传统的继承与再创作——从《鼻子》与《今昔物语》的比较看芥川的历史小说

芥川龙之介具有很强的对古典再创作能力和对传统的继承能力。芥川从日本的历史物语等古典文学作品中， 吸取营养， 进行艺术再创作， 将之加工成与原作迥然不同的文学精品， 传统对他而言不是存在， 而是再创作。

The Factors Shaping Synonymous Codon Usage in the Genome of Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia mallei is regarded as a potential biological weapon by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study, the main factors shaping codon usage in the genome of B. mallei ATCC 23344 were firstly reported. The results showed that the primary trend in codon usage variation in the B. mallei is due to translational selection; while compositional mutation bias is relatively the weaker influence and the hydrophobicity of each protein and gene length are only the minor influences. At the same time, 21 codons defined firstly as ＇optimal codons＇ might provide more useful information for the expression of target genes and development of a vaccine to prevent glanders.

The significance of proto-oncogene HGF/SF receptor c-Met mRNA expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective: To explore the expression of c-Met mRNA in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) and its relation with clinical biological behavior. Methods: In situ hybridisation was used to detect mRNA expression of c-Met in 15 cases of non-tumor nasopharyngeal (NP), 55 cases of NPC. Results: The positive rates of c-Met mRNA in NP and NPC cells were 13.3% (2/15) and 61.8% (34/55) respectively. The expression of c-Met mRNA was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, local invasion (skull base erosion), and clinical stage. In cases with cervical lymph node metastasis, local invasion, and clinical stage III and IV (UICC), the positive rates of expression of c-Met mRNA were significantly higher than that in those without the conditions mentioned above (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). But it was not significantly correlated with age, gender, histo- logic grade, and cranial nerve palsy (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The abnormal expression of c-Met gene was well correlated with the biological behavior of metastasis and invasion. To detection the expression of c-Met mRNA could serve as an important index to estimate the prognosis of NPC. C-Met may be a new diagnostic/therapeutic target of NPC.

Evaluation of Maturity and Flavor of Melons Using an Electronic Nose

In this work,an electronic nose was used to evaluate the different cultivars and mature stages of melons,so as to establish a scientific method to accurately distinguish the maturity and varieties of melons. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA ) showed that immature melons could be well distinguished from mature melons using electronic nose. When PCA method was used to analyze,electronic nose could completely classify and identify the maturity of melons. Meanwhile,the electronic nose could distinguish different varieties of melons with high discrimination value. The flavor of samples under cut or no cut conditions would slightly change,leading to the variation of discrimination value among different varieties. The samples with similar flavor under no cut condition could be analyzed through cutting mode. The research built a rapid and accurate method to judge the maturity of melons instead of man sense.

A new partial trisomy 12p with artery catheter vagus,congenital cataract,no turbinate and external auditory canal

We describe the prenatal diagnosis and fetal phenotype of partial trisomy 12 （pl2-pter） transmitted from a maternal reciprocal translocation 6;12. Genetic analysis of umbilical cord blood of a 27-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 1 at 35 weeks＇ gestation due to a tricuspid regurgitation and orbital hypertelorism by sonography revealed an unusual karyotype of 46, XY, der （6） t （6;12） （p24;p12） mat. The pregnancy was terminated at 37 gestational weeks. The proband postnatally displayed by dysmorphic features of a round flat face with prominent cheeks and high forehead, hypertelorism, a short nose, a broad and depressed nasal bridge, anteverted nares, a deformed philtrum, an open mouth, thin upper vermilion and broad everted lower lip, low-set ears and aural atresia, broad hands with simian creases, and a short neck. By anatomy, the fetal was found to have right artery catheter vagus, congenital cataract, no turbinate and external auditory canal. Through the karoytpye-phynotpye analysis on the present patient and a review of other reported cases, we believed that the case was the first report, which expanded the database of partial trisomy 12p, and was of benefit for future clinical genetic counseling. At the same time, this study supported the viewpoint that phenotypic variability depends on the type and extent of the associated partial monosomy

Reconstruction of composite defects of the nose following tumor resection–a single author's experience and evaluation of the outcome

Objective:The aim of the study was to present our experience in reconstruction of complex defects of the nose.Methods:Fourteen patients presenting with large composite defects of the nose were anatomically reconstructed after full tumor clearance of a skin cancer.The aesthetic outcome was assessed subjectively and objectively while the functional outcome was only assessed subjectively in 13 patients.Results:Basal cell carcinoma(BCC),represented the tumor excised in 10 patients while the remaining 4 patients suffered from squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).One patient died of extensive local recurrence of SCC after 6 months.The commonest flap used for inner lining was the septal flap while the forehead paramedian flap provided the external coverage for the majority of patients.All flaps survived completely except in one patient who developed distal paramedian forehead flap necrosis.Two patients developed multiple abscesses and sinuses discharging parts of cartilage grafts through the flaps’skin with one patient suffering from total extrusion of the costal cartilage grafts.Two other patients suffered from severe nostril stenosis.All patients had variable degree of difficulty in airway passage,while most patients were satisfied with the total nasal appearance.The objective assessment of the overall appearance of the nose scored less than the subjective satisfaction.Conclusion:Reconstruction of complex nasal defects has a high learning curve.Intranasal flaps are usually of limited size and nostril asymmetry is likely to occur.Local or regional skin flaps if available are still considered a good choice for inner as well as outer lining.

INTRANASAL DELIVERY OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR TO PROTECT THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGAINST ACUTE CEREBRAL INFARCTION

Objective To confirmed reliability and feasibility of intranasal nerve growth factor (NGF) bypassing the blood-brain barrier and its potential neuroprotective effects on acute cerebral ischemia. Methods (1) To assay NGF concentrations in different brain regions after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Rats were randomly divided into intranasal (IN) NGF, intravenous (IV) NGF, and untreated group (n= 4). The concentra-tions of NGF of different brain regions in the three groups after MCAO were measured by ELISA. (2) To observe neuro-protective action of NGF on focal cerebral ischemic damage. Rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: IN vehicle, IN NGF, IV vehicle, IV NGF (n= 8). Treatment was initiated 30 minutes after onset of MCAO and given again 24 hours later. Three neurologic behavioral tests were performed 24 and 48 hours following onset of MCAO. Corrected infarct volumes were determined 48 hours after onset of MCAO. Results The olfactory bulb in IN NGF group obtained the highest concentration (3252 pg/g) of NGF among all regions, followed by the hippocampus. The NGF concentrations in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus in IN NGF group were markedly higher than that in IV NGF and control groups. The infarct volume in IN NGF group was markedly reduced by 38.8% compared with IN vehicle group. IN NGF group vestibulum function markedly improved compared with IN vehicle group at 24 and 48 hours after onset of MCAO (P 24 h = 0.02 and P 48 h = 0.04, respectively). Conclusion Intranasal NGF could pass through the blood-brain barrier, reach the central nervous system, reduce infarct volume, and improve neurologic function in rats following MCAO. Intranasal delivery of NGF may be a promising treat-ment for stroke.

Primary clear cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx:a case report

Primary clear cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx is a rare and locally invasive minor salivary gland neoplasm,only two cases have been reported yet in the literature.Now a 57-year man,with primary nasopharyngeal clear carcinoma,received radiotherapy and chemotherapy.After treatment,the mass of nasopharynx visibly reduced.Follow-up two months and repeated MRI,CT,abdominal B-ultrasonograpy,electronic nasopharyngoscopy,no tumor recurrence or metastasis.

Three-dimensional aerodynamic optimization design of high-speed train nose based on GA-GRNN

With the speed upgrade of the high-speed train,the aerodynamic drag becomes one of the key factors to restrain the train speed and energy saving.In order to reduce the aerodynamic drag of train head,a new parametric approach called local shape function(LSF) was adopted based on the free form surface deformation(FFD) method and a new efficient optimization method based on the response surface method(RSM) of GA-GRNN.The optimization results show that the parametric method can control the large deformation with a few design parameters,and can ensure the deformation zones smoothness and smooth transition of different deformation regions.With the same sample points for training,GA-GRNN performs better than GRNN to get the global optimal solution.As an example,the aerodynamic drag for a simplified shape with head + one carriage + tail train is reduced by 8.7%.The proposed optimization method is efficient for the engineering design of high-speed train.

Study of the nose event on 11 April 2002 with UBK method

Nose event,which names after the nose-like shape of structures in ion spectrograms observed by satellite in the inner magnetosphere,refers to the deep inward penetration of ions from magnetotail at discrete energy bands.Nose events have been studied extensively both with observations and simulations since first discovered in 1970s.In this study we use the UBK method to model the different L-shell penetration characteristics for a multi-band nose event observed by Cluster/CODIF on April 11,2002.The modeled open-closed orbit separatrices are generally smaller than the observed L-shell penetrations for outbound crossing;the difference varies from 2.02 to 0.62 R E for different energy channels of H + bands and from 1.88 to 1.10 R E for O + band.The average difference is 1.46 R E.The separatrices for the inbound crossing are generally larger than those of outbound crossing and are more consistent with the observed L-shell penetration depths.The modeled open-closed orbit separatrices are smaller than the observed L-shell penetrations for 6.5-17.1 keV energy channels of H + bands but larger for 4.0-5.1 keV(due to closed banana orbits region) and 21.7-35.2 keV(due to energy increasing) energy channels of H + bands.For O + band,the difference between the modeled open-closed orbit separatrix and observed L-shell penetrations of 4.6 keV energy channel is larger(due to closed banana orbits region),the difference of 7.4 keV energy channel is smaller.The overall average difference is 0.043 R E for nose structures of inbound crossing.The discrepancies between the model and observation may come from the magnetic field and electric potential models we used.The formation of multi nose event and relations to the observed plasma flow vortices are discussed,the local intense E Y may relate to the formation of the observed multi nose structures.

Dynamics of a deflectable-nose missile

The dynamics of a supersonic missile with a deflectable nose are studied. To describe the effects of nose deflection on the dynamic model, theorems of momentum and angular momentum are adopted to develop the translational equation and rotation equation, respectively. Because the exact model is complex, it is simplified. The simplified model suggests that the main influence of nose deflection on the dynamic model is due to the product of the time derivatives of the azimuth angle and the elevation angle, which makes the dynamic model an impulsive differential system. Considering the aerodynamic characteristics a numerical simulation is sufficient to show the open-loop characteristics of the missile.

Study on the Molecular Genetic Alterations in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC） was mostly common in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Chuang Autonomous Region. This cancer jeopardized people＇s health in the above areas. In order to understand the mechanisms for NPC, and further promote NPC＇s early diagnosis and therapy, the molecular genetic analysis research of NPC in China and in its outbreak areas becomes an emergent topic. Since NPC is a rare disease in developed countries of Europe and America, the research in this field has not been well-recognized in these countries. Furthermore,

Seed-hoarding of Edward＇s long-tailed rats Leopoldamys edwardsi in response to weevil infestation in cork oak Quer- cus variabilis

Seed hoarders show different hoarding and eating responses towards insect-infested seeds that can affect the fitness of both the seeds and insects. It remains unclear how seed hoarders adopt different strategies in eating and hoarding infested seeds with and without larvae concealed inside. Here we investigated hoarding and eating responses of Edward＇s long-tailed rats Leo- poldamys edwardsi （scatter hoarders） to weevil infestation of cork oak Quercus variabilis seeds within outdoor enclosures. We provided sound seeds, larvae-emerged seeds, （infested seeds where larvae have emerged） and larvae-concealed seeds （infested seeds with larvae concealed inside） to subjects independently （each seed type presented separately） and in pairwise combina- tions （sound and larvae-emerged seeds; sound and larvae-concealed seeds）. We found that L. edwardsi removed, scatter hoarded and ate fewer larvae-emerged seeds than sound seeds. No difference was found between sound seeds and larvae-concealed seeds. These results suggest that sound and larvae-concealed seeds are more favored by L. edwardsi than larvae-emerged seeds. We posit that not only plants but also insects may benefit from the behavioral responses of hoarders to seed infestation under natural conditions