨则在于为其时王统未集的平王吁请内外服臣工的支持。不唯如此,新出楚简与传世文献对西周末年周室的动乱则有"周亡"与"周衰"的不同撰述,从而揭示出平王由王统未集到正统确立后东周政治思想变迁的另一面。

Design and evaluation of UHPP steel bridge deck pavement for high-temperature and rainy regions

To enhance the serviceability of steel bridge deck pavement(SBDP)in high-temperature and rainy regions,a concept of rigid bottom and flexible top was summarized using engineering practices,which led to the proposal of a three-layer ultra-high-performance pavement(UHPP).The high-temperature rutting resistance and wet-weather skid resistance of UHPP were evaluated through composite structure tests.The internal temperature distribution within the pavement under typical high-temperature conditions was analyzed using a temperature field model.Additionally,a temperature-stress coupling model was employed to investigate the key load positions and stress response characteristics of the UHPP.The results indicate that compared with the traditional guss asphalt+stone mastic asphalt structure,the dynamic stability of the UHPP composite structure can be improved by up to 20.4%.Even under cyclic loading,UHPP still exhibits superior surface skid resistance compared to two traditional SBDPs.The thickness composition of UHPP significantly impacts its rutting resistance and skid resistance.UHPP exhibits relatively low tensile stress but higher shear stress levels,with the highest shear stress occurring between the UHPP and the steel plate.This suggests that the potential risk of damage for UHPP primarily lies within the interlayer of the pavement.Based on engineering examples,introducing interlayer gravel and optimizing the amount of bonding layer are advised to ensure that UHPP possesses sufficient interlayer shear resistance.

清代的晴雨录奏报及资料的可靠性评估

“晴雨录”奏报是清代雨泽奏报制度的重要形式,早在康熙六年就已经出现,但仅限于京师地区。康熙二十四年在各行省推广“晴雨录”奏报以失败告终,只有北京“晴雨录”奏报一直坚持到清末。根据奏报主体的身份,现存“晴雨录”档案可以分钦天监《晴雨录》、织造《晴雨录》、太监《晴雨录》和巡抚《晴雨录》,前三者在记录内容、格式、奏报时间等方面均存在差异。清代“晴雨录”档案在历史气候重建方面具有重要价值,通过利用异源资料(日记资料、“雨雪分寸”档案)的比勘发现,三种类型的《晴雨录》与其他资料的相似度均高于85%,具有较高的可信度。

墓志中的“雪泣”“雨泣”与“露泣”

中古墓志＂雪泣（涕）＂＂雨泣（涕）＂与＂露泣（涕）＂皆有较高的复现频率。经过清理,＂雪泣（涕）＂既可表示＂抹着眼泪（流泪）＂,又可表示＂抹掉眼泪（止泪）＂,而＂掩涕＂＂抆泪＂＂挥涕＂＂拭泪＂＂揽涕＂＂撤涕＂等皆可如是以观,二者均为动宾结构,词义迥别,主要因汉语缺少时态变化所致,辞书一般以拭泪解之,未当,需分列义项。＂雨泣＂,或为主谓结构,表示＂雨水像泪水一样落下来（落雨）＂,或为状中结构,表示＂泪水像雨水一样落下来（落泪）＂,二者语法结构不同,词义亦别。而＂露泣＂出现频率最高,字典辞书未收,宜补。

“生从雨”考释

'生从雨'是《新刻增校切用正音乡谈杂字大全》天文门中的一个疑难词,义为暴雨。暴雨的特点是雨势迅疾猛暴,暴雨、疾雨、骤雨等都是以这一特点为理据造出的,'生从雨'的构词理据也一样。本文考明'生'有迅猛义,'从'有疾速义,'生雨'、'从雨'都是指大雨、暴雨。'生从雨'即生雨、从雨的合称。

《雷雨》“是”字句浅析

曹禺的《雷雨》语言精炼,在句式上呈现出“是”字句居多的特点,形成了其语言运用的一大特色。以《雷雨》作为封闭语料,从句法结构层面对所选“是”字句进行分类分析,从语义平面和语用平面中的“焦点”角度,来进一步探讨具体的封闭语料环境中的“是”字句。

复配乳液聚合物水泥防水涂料防护效果研究

本文以丙烯酸酯乳液和氯丁橡胶乳液复配的方法制备聚合物水泥防水涂料,以解决单一聚合物乳液水泥防水涂料在应用过程中易开裂、柔性不足等问题。将其涂覆于水泥砂浆试块表面,探讨了涂层对氯盐侵蚀、硫酸盐侵蚀、冻融循环、自然环境侵蚀下水泥砂浆试块质量、抗压强度的影响,分析了涂层对试块的防护效果。结果显示涂层水泥砂浆试块均无开裂、剥落现象,试块的质量损失率、抗压强度损失率均较小。采用复配乳液并添加外加剂制得涂层对水泥砂浆试块的防护效果最优,试块在氯盐、硫酸盐侵蚀180天、冻融循环100次后的抗压强度损失率分别为9.45%、10.84%、12.16%,自然环境侵蚀120天后,试块抗压强度可保持为29.80MPa远高于无涂层试块。还以其中防护效果最优配方制备聚合物水泥防水涂料,探讨了涂层涂覆方法对自然环境侵蚀下涂层水泥砂浆试块抗压强度的影响。结果显示固定涂层厚度,分多次涂覆制得涂层更致密,交叉涂覆方法制得涂层厚度更均匀,沿十字交叉方向分三次涂覆制得涂层对水泥砂浆试块的防护效果更优。

Relationship between Regional Rainstorm Index and Flood Disaster Ratio of Crop

According to the daily precipitation data in Beijing area from 1985 to 2008,rainstorm weather index （10.4-38.8 mm） and climate index （daily precipitation ≥27.5 mm） in Beijing area were obtained by using the determination method of extreme climate event index recommended by IPCC. Based on rainstorm weather index,rainstorm climate index and national rainstorm standard,the number of rainstorm days and rainfall amount in past years were calculated,and the correlation of annual number of rainy days,rainstorm days,precipitation and rainstorm amount with the flood disaster ratio of crop was analyzed,and the results showed that annual number of rainy days and rainstorm days couldn＇t reflect flood disaster ratio of crop truly,while annual precipitation and rainstorm amount had obvious linear positive correlation with the flood disaster ratio of crop. In addition,the correlation degree between rainstorm amount calculated by regional climate index and flood disaster ratio of crop was the highest,so it was suggested that rainstorm amount calculated by regional rainstorm climate index could be used to predict and evaluate flood disaster.

Stormwater management of urban greenway in China

In order to improve the stormwater regulation functions of urban greenways on the basis of literature research and case study the relationships between urban greenway and low impact development LID and green stormwater infrastructure GSI are analyzed. Then the classification system of urban greenways is proposed based on their stormwater regulation function and the suitable technical measures for stormwater management which can be used in different kinds of greenways are selected. According to China’s urban planning system the greenway planning method combined with the urban drainage system is developed and the design methods of the greenway stormwater system and individual stormwater facilities are put forward. The relationships between the greenway stormwater system and other systems are also analyzed in terms of stormwater inlet vertical design and overflow.Finally the waterfront greenway and street greenway demonstration projects in Jiaxing City which adopts the above concept and method are introduced. The results show that the reduction rates of annual total stormwater runoff and average total runoff contaminants TSS of the stormwater system are not less than 30% and 40% respectively.

Development, assessment and implementation of integrated stormwater management plan: a case study in Shanghai

An innovative stormwater master plan based on low impact development LID is proposed.Unlike the traditional urban drainage plan this plan employs a sustainable stormwater management approach in communities utilizing LID practices to reduce runoff and pollution load. An integrated hydraulic model which combines the traditional drainage sewer system with LID practices is adopted to assess the master plan.Through a long-term continuous simulation for 20 years the results reveal that the runoff volume will be reduced by over 80% following full implementation of this plan. Combining with the local conditions technical guidelines are established to provide assistance in implementing the stormwater master plan. Bioretention facilities for three main roads are constructed and other areas of development are being implemented sequentially under the guidance of the plan. This project provides an alternative method of stormwater management through the implementation of LID and it acts as a good example for other developing districts in China.

Influence of canopy on precipitation and its nutrient elements in broadleaved/Korean pine forest on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain

The precipitation distribution quantity of canopy in broadleaved/Korean pine forest was measured during the growing season (Jun.–Sept.) in 2001 in the Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, P. R. China. Results indicated that the amounts of stemflow, throughfall, and interception were 37.39, 322.12 and 109.69 mm, accounting for 7.97%, 68.65% and 23.38% of the total rainfall, respectively. The rate of stemflow was higher in Jul. and Aug. than other months. The rate of throughfall dropped off from Jun. to Sept., however, rate of interception changed contrarily from 19.43% to 31.02% during the growing season. According to our analysis, the concentration of nutrient elements were arranged as Ca>Mg>N>K>Fe>P>Cu>Mn for rainfall, K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu for throughfall, and Mn>P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca for being leached through canopy. Nutrients concentration in stewflow and throughfall changed significantly when rainfall passed canopy, and concentration of all elements increased except for Ca and Mg.

Adsorption characteristics of Pb from urban stormwater runoff by construction wastes

Construction wastes were selected as the adsorbents and static and dynamic adsorption batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption of Pb to construction wastes with different particle size gradations in the simulated stormwater runoff system.The experimental results show that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model can better characterize the adsorption process of Pb than the pseudo-first-order kinetics model.The adsorption equilibrium data can be well fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. The construction wastes with different tested size gradations can greatly remove Pb from stormwater runoff and their average removal rate can reach up to 99%.The construction wastes with narrow size distribution can better remove Pb but with worse permeability than those with wide size distribution. The particle size gradation of construction wastes greatly influences the equilibrium time rate and the capacity of Pb adsorption.The equilibrium adsorption rate and capacity are 18.1 μg/min and 5.5 μg/g respectively for the construction wastes with the size of 2.36 to 4.75 mm which are the greatest among the different size gradations.The present study provides a scientific basis for effectively controlling Pb pollution from stormwater runoff and the construction wastes resource utilization.

Feasibility assessment of LID concept for stormwater management in China through SWOT analysis

The strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats SWOT analysis method is applied to assess the feasibility of traditional stormwater management and low impact development LID in China.The results show that traditional stormwater management has many disadvantages e.g.only stormwater collection and discharge or flooding peak-flow regulation is taken into consideration but lack of many important functions such as on-site infiltration non-point pollution control ecological treatment etc.Meanwhile as a new stormwater management concept the LID system has many advantages e.g.LID can not only control rainwater quantity but also effectively prevent non-point pollution. Moreover LID is easy for implementation and cost effective and operation and management can also be done easily.LID has attracted more and more attention from governmental authorities at different levels and the majority of practitioners. Therefore LID has bright prospects for wide applications in China.

Spatial Variation and Sources of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition in Nanchang

[Objective] The paper aimed to discuss the relationship between sulfur contents of mosses and the concentration of SO2-4 and the source of Atmospheric sulfur in Nanchang.[Method] 29 moss samples （Bryohaplocladium micriophyllum （Hedw.） R.Watanabe et Iwats） were collected from four sampling points,including North campus and Qianhu campus of Nanchang Power Station were determined.[Result] The results showed that sulfur contents of mosses tissues in North campus of Nanchang University （0.45±0.059%） were higher than Qianhu campus of Nanchang University （0.26±0.002%）,which coincided with the changing law of the concentration of SO2-4.Sulphur isotope of mosses tissues was-0.64‰-9.71‰.Sulphur isotope of mosses tissues in Meling （4.02‰-9.71‰） was higher than Qianhu campus of Nanchang University （0.55‰-0.56‰） and power plant （-0.64‰-0.45‰）.[Conclusion] Relationship between sulphur contents and sulphur isotopes of mosses tissues showed sulfur source of sulphur deposition in Nanchang city was mainly affected by 34S-enriched sulphur transported from northerly air masses and biogenic sulfur.

Pollination Biology of Ficus hispida in the Tropical Rainforests of Xishuangbanna, China

Ficus hispida L. (Moraceae) is a remarkable species in the ecosystem of tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna, China. The figs and fig_pollination wasps (Chalcidoidae: Agaonidae) are highly co_evolved mutualists that depend completely on each other for propagating descendants. Pollination of all fig species is done by fig wasps; their unique symbiotic associates, the fig wasps, cannot develop in anywhere except in the fig syconia. The present paper reports on the biology and flowering phenology of F. hispida , as well as the propagation character and pollination behavior of the fig wasps (Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr) based on our observations in the rainforests of Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan of China. F. hispida is a dioecious tree that annually blossoms and bears fruits 6-8 times, with four to five fruit_bearing peaks. The male trees produce pollen and provide fig wasps with reproductive havens, while the female trees produce fig seeds after pollination by the female wasps. Pollen of F. hispida cannot escape from the dehiscent anthers until they are disturbed by fig wasps. The female wasps open the anthers and collect pollen with their antennal scrapes, mandibles and legs, and then carry pollen to the female receptive syconia where fertilization takes place. Meanwhile, some of the female wasps lay eggs in the male receptive syconia. It takes about 3-67 min to search for the receptive syconia for pollination, and 15-23 h to enter the female receptive syconia. The number of female wasps entering a syconium has close relation with the impregnation and seed_bearing rate of female flowers, as well as the oviposition and reproduction rate of the fig wasps themselves. F. hispida is endowed with a relatively high level of seed bearing (54.1%-82.5%, average 73.8 %). The wasp oviposition rate on the male flowers is between 72.3% and 93.8% with a mean of 84.4%.

Acid Buffering Capacity of Forest Litter from Some ImportantPlantation and Natural Forests in South China

The role of forest litter as an acid-base buffering system was assessed by litter from plantation and natural forests in South China. Samples were either extracted with acid solutions or titrated with acid or base solutions. Litter was found to be a strong acid-base buffering system. Two legume species, Acacia mangium Willd and A. auriculaiformis A. Cunn, had very high litter pH values of around 6, which was 2 pH units higher than that of the soil where they grew. Litter of all other plantation species had litter pH of around 4, similar to that of the soil. Both legume species have high potential to neutralize soil acidity and the litter layer could act to shield soil against acid rain. The current stand of two legume species was estimated to be able to raise rain acidity by 0.1 to 0.4 pH units. Inorganic ions did not fully explain the pH pattern of different litter extracts, but high sodium and low nitrate partly accounted for the high pH of the two legume species. Some natural forest species had extremely low pH. As a whole, the litter of the natural climax forest was the driving force of soil acidification. Although plant residues are strong acid-base buffering system and able to adjust acidity of environment, only a few species can be expected to make soil more acid or alkaline through this mechanism since most species have litter pH values similar to those of soil where they grow.